Olfactory sensory evaluation in new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy

Introduction: In adults, olfactory loss is one of the earliest and most frequent acute clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively small, perhaps due to the lower expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in children compared to adults. Little is known about foetal impairment in mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. Objective: The goal of the present study is to develop and validate a behavioural evaluative scale of olfactory perception in healthy new-borns and to apply this scale to new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy comparing to new-born children of women without COVID-19 infection history. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative analytical cohort study of 300 new-borns exposed and unexposed to COVID-19 during pregnancy. The data collection will follow the experimental procedure in a previous study that explored odours of the maternal breastmilk, vanilla (sweet) and distilled water (neutral). A coffee smell was implemented as an addition to this previous study in order to include the acid/bitterness category to the categories of stimuli. Discussion: It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb during intrauterine life as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and new-borns affected by intrauterine infection. This study aims to investigate if new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy have olfactory sensory changes. The clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2).

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Pediatric COVID-19 and the Factors That May Mitigate Its Clinical Course

Journal of Child Science ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1717077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. e137-e140

Author(s):

Mosaad Abdel-Aziz ◽

Nada M. Abdel-Aziz ◽

Dina M. Abdel-Aziz ◽

Noha Azab

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Compulsory Vaccination ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Radiographic Data

AbstractThe clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary from mild flu-like symptoms to severe fatal pneumonia. However, children with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may have mild clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 and to search for the factors that may mitigate the disease course. We reviewed the literature to realize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiographic data that may be diagnostic for COVID-19 among children. Also, we studied the factors that may affect the clinical course of the disease. Fever, dry cough, and fatigue are the main symptoms of pediatric COVID-19, sometimes flu-like symptoms and/or gastrointestinal symptoms may be present. Although some infected children may be asymptomatic, a recent unusual hyperinflammatory reaction with overlapping features of Kawasaki's disease and toxic shock syndrome in pediatric COVID-19 has been occasionally reported. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronvirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid testing is the corner-stone method for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Lymphocyte count and other inflammatory markers are not essentially diagnostic; however, chest computed tomography is highly specific. Factors that may mitigate the severity of pediatric COVID-19 are home confinement with limited children activity, trained immunity caused by compulsory vaccination, the response of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in children is not the same as in adults, and that children are less likely to have comorbidities. As infected children may be asymptomatic or may have only mild respiratory and/or gastrointestinal symptoms that might be missed, all children for families who have a member diagnosed with COVID-19 should be investigated.

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Genetic and Epigenetic Variations of SARS-Cov-2 and Host Genes and Their Impact in Covid-19 Pandemic

10.20944/preprints202108.0058.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammed Elayadeth Meethal ◽

Punnoth Poonkuzhi Naseef ◽

Mohamed Saheer Kuruniyan ◽

Mansoor C Abdulla ◽

Shyju Ollakkod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Virus ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Genetic Variations ◽

Third Wave ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Novel Variants ◽

The Impact ◽

Second Wave

The global COVID-19 pandemic claiming global spread continues to evolve, now to the verge of a third wave of outbreak possibly caused by the novel variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The test positivity rate (TPR) and case fatal-ity rate (CFR) have increased steeply in the second wave of COVID-19 compared to the first. From the example of Kerala, a state in southern India, positivity increased from 1.33% at the peak of wave one in 10th June 2020 to 13.45% during 10th June 2021 in the second wave of pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) is a trans membrane surface protein present on multiple types of cells in the human body to which the viral spike protein attaches. Genetic variations in the SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor can affect the transmission, clinical manifestations, mortality and the efficacy of drugs and vaccines for COVID-19. Mutations are the primary cause of genetic variations. Given the high TPR and CFR, it is necessary to understand the variations of SARS-CoV-2 and cellular receptors of SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular level. In this review, we summarize the impact of genetic and ep-igenetic variations in determining COVID-19 pathogenesis and disease outcome.

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Blueberry muffin syndrome in a newborn

Voprosy praktičeskoj pediatrii ◽

10.20953/1817-7646-2020-4-100-104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 100-104

Author(s):

M.A. Ufimtseva ◽

◽

Yu.M. Bochkarev ◽

A.U. Sabitov ◽

K.I. Nikolaeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Key Words ◽

Treatment Initiation ◽

Neonatal Period ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Intrauterine Infection ◽

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis ◽

Timely Treatment ◽

Torch Infections

We report a case of blueberry muffin syndrome, a rare dermatosis that occurs during the neonatal period. This syndrome is particularly interesting because, despite similar clinical manifestations, it may have various pathological mechanisms and, therefore, requires differential diagnosis. Awareness of doctors of different specialties about clinical manifestations of blueberry muffin syndrome will ensure correct differential diagnosis, timely treatment initiation, no unnecessary therapy, and exclusion of malignant tumors in a child. Key words: neonatal period, blueberry muffin, intrauterine infection of the fetus, TORCH infections, extramedullary hematopoiesis

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Intensity of Nematode Infection in Children Aged 3 to 5 Years Living in Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/4124808 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lynda Allan ◽

Fiona N. Mbai ◽

Dorcas S. Yole ◽

Moses Owino

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Nematode Infection ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Number Of Children ◽

