Mucormycosis in COVID Times

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal Bahrani
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽  
Nose And Sinuses

Mucormycosis is a disease caused by the fungus of the Mucorales species. These fungi are present in the environment and are common commensals in the human body, mainly in the nose and sinuses, or respiratory tract and lungs. Rarely, in immunocompromised individuals or those who have temporary depression of immunity, these fungus manifest most commonly as rhino-cerebral mucormycosis or pulmonary mucormycosis. At rare times, the skin may also get involved. Recently ICMR has come up with guidelines for mucormycosis, in this commentary, it's our primary focal article.

A practical pH-compatible fluorescent sensor for hydrazine in soil, water and living cells

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (22) ◽  
pp. 7380-7387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huming Yan ◽  
Fangjun Huo ◽  
Yongkang Yue ◽  
Jianbin Chao ◽  
Caixia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Fluorescent Sensor ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The excellent water solubility of hydrazine (N2H4) allows it to easily invade the human body through the skin and respiratory tract, thereby damaging human organs and the central nervous system.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chertow ◽  
Sydney Stein ◽  
Sabrina Ramelli ◽  
Alison Grazioli ◽  
Joon-Yong Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Clearance ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract COVID-19 is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 in acute infection, with prolonged symptoms experienced by some patients, termed Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)4-5. However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance is not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. We performed complete autopsies on 44 patients with COVID-19 to map and quantify SARS-CoV-2 distribution, replication, and cell-type specificity across the human body, including brain, from acute infection through over seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, even among patients who died with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple extrapulmonary tissues early in infection. Further, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including regions throughout the brain, for up to 230 days following symptom onset. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the body, we observed a paucity of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside of the lungs. Our data prove that SARS-CoV-2 causes systemic infection and can persist in the body for months.

scholarly journals Im bann der Würgerin – Kamadme, Lamaštu und Lilith in der Hellas?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieszek Jagiełło
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Genital System ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Greco Roman

The following paper explores some possible connections between Greek and Mesopotamian child-killing demons. First, the main Sumerian/Akkadian demoness Kamadme Lamaštu is being characterized and set in comparison with the lil-demons and their singularisation Lilith. Briefly, their modus operandi is being studied with a focus on strangulation. It is being proposed that the reoccurring meme of children being strangled by these demons comes from a misinterpretation of the anatomy of the human body which manifested in the belief in a rāṭu in Mesopotamia or ὁδός in Greece. This organ was believed to be a “channel” that connects women’s genital system with the respiratory tract. With that in mind, some Greek and Roman demons are being considered as potentially being derived from the aforementioned ancient Near Eastern supernatural beings. Hence, the proposal is put forward that the Greek Hesperides, the Theban Sphinx, the Lesbian Gello as well as the Greco-Roman Stri(n)x have in fact been adopted by the Occident from the East.

scholarly journals Kandungan Timbal pada Sala Lauak yang Dijual di Pasar Raya Padang Akibat Penggunaan Kertas Ketikan sebagai Pembungkus

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habifa Mulya Cita
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Traditional Market

Latar Belakang. Timbal merupakan logam berat yang dapat memberikan efek buruk terhadap kesehatan manusia. Timbal masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui saluran pernafasan, saluran cerna, dan kulit. Makanan dapat terkontaminasi oleh timbal apabila pengemasan tidak tepat, misalnya pada sala lauak yang dibungkus menggunakan kertas ketikan dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh. Objektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya kandungan timbal pada sala lauak yang dijual di Pasar Raya akibat penggunaan kertas ketikan sebagai pembungkus. Metode. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan dilakukan di Laboratorium Air Fakultas Teknik Lingkungan Universitas Andalas pada Mei 2018 – November 2018. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 34 sampel terdiri 17 sampel sala lauak yang dibungkus kertas ketikan dan 17 sampel yang tidak dibungkus kertas ketikan dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Pemeriksaan sampel menggunakan alat ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma). Hasil. Hasil penelitian didapatkan seluruh sala lauak yang dijual pedagang di Pasar Raya Padang positif mengandung timbal, baik yang dibungkus kertas ketikan maupun yang tidak dibungkus. Rata-rata kadar timbal pada sala lauak yang dibungkus sebesar 0,172 ppm dan sala lauak yang tidak dibungkus sebesar 0,167 ppm. Kesimpulan. seluruh sampel sala lauak mengandung logam timbal dan terdapat peningkatan kadar timbal akibat pembungkusan. Kata kunci: logam timbal, sala lauak, kertas ketikan   Background. Lead is a heavy metal that harms human health. Lead enters the human body through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Food can be contaminated with this substance due to the improper type of packaging such as printed paper. Objective. This study aimed to prove the presence of lead in sala lauak sold at Padang Traditional Market due to the use of printed papers as wrappers.

