scholarly journals Improvement of Subgrade Characteristics Using Waste Plastic Bottle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Damilola A. Ogundare
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
The Road ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Plastic Bottle ◽  
Subgrade Soil ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Ucs Test ◽  
Strength And Durability

The need to improve the strength and durability of subgrade soil in recent times has become imperative using stabilizing materials that can be sourced locally at no/or very low cost in other to reach their design life span before a major repair is required. This necessitates the improvement that could be achieved by stabilizing subgrade soil along Ede-Abeere road in Ede, Osun State with the Waste Plastic Bottle (WPB). The soil samples were collected at 1m depth at different portions along the road and stabilized with varying percentages of WPB. Laboratory tests conducted were sieve analysis, natural moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limit, compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test. The CBR of the stabilized soil ranges from 1.28% to 12.20% with 2.5% WPB having the highest CBR value of 12.20% meeting the recommended value for unsoaked CBR of subgrade soils. However, the statistical model reliably adjudged that there is a significant relationship between the CBR values of subgrade soil-WPB mixture obtained. Thus, it is recommended that WPB at 2.5% can serve as a stabilizing material as it increases the CBR of the subgrade soil and as an effective method of disposing of WPB.

scholarly journals GEOTECHNICAL INFLUENCE OF UNDERLYING SOILS TO PAVEMENT FAILURE IN SOUTHWESTERN PART OF NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademila Omowumi
Keyword(s):  
Water Adsorption ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
High Water ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Swelling Potential ◽  
Failure Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Subgrade Soil ◽  
Low Stiffness

Roads in Nigeria are usually constructed without in-depth knowledge of the subsoil that serves as the foundation for the road elements. Road failures are often associated to poor construction materials or inadequate design without cognisance of the underlying soils. Engineering properties of ten bulk soil samples collected from the subgrade of Arigidi/Oke-Agbe highway were investigated to determine their suitability for highway pavement. Results show that all the subgrade soils below the failed locations have higher plasticity indices, which is an indication of their high swelling potential, and they are classified as A-7-6 clayey soils with high-water adsorption capability (16.1 – 22.4%) compared to subgrade soils from the stable locations. Low compacted density (1325 – 1928 Kg/m3), extremely poor CBR values; 8 – 31% (unsoaked) and 3 – 8% (soaked) which indicate percentage reduction in strength of the soils up to 77% on exposure to excessive moisture and the predominance of fines (> 59%) in the soils are responsible for the degree of instability. Furthermore, soft to low stiffness (49 – 131 kN/m2) and poor permeability of the subgrade materials underlying the pavement result to the failure characteristics witnessed. This study shows that the suitability and behaviour of subgrade soil is dependent on its engineering properties.

Impact of subgrade soils on pavement roughness

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-695
Author(s):  
Michel Vaillancourt ◽  
Daniel Perraton
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Soil Variability ◽  
International Roughness Index ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
The Road ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Pavement Roughness ◽  
Subgrade Soil ◽  
The Impact

To highlight the impact of subgrade soil variability on the pseudo-profile and roughness at the end of road construction, a research program has been carried out at the Laboratoire sur les chaussées et matériaux bitumineux at École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS). The analysis is intended to highlight the variability of materials’ characteristics according to the longitudinal and vertical axes of the road. The proposed approach aims to calculate potential settlement variations through a global numerical simulation of a road section, in a bid to identify the expected pseudo-profile and to quantify the roughness quality by calculating the international roughness index (IRI). The proposed methodology was tested at a new road construction project in Québec. Here, the results of the simulations are compared to the details of the actual pseudo-profile obtained at the end of road construction for the project under study. It is shown, through the finite difference modeling of the mechanical behavior of the subgrade soil (FLAC calculation code), that the long wavelength pseudo-profile of the road at the end of construction can be determined, and that it is strongly influenced by subgrade soil variability. This article presents a second analysis carried out by Vaillancourt and Perraton in 2015 as part of a study of the impact of subgrade soils on pavement roughness.

scholarly journals Investigating the effect of PET plastic bottle strips on the strength and compressibility properties of clayey soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 894 (1) ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
J B Niyomukiza ◽  
A Bitekateko ◽  
J Nsemerirwe ◽  
B Kawiso ◽  
M Kiwanuka
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Capital City ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Plastic Bottle ◽  
Stabilized Soil

Abstract The production of plastic bottles by the manufacturing industry has increased drastically over the last six decades across the globe. This rapid production has led to the generation of many waste plastic bottles, thus causing environmental pollution. About 180 tonnes of plastics are generated daily in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and around 50% is dumped into the Kiteezi landfill. Instead of putting pressure on the landfill, these plastic bottle wastes could be reused in stabilizing soils with poor engineering properties. The current study investigates the engineering properties of clayey soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the geotechnical and engineering properties of the soil reinforced with waste plastic bottle strips at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of the dry unit weight of the soil and non-stabilized soil were determined by conducting laboratory tests, such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio. The results revealed that the California Bearing Ratio of the soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips increased with the increase in the percentage of Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips up to 0.3%. Beyond 0.3%, a drop in California Bearing Ratio was observed. It indicates that 0.3% Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips is the optimum percentage for stabilizing low plasticity clayey soils.

