Design Model As a Means of Thinking in Architectural Practice and Theory of Renaissance

Author(s):  
П. В. Капустин

Состояние проблемы. Реконструкция исторической эволюции архитектурного проектирования сегодня становится актуальной необходимостью. Причины, условия, процессы формирования базовых представлений и методов, легших в основу проектного типа мышления и действия, до сих пор довольно мало изучены, особенно в критическом аспекте. Между тем немалая часть сегодняшних проблем и затруднений, как становится понятно, берет начало в эпохе зарождения профессионального проектного метода, в событиях Нового времени. Центром этого метода стало моделирование, вопросы эволюции которого рассмотрены в настоящей работе. Результаты. Рассмотрен этап становления проектирования в архитектурной деятельности в Ренессансе, прежде всего методологический вклад Л. Б. Альберти. Показана трансформация традиционного модельного способа зодческой работы в Раннем Возрождении, связанная с обособлением креативных действий, персонализацией замысла, изменениями в цеховых коммуникациях. Ремесленный способ работы зодчего вступает в профессиональную эру, что ведет к кардинальному изменению характера и места архитектурных моделей. Выводы. Требуется переосмысление, даже переоценка значения моделирования в эволюции проектирования: на место привычной картины безоблачного прогресса должна прийти критическая и проблематизирующая теория, дающая основания для инструментального отношения к моделированию как одному из методов, не лишенному недостатков. Statement of the problem. Reconstruction of the historical evolution of architectural designing is becoming an urgent need today. The reasons, conditions, processes for the formation of basic ideas and methods that formed the basis of the designing type of thinking and action are still quite poorly understood, especially in a critical aspect. Meanwhile, a considerable part of today's problems and difficulties, as it becomes clear, originates in the era of the emergence of the professional method of designing, in the events of the Modernity. The center of this method is modeling, the evolution of which is considered in this work. Result. The stage of development of design in architectural activity in the Renaissance is considered, most importantly, the methodological contribution of L. B. Alberti. The transformation of the traditional model method of architectural work in the Early Renaissance is shown associated with the isolation of creative actions, personalization of the concept, changes in craft's communications. The craftsman's way of working enters the professional era, which results in a radical change in the nature and place of architectural models. Conclusions. Rethinking, even a reassessment of the importance of modeling in the evolution of designing is required instead of the usual picture of cloudless progress, a critical and problematizing theory should come providing foundations for an instrumental attitude to modeling as one of the methods that is not devoid of shortcomings.

Author(s):  
Tetiana Bondaruk

Іntroduction. Historical and legal science, as well as the science of law in general, is acutely faced with challenges related to the new stage of development of humanities knowledge and the corresponding change of research paradigm that occurs during the struggle between classical and nonclassical (postclassical) types of legal understanding Тhe aim of the article. Тhese processes need to be understood and "adapted" in particular in the historical and legal discourse. In particular, it is proposed to analyze the phenomenon of deformation of the phenomenon of law, and the resulting differentiation of the subject, in particular in historical and legal research, and the coherence of research tools offered within the classical and nonclassical types of legal understanding Results. Modern methodological research is a natural reaction of the domestic legal process to the dominance of the monistic materialist approach to the study of legal phenomena, which actualizes anthropological and axiological approaches. Both anthropologization and axiologization of law cause the deformalization of the phenomenon of law, creating a conceptual In the light of the above, it seems important to consider in relation to the relationship such concepts as legal reality (historical and legal reality), legal life, legal system as central, and legal space, legal field, legal environment as peripheral. At the same time, attention is drawn to the normative nature of the legal system, the ontological nature of legal reality, the inconsistency of legal life as a starting point in the choice of methodological tools. Introduction to the historical and legal discourse of «ontological metaphors»: legal communication, legal event, legal life, legal space, legal field, legal environment, etc., will activate the intersubjective model of knowledge of law as a sociocultural phenomenon, draw attention to the dynamics of law, using an arsenal of non-classical methodology. Conclusions. An overview of some trends that lead to a change in the object and subject of jurisprudence shows a radical change in its methodology, which should form research tools to answer new research questions. This process is part of the process of modern «cultivation» of integrated thinking as opposed to or in addition to analytical and systemic, which is characterized by consideration of reality in mechanistic categories, and, being irreversible, requires appropriate historical and legal reflections


