scholarly journals A Review on Drive Train Technologies for Passenger Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6742
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizalul Wahid ◽  
Bentang Arief Budiman ◽  
Endra Joelianto ◽  
Muhammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Power Cost ◽  
The Government

Transportation is the second-largest sector contributing to greenhouse gas emissions due to CO2 gas generation from the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed to be a great solution to overcome this issue. EVs can reduce CO2 emissions because the vehicles use an electric motor as a propeller instead of an internal combustion engine. Combined with sustainable energy resources, EVs may become zero-emission transportation. This paper presents an overview of the EV drive train types, including their architecture with the benefits and drawbacks of each type. The aim is to summarize the recent progress of EV technology that always continues to be updated. Furthermore, a comparative investigation on energy density and efficiency, specific energy and power, cost, and application is carried out for batteries as the main energy storage. This discussion provides an understanding of the current development of battery technology, especially the batteries used in EVs. Moreover, the electric motor efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, reliability, and cost are also presented, including the most effective electric motor to use in EVs. The challenges and opportunities of EV deployment in the future are then discussed comprehensively. The government regulation for EVs is still a major non-technical challenge, whereas the charging time and battery performance are the challenges for the technical aspect.

scholarly journals Consumer Motivation to Enhance Purchase Intention Towards Electric Vehicles in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 09003
Author(s):  
Haider Ali Abbasi ◽  
Zullina Hussain Shaari ◽  
Wajiha Moughal
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Consumer Adoption ◽  
Consumer Motivation ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rich Countries

Transportation is extremely important in contributing to the life quality development of urban areas. However, it has influenced negatively on individuals and the environment due to carbon emissions and gases. Worldwide, organizations and countries are exploring a solution and have developed Electric Vehicles (EVs) as the best possible solution. Electric vehicles emit no exhaust emissions and are powered by batteries. The adoption rate of EVs in rich countries is increasing year after year, while consumer adoption intention of EVs in poor countries is quite low, particularly in Malaysia. The ownership percentage of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEs) in Malaysia is 93 percent, placing it near the top of the globe, but EV adoption is just about 3.5 percent. Consumer awareness of EVs is quite low, which is why consumer adoption intentions toward EVs are not increasing. Malaysia is the world's 26th highest emitter of carbon and greenhouse gases (GHG). This study will assist in identifying the characteristics that can maximize consumer interest in EVs and will be beneficial to the government and industry in developing the market as stated in the Paris accord and achieving the Carbon Neutral Nation 2050 aim. The study will go through the motivators that lead consumers to purchase EVs. These characteristics will provide transportation sectors insights on bridging the demand and supply of sustainable vehicles.

scholarly journals Design 2-Speed Transmission for Compact Electric Vehicle Using Dual Brake System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1793
Author(s):  
Jae-Oh Han ◽  
Jae-Won Shin ◽  
Jae-Chang Kim ◽  
Se-Hoon Oh
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Drive System ◽  
The Government

Mega trends in the global automotive industry are environmentally friendly. As laws and regulations tighten at the government level, the automobile industry is striving to develop a drive system that can operate without using fossil fuels, instead of developing an internal combustion engine using fossil fuels. Environmentally-friendly energy is attracting attention as an alternative to solve the problems of air pollution and fossil fuel depletion. Electricity is attracting the most attention among environmentally-friendly alternative fuels. In addition, research on the development of a high-efficiency and high-reliability advanced electric automobile drive system are actively being carried out. In this study, a two-speed transmission for electric vehicles is developed using environmentally-friendly fuel. The 1st and the 2nd planetary gear modules were integrated, the ring gear and the carrier gear were shared, and the dual disc brake was used to design a mechanism for fixing each sun and shifting gear. Such a structure can improve shift energy efficiency compared to that of conventional transmissions. It was judged that the structure was suitable for an electric car using a limited power supply. Each gear was designed by calculating bending strength and surface durability.

scholarly journals Model-Based Optimization of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Powertrain with Multimode Transmission

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Geng ◽  
Andreas Meier ◽  
Thomas Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Motor Operation

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are developed in order to reduce the fuel consumption and the emission of carbon dioxide. Besides the series, parallel and power split configurations are commonly used for conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and multimode transmissions are used for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which are able to switch between different modes like parallel or series operation of the combustion engine and electric motor. Several concepts have already been discussed and presented. These concepts comprise novel structures and multi-speed operation for the combustion engine and the electric motor, respectively. For improving the fuel and energy consumption, model-based optimizations of multimode transmissions are performed. In the first step of the optimization, the optimal number of gears and transmission ratios, as well as the corresponding fuel and energy savings, are estimated. Based on these results, a new multimode transmission concept with two-speed transmissions for the combustion engine and the electric motor has been developed. The knowledge of the concrete concept enables the further optimizations of the transmission ratios and the transmission control. In order to prove the benefit of the new and optimized transmission concept, powertrain simulations have been carried out. The new powertrain concept is compared to a powertrain concept with single-speed transmissions for the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor operation. The new transmission concept enables a significant improvement of the fuel consumption.

