scholarly journals BIRTH CONTROL IN BELARUS AND CHINA: CURRENT POLICY

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-99
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Market Women ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Fierce Competition

Belarus and China are experiencing a decline of the total fertility rate (TFR). On the one hand, this was a natural response to the increasing role of women in society, labor market and increasing women's participation in education. As a result, marrying and having children later, as well as a decrease in the number of children born. On the other hand, scientists state the role of the policy on childbearing, the strength of which is difficult to calculate although. Today, one can observe a rapid strengthening of bilateral relations in economic, social and other areas of regulation Belarus and China had different birth control vectors. In the conditions of protracted depopulation in the Republic of Belarus, stimulation of the birth rate has become a priority goal of the state policy. Rapid population growth in China posed a threat to economic, food, and even environmental security. This led to the adoption of drastic measures to limit the number of children born in Chinese families. This paper focuses on how similar are birth control policies in Belarus and China. The choice of countries is also due to the fact that Today both countries set the goal to stabilize the population in order to ensure sustainable economic development and improvement in the quality of life. The paper presents a description and analysis of legal acts that regulate demographic processes, as well as specific areas of support for families with children. It was revealed that Belarus provides multilateral (mostly financial) assistance not only for the birth of a child, but also for his upbringing. The system is designed so that a woman cares for a child 3 years after his birth. In China, in the face of fierce competition in the labor market, women go to work after maternity leave. They are forced to use the services of pre-school education, even if they are expensive. As a result, the decision to give birth to a child is weighed in terms of the economic possibilities of families. In China, measures may vary depending on the territory; in Belarus, politics is one for all. It is difficult to assess in which country the policy is more effective. The total fertility rate for the past 25 years is very similar.

A New Look at the Asian Fertility Transition (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4I) ◽  
pp. 385-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Population Replacement ◽  
Planning Meeting ◽  
Annual Birth Rate

The significance of the Asian fertility transition can hardly be overestimated. The relatively sanguine view of population growth expressed at the 1994 International Conference for Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo was possible only because of the demographic events in Asia over the last 30 years. In 1965 Asian women were still bearing about six children. Even at current rates, today’s young women will give birth to half as many. This measure, namely the average number of live births over a reproductive lifetime, is called the total fertility rate. It has to be above 2— considerably above if mortality is still high—to achieve long-term population replacement. By 1995 East Asia, taken as a whole, exhibited a total fertility rate of 1.9. Elsewhere, Singapore was below long-term replacement, Thailand had just achieved it, and Sri Lanka was only a little above. The role of Asia in the global fertility transition is shown by estimates I made a few years ago for a World Bank Planning Meeting covering the first quarter of a century of the Asian transition [Caldwell (1993), p. 300]. Between 1965 and 1988 the world’s annual birth rate fell by 22 percent. In 1988 there would have been 40 million more births if there had been no decline from 1965 fertility levels. Of that total decline in the world’s births, almost 80 percent had been contributed by Asia, compared with only 10 percent by Latin America, nothing by Africa, and, unexpectedly, 10 percent by the high-income countries of the West. Indeed, 60 percent of the decline was produced by two countries, China and India, even though they constitute only 38 percent of the world’s population. They accounted, between them, for over threequarters of Asia’s fall in births.

Work Trajectories of High-Resource Multi-Child Mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Zlata Dorofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
High Resource ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Depth Interviews

The period of maternity leave for multi-child mothers is generally longer than for mothers with a smaller number of children, and securing a job after taking a break, in conjunction with an increased volume of family responsibilities, is more difficult. When high-resource multi-child mothers return to the labor market, they expect not only a “motherhood penalty”, but also with a high probability a “penalty” for being overeducated. Their solution for the conflict between “motherhood” and “work” most often involves either a complete refusal to be employed, or finding more flexible options in the field of non-typical work, which are often less demanding in terms of qualification level and consequently result in lower income. Based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted by the author in Moscow and Voronezh with high-resource multi-child parents, including a list of questions about the working trajectories of women and also a number of questions about life practices, it is shown that the reverse side of the full or partial departure from the labor market of multi-child mothers is intensive parenting and setting a high standard for children’s education, including a scrupulous selection of educational institutions and a large amount of additional classes. Thus, the complete or partial loss of high-resource women as workers for the labor market is accompanied by a forthcoming significant non-economic effect, since society receives active translators of human capital to a new generation.

scholarly journals Fertility dynamics and reproductive behaviour of men and women entering into marriage in the Republic of Bashkortostan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Yana A. Skryabina
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Reproductive Intentions ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the analysis of the fertility rate dynamics in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the study of the reproductive behaviour of the population entering into a registered marriage. The author examines the crude and total fertility rates, the net population reproduction rate, the total fertility rate by the order of births, as well as age-specific fertility rates. In addition, basing on the data of population surveys, the author regards reproductive intentions of citizens applying for marriage in the registry office, as well as reasons that may prevent them from having a child. The study shows that the Republic of Bashkortostan is characterized by a low fertility rate; the generation of children does not replace the generation of parents. The reproductive intentions of the respondents measured by the desired and expected number of children correspond to the small (two-child) family model. Among the main reasons that can prevent the birth of a child, the first two are financial and housing difficulties, and third is the desire to live for oneself for a while.