The Status ◽

Severe Infections ◽

Stool Samples

Background. The burden of nematode infections is high mostly in children below 5 years old, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to painful symptoms due to severe infections that end up suppressing the immune system of the infected children. The occurrence of these infections is highest in areas of extreme poverty. This study evaluated the intensity of nematode infections and assessed the status of deworming in children aged 3 to 5 years living in Mukuru slum settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodology. A total of 172 children aged between 3 and 5 years were sampled across the 5 major villages of Mukuru Slum settlement: Kwa Njenga, Vietnum, Wapewape, Kwa Reuben, and Motomoto. Community health workers administered questionnaires on the deworming history of children. Stool samples were collected, macroscopically examined, and microscopically analysed using Kato-Katz technique to assess the intensity of infection. The intensities of nematode infections were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces. Results. The point prevalence of nematode infection among the 98 children in the 1st sampling was 25.5% with a mean infection intensity of 5424 epg, whereas among the 74 children sampled in 2nd sampling, 47.3% had nematode infection with a mean infection intensity of 12384 epg. The average nematode infection for the 172 participants was 34.9% with a mean intensity of 17808 epg. The highest number of children infected with nematodes was in the village of Wapewape where 34 participants were examined and 36.3% were infected with a mean intensity of 3216 epg. Kwa Reuben and Vietnum villages had the same prevalence values of 32.4% where 34 participants in each village had a mean intensity of 3624 epg and 4512 epg, respectively. In both samplings, more than 80% of children had been dewormed more than 6 months prior to the study. Ascaris lumbricoides was the only species of intestinal nematodes identified to be present in the stool samples of children in this study, whereas Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections were found to be absent. The intensity of infection was not dependent on age or gender.

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A Review of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with COVID-19

hormozgan medical journal ◽

10.5812/hmj.107048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Ghodsi ◽

Abdolreza Malek ◽

Sara Ghahremani

Keyword(s):

Clinical Presentation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Organ Involvement ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Persistent Fever ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Relevant Evidence ◽

Inflammatory Syndrome

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a high morbidity and mortality rate, has affected all age groups. COVID-19 infection in children usually has minimal symptoms, but the number of children with the inflammatory syndrome with clinical features similar to the Kawasaki disease has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information about this emerging COVID-19 manifestation also called the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), is still incomplete. Patients typically present with persistent fever, followed by shock or multi-organ involvement. Laboratory findings and clinical presentation of this multi-organ involvement is part of the diagnostic criteria. Early treatment and multidisciplinary referral to pediatric specialists are essential. The prognosis of MIS-C is not yet fully understood. Although most children survive, several deaths have also been reported. Based on relevant evidence, this study aimed to review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging findings, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prognosis of MIS-C associated with COVID-19.

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Assessment of non-ketotic hypoglycaemia in new born attending in Malda Medical College and Hospital

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20173789 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 1803

Author(s):

Indranil Dawn ◽

Sk. Jeauddin ◽

Gauranga Biswas ◽

Jadab Kumar Jana

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Galactose Metabolism ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

New Born ◽

Medical College ◽

Ketotic Hypoglycemia

Background: Blood glucose level of <40/dl irrespective of period of gestation is known as hypoglycaemia. Nonketotic hypoglycaemia is associated with disorders of fructose or galactose metabolism, hyperinsulinism, fatty acid oxidation and GH deficiency. Aim of our study to detect the new born having clinical manifestations of hypoglycaemia, measure the capillary blood glucose and urinary ketone bodies in neonates with sign and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and to perform detail work up of neonates having non ketotic hypoglycaemia.Methods: It is hospital based cross-sectional study carried out for one calendar year extending from 01.01.2015 to 31.12.2015.Results: Thirty-five patients were identified as hypoglycemic Nine patients were diagnosed with non ketotic hypoglycemia for a prevalence of 8.5/100, 00. Two patients had the low growth hormone (GH) levels (0.4 ng/ml and 0.5 ng/ml). Three patients had increased Asparate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) level. Three patients increased urinary acetyl-carnitine level.Conclusions: Patient suffering from different congenital disorder and an extensive and overzealous workup for endocrinopathy or inborn error of metabolism is necessary.

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Rare Cause of Neonatal Hypovolemic Shock: A Case Report

Asian Journal of Pediatric Research ◽

10.9734/ajpr/2021/v5i230168 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 9-13

Author(s):

M. El. Hammoumi ◽

H. Aguenaou ◽

A. Barkat

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Intracranial Haemorrhage ◽

Hemophilia A ◽

Hypovolemic Shock ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Neonatal Resuscitation ◽

Severe Hemophilia ◽

Live Births ◽

New Born ◽

Direct Injury

The intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) of the term new-born is a rare pathology; the prevalence is estimated at 2% of live births. The clinical manifestations are variable and not specific. The causes of ICH are multiple and often intricate, the main pathophysiological mechanisms are deregulations of cerebral flow, obstruction of the vessels or intravascular coagulation or a direct injury from trauma. We report the case of a new-born at 30 hours of life admitted to our service (Neonatal resuscitation service and intensive care at Children's Hospital Rabat) for the management of respiratory distress on hypovolemic shock following which the clinical and biological examination was in favor of severe hemophilia A with factor VIII at 0.80%.

