scholarly journals Development of a model of subjective feelings for the front visual quality during automobile driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyun Kwon ◽  
◽  
Sung Hee Ahn ◽  
Woonjoon Kim ◽  
Myung Hwan Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Design Variable ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Automobile Driving ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
User Experiment

The main goal of this study is to develop a model of subjective feelings for frontal visibility, often called the feeling of ‘openness’, for automobile drivers. Moreover, this study proposed a method to overcome the limitations of the rating scale method, although it has been used in a great number of studies. To this end, eight potential design variables of automobiles were extracted from 25 candidate design variables. A questionnaire for evaluating the openness of an automobile was developed based on these variables. By using this questionnaire, a user experiment was conducted to investigate a relationship between the feeling of openness of automobiles and the design variables. Twenty-six participants evaluated the feeling of openness and the perceived rate of the design variables for 30 automobiles. The results showed that the variables such as the height of headlining, the height of cluster housing, the inclination angle of wind shield, and the volume of A-pillar were the critical design variables affecting the feeling of openness of the automobiles. Moreover, the optimal perceived level of each design variable was found out. The results of this study can be applied to designing automobile interior for good frontal visibility.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (PKB) DI UNIT PELAYANAN PENDAPATAN PROVINSI (UPPP) KABUPATEN SELUMA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Vivi Yulian Sari ◽  
Neri Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Service Unit ◽  
Scale Method

R.A. Vivi Yulian Sari, Neri Susanti; Factors That Influence Compliance With Taxpayers In Paying Tax On Motor Vehicles In The Province Revenue Service Unit Of Seluma Regency This study aimed to determine the factors that influence taxpayers compliance in paying motor vehicle tax (CLA ) in Unit Revenue Services of Province ( UPPP ) Seluma District. Type of this study is descriptive study. The population in this study is whousedtaxpayermotor vehicleisregisteredinthe Unit RevenueService of Province (UPPP) SelumaDistrict, witha sample of30taxpayer-wheeled motor vehicletwo (2) located atTaisMarket and registered inUnit RevenueService of Province of(UPPP) Seluma Districtin July2013.The data collected by usingquestionnaire. Data analyzed by using rating scale method. Taxpayer perceptions towards tax penalties showed a significant effect on tax compliance in carrying out its obligations to pay motor vehicle tax ( CLA ) , is seen from the position of the respondent's perception of the value of tax penalties perceptions of factors affecting tax compliance in paying taxes on motor vehicles in Unit Revenue Service of Province( UPPP ) Seluma District with the total score of 316 is in the interval 308-381 , agreed criteria.

Knowledge-Scientific Evaluation of Social Service Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 120-150
Author(s):  
Yoshiteru Nakamori ◽  
Fei Meng ◽  
Van-Nam Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Education Program ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Service Systems ◽  
Worth Living ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
New Knowledge

This chapter proposes a new evaluation method for social service systems in order to support participants to create new knowledge and value. The main proposal is a rating scale method that can evaluate the current level (as-is) and the future desire (to-be) of participants, and with which we can analyze achievements of individuals. By using a concrete example of an education program, which is a worth living discovery seminar for retired men, the chapter reports the results of hypothetical tests on the relationships between items of evaluation and an interesting finding related to the reason of differences in attitude of participants.

Demonstration of Fluidic Throat Skewing for Thrust Vectoring in Structurally Fixed Nozzles

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Yagle ◽  
D. N. Miller ◽  
K. B. Ginn ◽  
J. W. Hamstra
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Nozzle Throat ◽  
Thrust Coefficient ◽  
Thrust Vectoring ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Nozzle Pressure

The experimental demonstration of a fluidic, multiaxis thrust vectoring (MATV) scheme is presented for a structurally fixed, afterburning nozzle referred to as the conformal fluidic nozzle (CFN). This concept for jet flow control features symmetric injection around the nozzle throat to provide throttling for jet area control, and asymmetric injection to subsonically skew the sonic plane for jet vectoring. The conceptual development of the CFN was presented in a companion paper (Miller et al. [1]). In that study, critical design variables were shown to be the flap length and expansion area ratio of the nozzle, and the location, angle, and distribution of injected flow. Measures of merit were vectoring capability, gross thrust coefficient, and discharge coefficient. A demonstration of MATV was conducted on a 20 percent scale CFN test article across a range of nozzle pressure ratios (NPR), injector flow rates, and flow distributions. Both yaw and pitch vector angles of greater than 8 deg were obtained at NPR of 5.5. Yaw vector angles greater than 10 deg were achieved at lower NPR. Values of thrust coefficient for the CFN generally exceeded published measurements of shock-based vectoring methods. In terms of vectoring effectiveness (ratio of vector angle to percent injected flow), fluidic throat skewing was found to be comparable to shock-based vectoring methods.