2012 ◽  
Vol 198-199 ◽  
pp. 635-638
Author(s):  
Shao Hua Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xing Bao

Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir researching is a critical aspect of the petroleum and oil exploration researching. Reservoir is a place where oil and gas gathered. Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir is a kind of multi-factor analysis which takes the permeability, porosity, sedimentary environment and some other factors into consideration. GIS’s capabilities in spatial analyzing and graphics visualization are very strong. Using the excellent capabilities of GIS, we can improve the efficiency, truthfulness and objectivity of the comment by Overlap analysis of some single factors of reservoir, and can provide relatively reliable reference for determining which areas are most favorable for exploration. The basic ideas and design of GIS-based comprehensive reservoir evaluation system was introduced and a study case was given in this Paper.


2017 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 219-241
Author(s):  
M. J. Wells

ABSTRACTHistorians have overlooked the ways in which architects perceived and used models during the nineteenth century. Drawing on a wide range of documentary sources, as well as drawings, prints and a surviving model, this essay examines how architectural models were deployed in the competition for the Royal Exchange and its design and construction (1839–44). Many figures saw models as important arbiters in choosing designs and, after the initial competition process, C.R. Cockerell and William Tite demonstrated the use of models as poetic and rhetoric tools in architectural practice. Drawing especially on the example of Tite's model of the Royal Exchange portico, which survives at the Victoria & Albert Museum, the essay discusses how architectural models played an important role in the social activities surrounding the profession including ceremonial events, conversazioni and international exhibitions.


Author(s):  
Olena Trokhymets

The article examines management of the agro-food sphere of Ukraine, which is a system that combines agricultural, industrial, research and production and training industries. A number of legal documents have been identified, compliance with which has a positive impact on the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Scientists who studied the management, further development and main challenges of the agro-food sphere of Ukraine are mentioned. It is emphasized that today the agro-food sphere of Ukraine is an important economic factor of growth and social security for the population of Ukraine, in particular food security. Ukraine occupies one of the important places in the agrarian business. The statistical information on the import of agro-food sphere products is presented. The main prerequisites for the formation of agricultural clusters in Ukraine are highlighted. The institutional development of the agrofood sphere of Ukraine is emphasized, which should be divided into three stages. The importance of using for the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine such forms of relations as clusters, business incubators, providing cooperatives, eco-settlements and agro-parks, agro-technoparks is noted. The adoption of the Strategy of Sustainable Development of Ukraine until 2030 is studied, in particular, the strategic vision of the development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is highlighted. It is determined that the formation of the agro-industrial complex is undergoing a stage of radical change. Conclusions were drawn regarding the agro-food sphere of Ukraine – the creation of appropriate conditions for further development, in particular the construction of institutions that would be responsible for each stage of development of all areas in the agro-food sphere of Ukraine. It is established that the implementation of innovations in agro-food sphere in Ukraine, in particular in technological issues, is possible in the case of reformatting economic relations to improve prayers for integration into new forms of introduction of agro-food sphere of Ukraine and implementation of local development strategies.


2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 1581-1585
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Bao Ming Han ◽  
Fang Lu ◽  
Hua Li

The methods in common use for estimating the distribution rate of passenger flow are distribution rate curve method and the function model method. Logit model method is adopted by comparison and selection. The solutions of eigenfunction in traditional model are improved. The utility function of transport product is applied instead of the traditionally used eigenfunction in the Logit model. The distribution rate of passenger transport demand for railway around operation of the passenger dedicated line in Shenyang-Dalian passenger transport market is 55.73% and 69.21% respectively, which is obtained by using improved Logit model. After the operation of the passenger dedicated line, the balance of supply and demand of railway transport product between Shenyang and Dalian can be solved combined with the investigation results of passenger flow.


