Rural Household Income: Who's Educational Attainment Counts?

Many factors contribute to household income; The key among them is education. This paper seeks to ascertain if there is any difference between the effect of education attainment of the household head and that of the most educated member of the household on household income. The study used data from 400 rural households in Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria, selected by a stratified random sample. The data were analyzed using mean difference test and ordinal logistic models. The paper established evidence supporting positive influence of education on household income (p < 0.01). Two methodological conclusions were drawn. First, either education attainment of the household head or education attainment of the most educated member of the household can be used to estimate the influence of education on household income even when the distribution of these two exogenous variables are significantly different. Second, both exogenous variables should not be used together in the same household income function to avoid biased estimates due to collinearity. A major limitation of this study is recommended for further study. That is, the questionnaire used in the study did not provide information on how many household heads are the most educated members of their respective households. The possible endogeneity bias in such situation should be captured in future estimation. The study concludes that improving education attainment of, at least, a household member could be an effective way of increasing household income in rural communities.

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Determinants of household preference for beef to pork in Umuahia Metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽

10.4314/as.v19i3.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 15-18

Author(s):

F.C. Okoronkwo ◽

J.C. Efedua ◽

T.A. Amusa

Keyword(s):

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Household Head ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Study Data ◽

Household Size ◽

Least Square ◽

Probit Regression ◽

Household Heads

The study ascertained the determinants of households’ preference for beef to pork in Umuahia Metropolis of Abia State, Nigeria. Using multi-stage random sampling procedure, data were collected from eighty household heads for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ordinary least square and probit regression analysis. Findings from the study showed that beef was most preferred with 63.75% of households indicated preferences for beef to pork while 36.25% of households preferred port to beef. The study also revealed age of household head, and price of meat negatively influenced meat consumption while household size and average monthly income had positive influence and the R2 was 0.675 which implied 67.5% of the variation in the meat consumption was explained by the independent variables. From the probit regressionmodel the results showed age of household heads and price of pork had a negative coefficient and were significant at 10% and 5% level of probability respectively, while household size, education level, and household income had positive coefficient and were significant at 1%, 5%, and 1% level of probability, respectively. The Chi square was 135.485 which indicated the goodness of fit for the equation and was significant at 1% level of probability. The study recommended beef marketing as a good venture in the study area; beef was most preferred meat in the study. Hence, it is recommended that unemployed persons should be encouraged to venture into beef marketing; also, there is huge potential for pork marketing in the study area. Key words: preferences, household, beef, pork

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PENGARUH PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP KONSUMSI DAGING (SAPI, BABI DAN AYAM ) DI DESA SEA I KECAMATAN PINELENG

ZOOTEC ◽

10.35792/zot.34.2.2014.5522 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Richie A.F. Osak ◽

V V.J Panelewen ◽

J. Pandey ◽

I. D.R Lumenta

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Household Head ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

Research Problem ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Primary Data ◽

Survey Method ◽

The Difference ◽

The Village

ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON MEAT CONSUMPTION (BEEF, PORK AND CHIKEN) AT THE VILLAGE OF SEA I, PINELENG DISTRICT.This study aims to determine the magnitude of meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) of household based on income levels in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and to determine the effect of household income on meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Formulation of research problem is how much they purchased meat (beef, porl and chiken) consumption household in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. This study was conducted in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Study was conducted using a survey method, and data were obtained through primary data and secondary data. Determination of the location (rural sample) in the study was conducted by purposive sampling method. Number of samples used in this study were 30 people. Data of this study were analyzed by descriptive and mathematical analysis methods. Income indicated the amount of income earned in a month household, whether they were from the household head or sourced from other household members who work and earn income. From the money earned, the highest number of respondents had incomes between 1.000.000 to 3.000.000/month with the percentage of 70 %, while the number of respondents with the smallest income was less than 1.000.000/month with the percentage of 16.67 %. The difference of income held by the respondents in the Village of Sea I, would have an impact on the amount of meat purchases each month. This was in accordance with the opinion Sukirno (2002) stating that most of the disposable income is used to buy food and clothing. Most of the meat consumed by people in the Village of Sea I was pork and chicken meat compared to beef, it was because the price of beef was relatively expensive compared to the price of pork and chicken meat. Based on research results, pork was the most meat consumed by family respondents about 21 families with the percentage of 70 % of respondents, followed by chicken meat about 18 families with the percentage of 60 % of respondents, and beef by 8 families with the percentage of 26 respondents, 67 % of domestic poultry and meat about 6 families with the percentage of 20 % of respondents. Based on the results of research, it can be concluded that household income significantly affect the consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and the average consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district was about 8,9 kg/capita/year, below the national target of 10,3 kg/capita/year. Key Words : Household income, meat consumption, Sea I Village.