scholarly journals COVID-19. SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, transmission pathways, distribution features, and individual susceptibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Tikhonov ◽  
Vsevolod Vladimirtsev
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology was registered in Wuhan, Hubei province of the people's Republic of China. The virus was soon isolated and its genome sequenced. It is called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS-Cov-2, English SARS-Cov-2), and the disease caused by it is coronavirus infection – 19 (English COVID-19). Who recognized the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 11. The entire world is currently affected by the pandemic. The first focus of coronavirus infection in Russia was detected on February 27, brought from Europe. The infection reached the most remote corners of Siberia by mid-April. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of SARS-Cov-2, its pathways into the body and individual susceptibility to the virus. Methods and materials. The review of scientific articles on the research topic was based on the analysis of scientific articles on COVID-19. Articles were searched in the Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, and eLIBRARY databases, as well as by article links. Results. The SARS-Cov-2 virus is a single-stranded positive-chain RNA virus from the Coronavirus family (Coronaviridae). According to most researchers, the SARS-Cov-2 virus evolved from bat coronaviruses, with the approximate time of divergence from the nearest bat virus species RaTG13 occurring in 1963. It uses ACE-2 receptors, which are widely present throughout the body, to enter host cells. High virus contagiousness is provided by the acquisition of an additional furin site for cleavage of the spike protein in the form of the amino acid sequence Arg-Arg-Ala-Arg (682RRAR685). This site of the S1 domain of the spike protein can be cleaved by: transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), furin, but also many cellular and extracellular proteases, as well as plasmin(ogen) s. Many ways of cleavage of the spike protein significantly increase the ability of the virus to enter the cell and its contagiousness. The main routes of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 are respiratory drops and close contact. The main entrance gate of the virus is the respiratory tract, may be conjunctiva, likely fecal-oral pathway. The article discusses the skin as an entrance gate. Some skin manifestations of the disease can be caused by this way. The incubation period of COVID-19 lasts on average 5-6 days, while the live infectious virus begins to be released 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear and stops on the 8th day after the symptoms appear, but only in severe patients the virus release can last up to 15 days. Asymptomatic patients may account for 40% of cases. Features of individual susceptibility to COVID-19 and the severity of clinical manifestations may be caused by: 1) the property of allelic variants of the virus and their virulence; 2) the infectious dose of the virus; 3) the use of protective equipment; 4) individual characteristics of the human body; 5) pathogenic mechanisms of infection development. The hypothesis of the protective role of the mumps vaccine explains the phenomenon of extremely low morbidity, asymptomatic or mild infection in children more convincingly. Mass vaccination against mumps in our country began in 1981 (39 years ago), which is probably why children and people under 40 rarely get a severe form of infection in our country. Conclusion. SARS-Cov-2 has pandemic potential and is estimated to be more severe than pandemic influenza viruses. Active isolation of the virus before the onset of symptoms, including by asymptomatic patients (including children), causes the rapid spread of infection and reduces the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures. The presence of a significant segment of the population with cross-immunity to SARS-Cov-2, including and as a result of vaccination, it is the most likely cause of a high percentage of asymptomatic and mild forms of the disease among children and young people. Effective protection against coronavirus infection in 2019 can only be achieved by taking comprehensive measures to prevent the virus from entering the body through the respiratory tract, per os, conjunctiva and skin, although the latter pathway is not taken into account anywhere in the world. It should be noted that COVID-19 cannot be classified as a particularly dangerous infection, but its high contagiousness, the likelihood of multiple entry gates of the virus into the human body, multi-organ lesions and a high mortality rate of risk groups make it a special infection that requires significant efforts of humanity to eliminate it.

On the effect of Urzols on the connective tissue of the eyes (based on a survey of workers at Kazan Fur Factory No. 2)

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077
Author(s):  
M. N. Miloslavskaya
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽  
Different Types

Harmful effect of Urzene on human body is confirmed by many observations. Workers employed in the fur industry, where different types of Urzene are used for dyeing furs, have skin diseases in the form of eczema and respiratory tract diseases in the form of rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis and asthma.

scholarly journals Quantification of the Lung Deposition Load of Smoke Particles by Plastic Type with the Lung Deposition Load Index (LDLIn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
Jaehark Goo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Lung Deposition ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Smoke Particles ◽  
Index Value

Many fire-related casualties are caused by smoke inhalation. The particulate matter in smoke is deposited on the walls of the respiratory system, and adversely affects the human body through the respiratory and circulatory systems. In order to estimate the adverse effects of smoke particles on the human body, it is reasonable to consider the quantity of harmful substances from smoke particles that are absorbed by each region of the respiratory tract rather than the mass concentration of smoke particles in the air. This is because the absorption amount is a consequent factor that depends on a wide variety of other factors and is not solely determined by the causative factor, that is, the mass concentration in the air. In this study, the lung deposition loads of smoke particles from plastics, such as LDPE, PA66, PMMA, and PVC were quantified using the lung deposition load index (LDLIn), and the results were compared with the findings of conventional particulate matter (PM) mass concentration indices, such as PM2.5 mass and PM10 mass. The LDLIn value was calculated from the number of smoke particles generated during a fire that were deposited in each region of the respiratory tract for the given combustion materials and fire conditions. Herein, the LDLIn quantified the lung deposition load by reflecting the surface area concentration by particle size as well as the deposition characteristics in the respiratory tract according to particle size and breathing conditions. Even at the same PM mass concentration index value, each material and fire condition resulted in different LDLIn values according to the change in concentration distribution by particle size. The LDLIn values also varied depending on the breathing conditions.

scholarly journals Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1999-2007
Author(s):  
Ajit Kawale
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Loss Of Hearing ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellfritzsch ◽  
Scherließ
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

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