Determination of Maximum Loads for Drive Train Components in Thrusters Using Flexible Multibody-System Models

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Schlecht ◽  
Thomas Rosenlöcher
Keyword(s):  
Electric Motor ◽  
Multibody System ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Bevel Gear ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Direct Drive ◽  
Operational Conditions

The usage of modern thrusters allows to combine the functions of the drive and the ship rudder in one assembly, which are separated in conventional ship propulsions. The horizontally oriented propeller is supported in a vertically rotatable nacelle, which is mounted underneath the ship hull. The propeller can directly or indirectly driven by an electric motor or combustion engine. The direct drive requires the installation of a low speed electric motor in the nacelle. The present paper concentrates on indirect drives where the driving torque is transferred by bevel gear stages and shafts from the ship to the propeller. Due to the closed and inaccessible construction high demands on the reliability have to be achieved. Especially for the design of the highly loaded bevel gear stages accurate information to the occurring loads are required. The available experience to the operation of thrusters show, that primarily rarely occurring special load cases must be considered in the design process. Such operational conditions can only be determined by expensive long-term measurements. By means of a detailed multibody system simulation model of the thruster it is already possible to develop a basic knowledge to the dynamic properties of the drive train and to determine design loads for drivetrain components.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vibration Characteristics and Theoretical Analysis for In-Wheel Driving Electric Road Vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 426-432
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Vibration Characteristics

Hub-motor driven electric vehicles consider the upcoming technology in the vehicle industry. It has several merits such as lightweight, good accelerator responsiveness, flexibility when designing different drivetrains, operated at most operative efficiency points, and increased space-saving compared with the traditional electric vehicle driven by a central motor. The energy demand around the world is increasing dramatically. So, the researchers seek to find alternatives to the non-renewable resources represented by fossil fuels. Electric vehicles are the most suitable vehicle to avail of this type of energy due to their high efficiency and zero fuel consumption and emission. The electric-powered vehicle is distinctive with low noise and vibration which improves the vibration characteristics compared with internal combustion engine vehicles. In this paper, eight degrees of freedom passive quarter car suspension system of an in-wheel drive powered electric vehicle equipped with a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system is studied and analyzed. The system was simulated and tested in both time and frequency domains via the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

scholarly journals Modeling of Motors for Electric Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 587-591
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Application Specific

In the present scenario, the reduction of greenhouse gases is mandatory in order to create a better environment. Since the pollution levels are rising at an alarmingly high rate the need to reduce the green-house emissions is of utmost importance, to make the earth a better place to live in. usage of fossil fuels for transportation is a major cause for pollution and emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Studies show that in 2017 alone an average of 1873 metric tons of Greenhouse gases was released into our atmosphere by the transportation sector alone. This level of pollution continues to accumulate over the years causing devastating changes to our atmosphere and in turn gravely affect our climate destroying our habitat and threatening our survival. The resulting climate changes and its unprecedented fluctuations that have been observed stand to prove that pollution is not something to be ignored the slightest. To overcome this, one of the best first steps to start with prefers Electric vehicles over the conventional Internal Combustion Engines. By switching over to Electric vehicles the pollution levels can be controlled to a greater extent. Due to the relative ease of manufacturing and application specific interest cause the electric drives to be used in different applications and over the years various electric drive systems like DC, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM),Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC)and switched reluctance motors (SRM)were developed. But each motor had its own advantages like better torque curve, better efficiency, lower power consumption and limitations like commutation issues, triggering, shorter life-span, high maintenance, more cost etc. which made it application specific rather than being all purpose. Different type of electric motor systems had different advantages that made it a better choice in specific applications. Even though this limited the use of these systems, this situation allowed the electric motor system to evolve into many types, each with their unique application in mind. This gives us an opportunity to have a vast selection of systems in front of us and enable us to choose the best system that meets our requirements. This paper reviews the different types of motors used in Electric vehicles based on the discussions and conclusions of various reputed journals consumption.