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The Impact of Cooperative Membership on Fish Farm Households’ Income: The Case of Ghana

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Martinson Ankrah Twumasi ◽

Yuansheng Jiang ◽

Bismark Addai ◽

Zhao Ding ◽

Abbas Ali Chandio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peer Influence ◽

Household Income ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Institutional Arrangement ◽

Fish Farm ◽

Farm Income ◽

Switching Regression ◽

Farm Work ◽

Household Heads ◽

The Impact

The emergence of agricultural cooperatives is extensively viewed as a necessary institutional arrangement that can help farmers in developing countries overcome the constraints that impede them from improving sustainable agricultural production and acquiring new marketing opportunities. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of cooperative membership and its impact on fish farm household income, using data collected from two regions in Ghana. An endogenous switching regression (ESR) model is utilized to address the potential sample selection bias issue. The results show that household heads’ decisions to join cooperatives are affected by their access to credit, off-farm work, education level, and peer influence. Cooperative membership can increase both household and farm income by 28.54% and 34.75%, respectively. Moreover, we show that different groups of households’ cooperative impacts on farm and household income are heterogeneous. Our findings highlight the importance of cooperative patronization and provide implications that can improve households’ welfare.

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The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892999000302 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 218-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 142

Author(s):

SARAH GILLINGHAM ◽

PHYLLIS C. LEE

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Wildlife Management ◽

Positive Influence ◽

The State ◽

Institutional Issues ◽

Conservation Attitudes ◽

Game Reserve ◽

Management Institutions ◽

The Impact

In recent years there has been a proliferation of projects aiming to integrate human development needs with conservation objectives, and to establish mutually beneficial relationships for the management of natural resources between rural communities and the state. This paper presents data from a case study of human-wildlife interactions in villages along the northern boundary of the Selous Game Reserve in south-east Tanzania. Since 1989, this area has been the site of a project working to promote community wildlife management (CWM). Questionnaire survey data were used to examine villagers' conservation attitudes towards wildlife, the Game Reserve, and the activities of the CWM project and state wildlife management authority. Despite local support for the conservation of wildlife, many respondents were either unaware or held negative views of the activities of the wildlife management institutions. Logistic regression analyses show that while access to game meat from the CWM project has had a positive influence on perceptions of wildlife benefits and awareness of the project's activities, it has had no significant effect on local perceptions of the Game Reserve and the activities of the state wildlife management authority. The factors underlying the observed pattern of conservation attitudes were identified as the inequitable distribution of benefits from the CWM project, and the limited nature of community participation in wildlife management. The importance of institutional issues for the future progress of participatory approaches to conservation with development is emphasized.

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Determinants of Rural Out-Migration in Habru District of Northeast Ethiopia

International Journal of Population Research ◽

10.1155/2017/4691723 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Beneberu Assefa Wondimagegnhu ◽

Mesfin Eshetu Zeleke

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Primary Data ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Northeast Ethiopia ◽

Household Heads ◽

Nonfarm Employment ◽

Land Size

Migration has become a cause of concern at the global, regional, and national levels. Like the case of many developing countries, Ethiopia has been facing increasing challenges related to rural out-migration. This study aimed to analyze factors that determine rural communities’ decision to migrate to internal and international destinations in Habru district of Northeast Ethiopia. Stratified sampling technique has been employed to select a total of 200 household heads in three agroecologies of the study area. Structured questionnaires have been used as a principal primary data collection method and logistic regression has been employed for analysis. The results of the study showed that intravillage conflict, absence of relief assistant, livestock ownership, farm land size, access to information, and household and individual characteristics including family size, sex, and age of the migrants are the dominant determinant factors for rural out-migration. Migration can have a positive outcome in improving livelihoods if comprehensive and holistic policies and strategies are in place. There is also a need to strengthen the link between rural development policy and the disadvantaged groups by designing and implementing different livelihood alternatives including reducing pressure on scarce resources particularly land, integrating health and education services, and creating nonfarm employment opportunities.