Major Determinants of China's Fertility Transition

1989 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Xizhe
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S

During the past four decades China has experienced a dramatic fertility transition. Her national total fertility rate (TFR) was approximately 5·8 in the mid 1950s and remained at this level until the end of the 1960s. Since the early 1970s fertility transition has accelerated. The national TFR declined from 5·7 in 1970 to 3·6 in 1975, and down further to 2·31 in 1980. In other words, China’s fertility decreased by more than 50 per cent in only one decade. More recently, China’s fertility rose slightly, due mainly to a relaxation of birth control measures and a large marriage boom. Nevertheless, China’s fertility remains at a low level.

scholarly journals The Role of Labor Emigration in the Development of the Labor Market in the Sogd Region of Tajikistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Turakul R. Rizokulov ◽  
Sharif Yu. Akramov ◽  
Adolatjon T. Abdulloeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
External Migration

The article substantiates the objectivity of migration processes on a global scale, examines the trends of their development. The special approaches applied in developed countries to the issues of migration regulation in modern conditions have been studied. The consequences of market reforms on the regional labor market in the domestic economy are argued. The supply and demand for labor resources in the regional labor market are analyzed and problems are identified, in particular, low incomes and insufficiently high qualifications of workers negatively affect the development of the labor market in the regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, in particular, in the Sughd region. The authors calculated the coefficient of migration compensation for the districts of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan. The role of external migration in the development of the regional economy is characterized and conclusions are formulated about the general trends in the impact of external migration on the development of the regional labor market on the example of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan.

scholarly journals FAKTOR KONTEKSTUAL DAN INDIVIDUAL TERHADAP JUMLAH ANAK LAHIR HIDUP: SEBUAH ANALISIS MULTILEVEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Sari Kistiana ◽  
Sri Lilestina Nasution ◽  
Margareth Maya P Naibaho
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
First Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Since 1971, the total fertility rate in Indonesia consistently declined, but from 2002-2003 to 2012, the rate is stagnant at 2.6. Recently, Indonesia’s total fertility rate was increased slightly from 2.34 in 2016 to 2.40 children in 2017. This study analyzed individual and contextual factors that affect the number of children ever born based on the 2017 RPJMN KKBPK Survey. The survey collected data from 52,340 women aged 15-49 years old. The analytical approaches for this study are descriptive and inferential techniques using a two-level multilevel regression with a random intercept. All predictor variables at level 1 and level 2, namely individual factors (contraceptive use, marital status, age at first sexual intercourse, childhood mortality, health insurance coverage, contraceptive knowledge, age, work status, economic status and marital frequency) and contextual factor (area of residence) are found to have a significant effect on children ever born. The dominant factors influencing the number of children ever born are age at first sexual intercourse, age, marital frequency and childhood mortality.

scholarly journals The factors of dynamic fertility in Ukraine: statistical estimation

2013 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Z. Palian
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Multiplicative Model ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Fertility Trends

This paper presents the results of statistical estimation impact of demographic and medico-biological factors on Ukraine’s fertility trends. The Bongaarts fertility multiplicative model makes it possible to assess the role of each determinant in the formation of the total fertility rate in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Penentuan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Fertilitas Di Indonesia Tahun 2017 Dengan Metode Multiple Classification Analysis (Analisis Data SDKI 2017)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Vivy Maharani ◽  
Annisa Putri Ramadhanty ◽  
Galang Madya Putra ◽  
Iqbal Mukti Pratama ◽  
Risni Julaeni Yuhan
Keyword(s):  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Classification Analysis ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Multiple Classification Analysis ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
The Village ◽  
Number Of Births ◽  
Growing Population