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NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION COVID-19: FEATURES OF THE COURSE IN CHILDREN IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PEDIATRIA Journal named after G N SPERANSKY ◽

10.24110/0031-403x-2020-99-6-57-62 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. 57-62

Author(s):

A.V. Gorelov ◽

◽

S.V. Nikolaeva ◽

V.G. Akimkin ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Objective of the research: to determine clinical and epidemiological features of the course of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 in children in the Russian Federation (RF). Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of all confirmed COVID-19 cases in children in the first half of 2020 in the Russian Federation was performed. Information about patients (age, sex, examination date, place of residence, disease severity final diagnosis, etc.) was taken from the database containing the Rospotrebnadzor report form № 970 «Information on cases of infectious diseases in persons with suspected new coronavirus infection» January – June 2020 across the Russian Federation. Research results were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 program. To assess the differences in nominal indicators (proportions), the Pearson χ2 test was used. The results were considered statistically significant at p<0,05. Results: in the RF, the total number of children infected with COVID-19 in the first half of 2020 amounted to 8,4% among all patients with this infection. Children of all ages get sick with COVID-19, and boys are slightly more likely than girls (52,2% versus 47,8%, p>0,05). In children, the maximum number of cases is registered in family foci – 75%. Upper respiratory tract infections were diagnosed in 72,1% of patients. The proportion of pneumonia was 1,8%, and 2/3 of children were over 3 years old (p<0,001). In almost 1/3 of patients, the infection course had no clinical manifestations. 18,2% of children at the disease onset had increased body temperature, while only 3,5% of children had hyperthermia above 390 C. Cough was registered in 50,8% of cases. Rhinitis/rhinopharyngitis developed only in every 4th child. Symptoms pathognomonic for COVID-19, such as loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), were recorded only in 17% of cases. 41,3% of patients received treatment in a hospital, and among them children under 3 years of age predominated. Conclusion: in children in the RF, the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is generally favorable.

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SUPERSTITIONS OF A LYING-IN ROOM A CENTURY AGO

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.61.5.752 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 752-752

Author(s):

T. E. C.

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Woman ◽

Young Children ◽

Gravid Uterus ◽

New Born ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Born Infant ◽

Born Child ◽

Pregnancy And Birth

Most of the following list of English superstitions about pregnancy and birth were brought to this country and were commonly believed by American parents of a century ago. 1. If a pregnant woman suffer from acid dyspepsia [heartburn] the child will be born with a good crop of hair. 2. If the gravid uterus project much in front, it is a boy; if "all round," a girl. Another version is that, if a woman carry a boy on one side, and on the next pregnancy on the opposite side, it will be a girl. 3. A child born with a caul will be lucky and will not be drowned. 4. It is unlucky to have kittens in the house with young children, because they are supposed to suck the breath of the children and so kill them. Does the milk about the infant's mouth occasionally attract the kitten? 5. In tying the cord of a newly born infant, the length of cord left attached to the umbilicus must be considered with reference to sex: if a boy, it must not be too short, or his penis will be in proportion. 6. When the cord is detached from the umbilicus, it must not be allowed to fall to the ground, or the infant will be a "pee-a-bed." 7. It is unlucky to weigh new-born child; they will probably die, or will not thrive. 8. It is customary to burn the placenta, and the process gives indication of a woman's fertility. The nurse counts the number of "snaps" or "crackles," which equal the number of children the woman will bear.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Mice Transgenic for the Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Virus Receptor

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01702-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 1162-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

Chien-Te K. Tseng ◽

Cheng Huang ◽

Patrick Newman ◽

Nan Wang ◽

Krishna Narayanan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Transgenic Mice ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽

Virus Replication ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Converting Enzyme ◽

Sars Coronavirus ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Animal models for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection of humans are needed to elucidate SARS pathogenesis and develop vaccines and antivirals. We developed transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a functional receptor for the virus, under the regulation of a global promoter. A transgenic lineage, designated AC70, was among the best characterized against SARS coronavirus infection, showing weight loss and other clinical manifestations before reaching 100% mortality within 8 days after intranasal infection. High virus titers were detected in the lungs and brains of transgene-positive (Tg+) mice on days 1 and 3 after infection. Inflammatory mediators were also detected in these tissues, coinciding with high levels of virus replication. Lower virus titers were also detected in other tissues, including blood. In contrast, infected transgene-negative (Tg−) mice survived without showing any clinical illness. Pathologic examination suggests that the extensive involvement of the central nervous system likely contributed to the death of Tg+ mice, even though viral pneumonia was present. Preliminary studies with mice of a second lineage, AC63, in which the transgene expression was considerably less abundant than that in the AC70 line, revealed that virus replication was largely restricted to the lungs but not the brain. Importantly, despite significant weight loss, infected Tg+ AC63 mice eventually recovered from the illness without any mortality. The severity of the disease that developed in these transgenic mice—AC70 in particular—makes these mouse models valuable not only for evaluating the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines, but also for studying SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.

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