scholarly journals Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongzhen Cheng ◽  
Xiaoming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Black Cotton Soil ◽  
Moisture Change ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Low Cost Strategy

Black cotton soil (BCS) forms a major soil group in Kenya and is characterized by high shrink/swell potential when exposed to water. A comprehensive series of laboratory tests were performed on BCS treated with lime (0–9%), volcanic ash (VA, 0–25%), and their combinations in order to study the physical–mechanical properties and mineralogical changes of the stabilized BCS. Moreover, a test road which replaced the BCS with the lime–VA-stabilized BCS was constructed to investigate the moisture change and soil movement in the BCS foundation. The results revealed that BCS stabilized with combinations of lime and VA shows larger California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values when compared with a single stabilizer. BCS stabilized with 3% lime + 15% VA meets the performance requirements of roadbed materials in accordance with JTG D30-2015. The increase of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the stabilized soil promotes chemical reactions between the stabilizers and BCS to form new cementing agents, which are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) findings. The replacement of BCS with 3% lime + 15% VA-stabilized BCS shows an obvious effect on controlling the moisture change and soil movement in the foundation BCS. This research provides a low-cost strategy for making use of the vast resources of BCS in Kenya obtained from foundation excavation.

scholarly journals STRENGTH AND DURABILITY EFFECT ON STABILIZED SUBGRADE SOIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noraida Razali ◽  
Norazzlina M. Sa’don ◽  
Abdul Razak Abdul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Standard Specification ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Subgrade Soil ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Strength And Durability

 This paper presents the development of strength and durability effect of stabilized soil. The clayey soil collected from Kota Samarahan, Sarawak was admixed with cement, fly ash and rubberchip as an additive for stabilization purposes. The optimum mixture determined was then used as a recommendation for the design guidelines of sub-grade based on JKR Standard Specification for Road Works. The stabilized clay specimens were prepared with 5% cement and various fly ash and rubber chips contents, of 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively. The specimens were then cured for 7 and 28 days before subjected to Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. As observed, the stabilization improved the strength and stiffness of the soil properties significantly. However, the addition of 15% rubberchip shows a reduction in strength for both 7 and 28 days curing period. From the study, the optimum mixture, which fulfilled the JKR Standard Specification was the mixture of 5% cement and 15% fly ash. However, the mixture of 5% cement and 10% rubberchip is also recommended to be used as an alternative to stabilize the subgrade for low volume road.

scholarly journals Effect of Stabilization on Failure Susceptibility of Oshogbo-Iwo Road in South-Western Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Bamitale Dorcas Oluyemi-Ayibiowu ◽  
Oladapo Jayejeje Omomomi ◽  
Olaolu George Fadugba
Keyword(s):  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
The Road ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Geotechnical Tests ◽  
Good Drainage

The research evaluated the failure susceptibility of biopolymers (Guar Gum, Xanthan Gum, Bentonite) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) stabilized soil samples from three failed locations along Oshogbo – Iwo Road’s using the TDRAMS mathematical model formulated by Aderinola et al., (2015). The stabilizers were added to the soils in concentrations of (0.25-2) % Biopolymers, (1-3) % Bentonite and 2% PVAc. The samples were classified according to AASHTO as A-5 (slty-sand) and ML group (inorganic silts, sfine sands with low plasticity) based on USCS classification system. Geotechnical tests carried out on both natural untreated and treated samples showed that the natural soil samples gave OMC values of between (11.7-14.97) %, MDD (1644-1453.6) Kg/m3, and soaked CBR (2-6) %. 1% Guar gum, 1 % Xanthan gum, 3% Bentonite and 2% Poly vinyl Acetate were deduced to be optimal mixes for improved strength. However, Guar gum was observed to be the best stabilizer. With the TDRAMS model, 1% Guar gum reduced the failure susceptibility indices of the road by 11.02 % (i.e. from 127 to 113). However, for maximum benefits to be achieved from the stabilization, other factors like provision of good drainage facilities, adequate road sections etc. must be provided. This will help in improving the strength of the subgrade soils and overall durability of the road.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Safety Risk of Rural Roadsides Using a Bayesian Network Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianpei Tang ◽  
Senlai Zhu ◽  
Yuntao Guo ◽  
Xizhao Zhou ◽  
Yang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
The Road ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Point Density