scholarly journals An overview of the research work at the Electric Motor Technology Research Center

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Mi-Ching Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
Global Companies ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

With the current need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, vehicles and other forms of machine that rely on gas, fossil fuel powered engines has become a key target for electrification. Building electric vehicles or machineries powered by electric motors is now under the spotlight than ever, and a symbol of a new and greener future. The Electric Motor Technology Research Center (EMTRC) was established in 1999 to develop motor-related technologies and support the automation industry in Taiwan. The Center focuses on multiple projects falling under three broad themes – motor technologies, magnetic 3D printing and providing motor and magnetic characteristics measurement services. The EMTRC aims to provide efficient mechanisms for the smooth transfer of motor related technologies from academia to industry; assisting local or global companies in building their own expertise, developing technical collaborations with industry and other research institutes in Taiwan and strengthening the relationships with other international organizations.

scholarly journals Study on Electrical Vehicle Policy in South Korea as a Lesson Learning for Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Ayodya Pradhipta Tenggara ◽  
Rachmawan Budiarto ◽  
Andhika Yudha Prawira ◽  
Ari Bimo Prakoso ◽  
Ahmad Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Electrical Vehicle ◽  
Implementation Policy ◽  
The Government

Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) becomes an important option to overcome limited resources of fossil energy resources and to reduce side effects of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) on the environment and health. However, the implementation policy of EV needs to apply carefully to make this policy sustainable and to minimize its side effects. Therefore, the Government of a country plays a significant role in leading and support the implementation of EV with policy and regulation. This paper reviews policies of Electric Vehicles (EV) in South Korea and Indonesia. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the policies implemented in those countries. Three main aspects are elaborated, i.e., the main policy, the technology, and the private sector implementations. This paper also develops recommended policies and actions that could be done in Indonesia by reflecting on the EV policy in South Korea.

scholarly journals Natural Gas as a New Prospect in Everyday Use of Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6590
Author(s):  
George N. Prodromidis ◽  
Dennis E. Mytakis ◽  
Frank A. Coutelieris
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Internal Reforming ◽  
Reference Vehicle ◽  
Pressure Development

We study here the urban use of electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on the electricity production for charging purposes. This work proposes an innovative charging scheme for EVs, by introducing a home-applied power station, consisting of a fuel cell combined with an internal reforming unit, which is fed by natural gas and can thus be directly connected to the already-established natural gas grid. We therefore overcome the barriers posed by hydrogen use (establishment of storage equipment, energy consumption for keeping high pressure, development of supply grid, etc.) while we eliminate the environmental impact, since no fossil fuels are required for electricity production. Furthermore, comparisons against EVs charged by grid and vehicles fueled by petrol, both subjected to urban everyday use, have been carried out here. Precisely, we financially compare the use of an EV charged directly through the national electric grid against our innovative power station. Both options are also compared with the same vehicle, powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by petrol. This study also implements a detailed thermodynamic analysis for this state-of-the-art power station and an additional financial analysis for the everyday use of these vehicles under the three different scenarios. For the sake of equivalence, the new Peugeot 208 was selected as the reference-vehicle, as it is equipped either with a petrol engine or an electric motor, under a roughly identical performance profile. This work also introduces the use of the existing grid of natural gas to produce the necessary electricity for charging EVs, rather than using other renewables (solar, wind, etc.), and could further strengthen the worldwide acceptance of the EVs as a viable and a financially feasible solution for everyday urban transportation.

scholarly journals Electrical assessment of georeferenced distribution network due to electric vehicles deployment

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Alex Valenzuela ◽  
Carlos Barrera ◽  
Esteban Inga
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Voltage Unbalance

Several cities worldwide are focused to reduce the environmental degradation based on the deployment and integration of renewable energies and electric vehicles (EV) into the distribution network. The first one replaces electricity produced by fossil fuels with solar, wind or hydro power plants, whilst the second one is a feasible alternative to substitute internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with eco-friendly vehicles. Set in this context, this paper proposes an examination about the main effects in a georeferenced distribution system when non-linear loads are connected to the grid. The distribution network model contemplates georeferenced data from customers, where unbalanced currents due to the customer’s consumption in each distribution transformer is evaluated using a variety of coefficient for commercial and residential load models. Voltage unbalance, harmonics and load flow analysis is performed in PowerFactory to determine the impacts of EVs to the grid.

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