Fertility is the ability to produce offspring associated with female fertility. The desired condition is for the population to grow in balance as a prerequisite for achieving a population without growth, where fertility, mortality rates are declining, and distribution is more evenly distributed. To achieve a Balanced Growing Population Condition (PTS), a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1 per woman is expected in 2015. However, based on the results of the 2017 IDHS fertility rate in Indonesia is 2.4. This has not met the desired conditions to achieve the Balanced Growing Population (PTS) condition. For this problem, it is necessary to do further research to find out the factors that affect the level of fertility or the number of children born to women. In this study, researchers used the Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) method to determine the factors that influence the number of births. The results and discussion show that a mother who knows her ovulation cycle and / or lives in a city has an average number of children who are smaller than a mother who does not know her ovulation cycle and / or resides in the village. This happens because a mother who knows her ovulation cycle is more able to control the incidence of pregnancy compared to a mother who does not know her ovulation cycle.

scholarly journals Tingkat Fertilitas di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Yogyakarta

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Rahmadewi Rahmadewi ◽  
Leli Asih
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Value Of Children

Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) memiliki Total Fertility Rate (TFR) tertinggi (4,2 anak) dan yang terendah adalah Provinsi Yogyakarta (1,8 anak). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan angka fertilitas total di kedua provinsi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif berdasarkan sumber data sekunder berbagai survei meliputi Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (1991-2007); Survei Kesehatan Nasional dan Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga tahun 2003; dan Mini Survei tahun 2007 dan 2008. Metode kualitatif dilakukan dengan diskusi kelompok terarah pada wanita pasangan usia subur (PUS) dan wawancara mendalam dengan pengelola program di kabupaten/ kota hingga ke desa/kelurahan. Ditemukan TFR di Yogyakarta sangat rendah dan sebaliknya di NTT sangat tinggi. Perbedaan TFR tersebut disebabkan oleh latar belakang demografi dan nondemografi seperti respons terhadap berbagai program penurunan fertilitas. Faktor budaya terhadap nilai anak berpengaruh besar terhadap jumlah anak yang ingin dimiliki. Tingkat pendidikan yang rendah berhubungan dengan faktor yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap pemakaian kontrasepsi, termasuk jenis kontrasepsi. Pelayanan Keluarga Berencana (KB) yang rendah memicu tingginya kebutuhan kontrasepsi yang tidak terpenuhi. Kesertaan ber-KB diNTT dan di Yogyakarta adalah 42,2% dan 66,9%. Wanita PUS yang keinginan ber-KB tidak terpenuhi masih tinggi di NTT (17,4%) dibandingkan dengan Yogyakarta (6,8%).Kata kunci: Angka fertilitas total, pasangan usia subur, keluarga berencanaAbstractProvince of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) have a total fertility rate (TFR) to the highest (4,2 children) and the lowest is the Province of Yogyakarta (1,8 children). This research is to identify factors that associated with total fertility rate in both provinces. This study uses qualitative method from the Indonesia Demography and Health Surveys (from 1991 to 2007), National Health Survey and Household Health Survey (2003), and Family Planning Mini Surveys (2007 and 2008). The qualitative method were collected using focus group discussions with fertile couple and in-depth interviews withfamily planning fieldworkers in district to village . The research reveals that TFR of Yogyakarta is very low and NTT is very high. The differentiation of the TFR is due to the demographic and nondemographic background as well as the respond againts the program to decrease the fertility. Cultural factor is the important one againts the value of children that will be influenced to the number of children desired in one family. Low education will bedirectly related to the use of contraceptive including mix contraceptive. Low family planning services which triggers the high unmet need oc contraceprive. Family Planning participation in NTT is 42,2% and 66,9% in Yogyakarta. Women on childbearing age who wishes to use contraceptive but unmet need in NTT were still high (17,4%) compared with Yogyakarta(6,8%).Key words: Total fertility rate, fertile couple, family planning

scholarly journals The Role of Higher Education in Reproduction of Social Inequality in the Labor Market of Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
M. K. Shnarbekova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Education System ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Republic

The author analyzes how the modern education system contributes to the formation of socio-economically determined choice of higher education, where the latter includes a decision on continue studying, choosing a university and specialty.The functioning of the higher education system is analyzed in the context of the interconnections of education, the labor market and family resources, which reflect the movement of human capital and current trends in social mobility in Central Asia, as exemplified by Kazakhstan.The article presents data from a study conducted among young professionals aged 21 to 29 years with a different level of education. The sample represents the Republic of Kazakhstan and amounts to 1000 respondents. The survey was conducted using the technique of personal formalized interviews at the respondents’ work place.The data obtained indicate that the expansion of accessibility of higher education in Kazakhstan is accompanied by its stratification, which is projected in the inequality in the labor market for young people with a different «background» of family capital. This trend is hidden. The family’s resource capital affects the range of choice of educational trajectory (level of education, university, specialty), in the future, the level of education and prestige of a young specialist’s university determine career opportunities.

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