Study of Absolute Visual Detection by the Rating-Scale Method*

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Nachmias ◽  
Robert M. Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Scale Method

OMPAC Package C5 Reliability—Parametric Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nagaraj
Keyword(s):  
Design Variable ◽  
Solder Ball ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Substrate Thickness ◽  
Statistical Design Of Experiments ◽  
Permanent Strain ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Ball Diameter ◽  
Cycles To Failure

Over molded pad array carrier (OMPAC) also called as ball grid array (BGA) has been used in products, such as hand held two way radio within Motorola. Now it has gained interest outside Motorola in companies like Compaq for portable computers and AT&T for the telephone systems. The reduced size, thickness, and increased I/O density at the board level are the attractive features of the OMPAC package over other competing package types. In Ref. [1, 2], life time of C5 solder interconnects under temperature cycle loading was reported. That study was based on nonlinear FEM simulation incorporating creep behavior of the solder. In the current study, influence of four key package design variables on C5 solder reliability is addressed using analyses methodology described in Ref. [1, 2]. The selected design variables are thickness of the substrate, the C5 pitch, solder ball diameter, and height to diameter (h/d) ratio of the C5 interconnect. For each design variable, three levels (low, middle, and high) are considered. The full study required a total of 81 simulation runs. However, statistical design of experiments were used and an L9 design was selected in the current study. The maximum permanent strain range for stabilized temperature cycle was calculated for all the nine case studies. In all the cases it occurs at the substrate interface in the solder ball just inside the edge of the die. The response (maximum total permanent strain range and thus maximum number of temperature cycles before failure) as a function of the four design variables are studied and the trends are: as the substrate thickness, C5 ball diameter and C5 (h/d) ratio increases and C5 pitch decreases, the maximum total permanent strain range decreases and thus cycles to failure increases. The order of importance of the design variables for the C5 reliability are (i) the C5 (h/d) ratio, (ii) the C5 ball diameter, (iii) the C5 pitch, and (iv) the substrate thickness. The C5 (h/d) is the key design variable. The maximum total permanent strain range decreases from 0.0055 for (h/d) ratio of 0.5 to 0.0045 for (h/d) ratio of 0.7. This in other words increases cycles to failure from 3000 cycles to 4400 cycles, an improvement of 47 percent.

scholarly journals Repowering Steel Tubular Wind Turbine Towers Enhancing them by Internal Stiffening Rings

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hu ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Charalampos Baniotopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Element Size ◽  
Wind Turbine System ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Wind Turbine Tower ◽  
Mesh Density ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers

This paper presents a robust repowering approach to the structural response of tubular steel wind turbine towers enhanced by internal stiffening rings. First, a structural response simulation model was validated by comparison with the existing experimental data. This was then followed with a mesh density sensitivity analysis to obtain the optimum element size. When the outdated wind turbine system needs to be upgraded, the wall thickness, the mid-section width-to-thickness ratio and the spacing of the stiffening rings of wind turbine tower were considered as the critical design variables for repowering. The efficiency repowering range of these design variables of wind turbine towers of various heights between 50 and 250 m can be provided through the numerical analysis. Finally, the results of efficiency repowering range of design variables can be used to propose a new optimum design of the wind turbine system when repowering a wind farm.

Abstractions, Design Views and Focusing

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hoover ◽  
James R. Rinderle
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Polynomial Equations ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Design Representation ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Mechanical Design Problem

Abstract Abstractions serve to reduce the complexity of the design process by providing a simple yet still useful representation of the design. Abstractions change one or all of the focus, resolution and accuracy of the design representation. Focusing abstractions direct the designer’s attention to fundamental relationships amongst design variables and requirements. The process of forming focusing abstractions incorporates the design relations and variables that are of concern to the designer, while mitigating the complexity of the resulting design view for the designer. The complexity is minimized by reducing the number of variables and relations considered simultaneously. This is done in a manner which allows the designer to determine the need for further refinements in configuration, to make parametric decisions, and to identify critical design relationships. The appropriate use of focusing abstractions can improve both the design process and the final design. Several basic approaches to creating focusing abstractions are described and one method, based upon Gröbner Bases, is developed in detail. This method is appropriate for a design object representation consisting of parametric constraints represented as sets of polynomial equations. This approach is demonstrated within the context of a sample electro-mechanical design problem, a cordless screwdriver.

Design Parameter Reliability Analysis of Induction Bends

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata M. K. Akula ◽  
Lance T. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Design Variable ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Load Carrying

Induction pipe bends are essential multi-functional components in offshore applications performing not only as fluid conductors but also as structural members providing flexibility to the entire pipeline. The deforming mechanism of bends minimizes the effects of pipe walking, length changes due to thermal expansion/contraction, etc. However, the extent to which the bend deforms to counteract the pipeline deformation, prior to reaching plastic collapse, is dictated by the design variables. The pipe bend design variables include the geometry of the bend, the inelastic material properties, and the operating loads. The study of the influence of these variables is central to improving upon existing bend designs and is the focus of this research. The certification process for bends typically involves ensuring the pipe bending moment is within limits set by agencies such as DNV, ASME, etc. Closed form solutions for the bending moment do exist but they often do not consider the effects of large deformation and the material nonlinearity of the bends. Since it is impractical to perform physical tests for every possible design, numerical techniques such as the finite element methods are an attractive alternative. Furthermore, for a given bend design, the design variables are prone to deviation, due to manufacturing process, operating conditions, etc., which introduces variation in the structural response and the resulting bending moment. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element analysis of induction bends is discussed followed by a presentation of a simulation workflow and reliability analysis. The finite element analysis utilizes a nonlinear Abaqus model with an user-subroutine prescribing precise end loading and boundary conditions. The workflow utilizes the design exploration software, Isight, which automates the solution process. Thereafter, reliability analysis is performed by varying the design variables, such as bend angle, ovalization, etc. and the results of the simulation are presented. The objective is to illustrate a solution technique for predicting the induction bend load carrying capacity and to examine design robustness. An automated workflow is demonstrated which allows for quick design variable changes, there by potentially reducing design time. The reliability analysis allows analysts to measure the variation in the load carrying capacity resulting from the deviation of design variable specifications. These demonstrations are intended to emphasize that to ensure the success of a bend design, it is important to not only predict the load carrying capacity accurately but also to perform reliability analysis for the design.

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