Author(s):  
B.D. Wigham ◽  
P.A. Tyler ◽  
D.S.M. Billett

A radical change in the abundance of invertebrate megafauna has occurred over a vast area of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, north-east Atlantic, in recent years. In particular, the holothurian Amperima rosea has increased in abundance by three orders of magnitude. The sudden increase in abundance of A. rosea appears to be the result of environmental forcing rather than localized stochastic population variations. Amperima rosea produces small eggs ([les ]200 μm) indicating (1) planktotrophic larval development or (2) lecithotrophic larval development with an abbreviated larval stage. It also reaches maturity at a very small size. The reproductive biology of A. rosea indicates that it can increase rapidly in population size and can colonize large areas quickly. It has high fecundity, as predicted by gonad indices and observed in histological studies. Fecundity was greater in winter than in summer months, but there was no clear evidence of seasonal or episodic reproductive events. All males, irrespective of sample season or year, were mature with spermatozoa. Most oocytes were of an intermediate size (70 to 120 μm), either at the late previtellogenic (70–90 μm) or early vitellogenic (100–120 μm) stage of development. It is postulated that development of full vitellogenesis, leading to episodic spawning, might be dependent on certain environmental stimuli. The most likely stimulus is food supply. Amperima rosea has been shown to feed preferentially on phytodetritus and to have a requirement for certain sterols in its diet. Qualitative changes in the flux of organic matter to the sea-floor may control vitellogenesis and fecundity, and hence have an effect on the population dynamics of the species.


2021 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Anna PRYSIAZHNA

The current stage of development of the Ukrainian state is characterized by increased interest in the problems of public authorities. The organization and activities of all state bodies, including the prosecutor's office, are built in accordance with the principles that determine the specifics of the legal status of each of these bodies and thus allow to individualize the status of each of them. It is on their basis that the competence of the prosecutor's office, the powers of prosecutors are determined, and the legislation on the prosecutor's office is developed. In this regard, the principles (principles) are the basis, the foundation of the prosecutor's office and all areas of its activities. It is established that the study of the principles of organization and activity of the Ukrainian prosecutor's office is impossible without the scientific-historical aspect of the origin of these principles and their development at different historical stages. The dialectic of the development of social life is such that the present and the future do not exist without the past, without a definite history. The historical origins of the origin, formation of the concept and development of the system of principles of organization and activity of the prosecutor's office are studied. It is proved that the principles of organization and activity of the prosecutor's office in the conditions of its reform become extremely important both for science and for practice. The provision is substantiated that the knowledge of the principles as the basic ideas that became the basis for the reform of the prosecutor's office, allows not only to know the essence of this reform, but also to identify shortcomings and weaknesses of the reform. The origin and development of the principles (principles) of organization and activity of the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine are studied; the meaning and content of the principles of organization and activity of the prosecutor's office are revealed. The principles of law are the criterion of legality and legitimacy of actions of citizens and officials and under certain conditions are of great importance for the growth of legal awareness of the population.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (36) ◽  
pp. 176-193
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Pericacho Gómez ◽  
Felipe Jiménez Mediano ◽  
Jose Luis Estrada Chichón ◽  
Roberto Sánchez Cabrero

Objective: In this article we review the support of several representative Primary Education schools in Spain (2015-16) for a pedagogical renewal that move away from the traditional model. Method: The methodology focuses on the study of outstanding bibliography, interviews with significant members, observation of centres and analysis of the content of educational projects. Results: The centers selected for analysis show multiple common pedagogical aspects, such as the participation of the educational community, the promotion of creativity among the students, as well as curricular, methodological and organizational flexibility. Discussion and Conclusion: Despite the uniqueness of each project, all show multiple common pedagogical aspects. This is due to the direct influence of the Spanish pedagogical renewal developed throughout the 20th century which has shaped the current renewing map of which this article analyses specific examples


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Fields ◽  
James F. Glazebrook

Abstract Gilead et al. propose an ontology of abstract representations based on folk-psychological conceptions of cognitive architecture. There is, however, no evidence that the experience of cognition reveals the architecture of cognition. Scale-free architectural models propose that cognition has the same computational architecture from sub-cellular to whole-organism scales. This scale-free architecture supports representations with diverse functions and levels of abstraction.


Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.


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