Evaluating the safety risk of rural roadsides is critical for achieving reasonable allocation of a limited budget and avoiding excessive installation of safety facilities. To assess the safety risk of rural roadsides when the crash data are unavailable or missing, this study proposed a Bayesian Network (BN) method that uses the experts’ judgments on the conditional probability of different safety risk factors to evaluate the safety risk of rural roadsides. Eight factors were considered, including seven factors identified in the literature and a new factor named access point density. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a case study was conducted using 19.42 km long road networks in the rural area of Nantong, China. By comparing the results of the proposed method and run-off-road (ROR) crash data from 2015–2016 in the study area, the road segments with higher safety risk levels identified by the proposed method were found to be statistically significantly correlated with higher crash severity based on the crash data. In addition, by comparing the respective results evaluated by eight factors and seven factors (a new factor removed), we also found that access point density significantly contributed to the safety risk of rural roadsides. These results show that the proposed method can be considered as a low-cost solution to evaluating the safety risk of rural roadsides with relatively high accuracy, especially for areas with large rural road networks and incomplete ROR crash data due to budget limitation, human errors, negligence, or inconsistent crash recordings.

scholarly journals Towards Sustainable Concrete Composites through Waste Valorisation of Plastic Food Trays as Low-Cost Fibrous Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Mohammadhosseini ◽  
Rayed Alyousef ◽  
Mahmood Md. Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Food Tray ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
The Impact

Recycling of waste plastics is an essential phase towards cleaner production and circular economy. Plastics in different forms, which are non-biodegradable polymers, have become an indispensable ingredient of human life. The rapid growth of the world population has led to increased demand for commodity plastics such as food packaging. Therefore, to avert environment pollution with plastic wastes, sufficient management to recycle this waste is vital. In this study, experimental investigations and statistical analysis were conducted to assess the feasibility of polypropylene type of waste plastic food tray (WPFT) as fibrous materials on the mechanical and impact resistance of concrete composites. The WPFT fibres with a length of 20 mm were used at dosages of 0–1% in two groups of concrete with 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and 30% palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement. The results revealed that WPFT fibres had an adverse effect on the workability and compressive strength of concrete mixes. Despite a slight reduction in compressive strength of concrete mixtures, tensile and flexural strengths significantly enhanced up to 25% with the addition of WPFT fibres. The impact resistance and energy absorption values of concrete specimens reinforced with 1% WPFT fibres were found to be about 7.5 times higher than those of plain concrete mix. The utilisation of waste plastic food trays in the production of concrete makes it low-cost and aids in decreasing waste discarding harms. The development of new construction materials using WPFT is significant to the environment and construction industry.

scholarly journals Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A Concise Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3694
Author(s):  
Luminita Georgeta Confederat ◽  
Cristina Gabriela Tuchilus ◽  
Maria Dragan ◽  
Mousa Sha’at ◽  
Oana Maria Dragostin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Strength And Durability

Despite the advantages presented by synthetic polymers such as strength and durability, the lack of biodegradability associated with the persistence in the environment for a long time turned the attention of researchers to natural polymers. Being biodegradable, biopolymers proved to be extremely beneficial to the environment. At present, they represent an important class of materials with applications in all economic sectors, but also in medicine. They find applications as absorbers, cosmetics, controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. Chitosan is one of the natural polymers which raised a strong interest for researchers due to some exceptional properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, non-antigenicity, low-cost and numerous pharmacological properties as antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunoenhancing. In addition to this, the free amino and hydroxyl groups make it susceptible to a series of structural modulations, obtaining some derivatives with different biomedical applications. This review approaches the physico-chemical and pharmacological properties of chitosan and its derivatives, focusing on the antimicrobial potential including mechanism of action, factors that influence the antimicrobial activity and the activity against resistant strains, topics of great interest in the context of the concern raised by the available therapeutic options for infections, especially with resistant strains.

scholarly journals Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype obstacle-detection device at blind corners: an automated highway system technology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Atombo ◽  
Emmanuel Gbey ◽  
Apevienyeku Kwami Holali
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Obstacle Detection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vibration Sensors ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Sensor Module ◽  
Vehicle Path ◽  
Automated Highway

Abstract Traffic accidents on highways are attributed mostly to the "invisibility" of oncoming traffic and road signs. "Speeding" also causes drivers to reduce the effective radius of the vehicle path in the curve, thus trespassing into the lane of the oncoming traffic. The main aim of this paper was to develop a multisensory obstacle-detection device that is affordable, easy to implement and easy to maintain to reduce the risk of road accidents at blind corners. An ultrasonic sensor module with a maximum measuring angle of 15° was used to ensure that a significant portion of the lane was detected at the blind corner. The sensor covered a minimum effective area of 0.5 m2 of the road for obstacle detection. Yellow light was employed to signify caution while negotiating the blind corner. Two photoresistors (PRs) were used as sensors because of the limited number of pins on the microcontroller (Arduino Uno). However, the device developed for this project achieved obstacle detection at blind corners at relatively low cost and can be accessed by all road users. In real-world applications, the use of piezoelectric accelerometers (vibration sensors) instead of PR sensors would be more desirable in order to detect not only cars but also two-wheelers.

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