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Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of communities in rural area

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210833 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Elfrida ELFRIDA ◽

Albian Mubarak ◽

Adi Bejo Suwardi

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Plant Species ◽

Household Income ◽

Short Communication ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Plant Species Diversity ◽

Home Gardens ◽

Improve Food Security

Abstract. Elfrida, Mubarak A, Suwardi AB. 2020. Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3670-3675. Home gardens have a significant potential to improve food security and offer a contribution to household income for communities in rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of fruit plant species in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Indonesia. The study was conducted in three villages of Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang District, namely Tenggulun, Selamat, and Simpang Kiri. Extensive field surveys, plant collections, and interviews with local communities were conducted, involving 350 households, using random sampling methods. A total of 39 fruit plant species consisting of 23 genera and 17 families were recorded at the three villages. Sixteen species, i.e., A. muricata, A. jiringa, Artocarpus integer, Averrhoa bilimbi, Baccaurea motleyana, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Garcinia mangostana, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Musa x paradisiaca, Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guajava, Spondias pinnata, and Syzygium aqueum were the most frequently recorded in all of the villages. In addition to being used as food, the fruit plants in the study area were also used as medicines, fodder, fuelwood, and household items. The fruit plant species have a significant role in supporting household livelihoods to improve food security and potentially offer a household income for the rural community in the study area.

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Tungiasis in Western Kenya: Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices of Household Heads – A Crossectional Study

Matters of Behaviour ◽

10.26455/mob.v8i9.52 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Andrew Okoth Aballa

Keyword(s):

Formal Education ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Household Head ◽

Modified Technique ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Exact Test ◽

Rural Kenya ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

Household Heads ◽

And Gender

Background: According to reports of AHADT Kenya, tungiasis afflicts four million Kenyans with 10 million more at risk of severe infestation. Anecdotal reports suggest that lack of knowledge and retrogressive beliefs and practices of household heads, them being the key decision makers in rural homes, might be barriers to the control of tungiasis. Objective: To assess the knowledge, perceptions, and practices of household heads regarding tungiasis in Kenya Methodology: A crossectional study was done in Otwenya Location, Maseno Division, Kenya. Seventy-eight (78) homes were visited and all their household members checked for the presence of tungiasis. Structured pretested questionnaires were used to collect the socio demographic data of household heads and the knowledge, perceptions, and practices around tungiasis evaluated. Data analysis was done using version 21 of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software. A modified technique by Memon et al. was used to compute the knowledge and attitude scores. Fisher’s exact test with Cochran Mantel Haenszel statistics was used for data analyses at 95% CI. Results: Our data was collected in Urudi Rata (39.7%), Mbeka (35.6%), and Mariwa (24.4%) villages. Most houses had iron sheer roofs (93.6%) and floors plastered with dung or cement (60.3%). Household heads were mainly female (71.8%) with primary level education (67.9%). Tungiasis was found in 39.7% of households. Earth floors (OR=11.1, P<0.01) and overcrowding (OR=3.4, p=0.04) were risk factors for tungiasis. Most respondents (75.7%) had a moderate knowledge of tungiasis with it being lowest among heads with no formal education (OR=35.56 (1.7 to 732.6), p=0.02). The knowledge of tungiasis did not influence its occurrence in homes. (p=0.49). Most respondents (82.1%) had poor perceptions of tungiasis, which did not vary by the age, education, and gender of household. However, odds of infestation was over 4.9 times higher in homes where household head had negative perception of tungiasis (OR=4.9 p=0.03). The extraction of fleas (91.1%) was the commonest treatment option. Conclusion: Tungiasis is a common ectoparasitosis in rural Kenya with a prevalence of 19.5%. Household heads are knowledge about tungiasis. However, retrogressive beliefs, negligence, and stigma are barriers for its control.

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Binary logistic regression to estimate household income efficiency. (south Darfur rural areas-Sudan)

International Journal of Advanced Statistics and Probability ◽

10.14419/ijasp.v4i1.5657 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Sofian A. A. Saad ◽

Amin Adam ◽

Afra H. Abdelateef

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Household Income ◽

Household Head ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Statistical Technique ◽

Household Expenditure ◽

Response Variable ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Main Factors

<p>The main objective behind this study is to find out the main factors that affects the efficiency of household income in Darfur rejoin. The statistical technique of the binary logistic regression has been used to test if there is a significant effect of fife binary explanatory variables against the response variable (income efficiency); sample of size 136 household head is gathered from the relevant population. The outcomes of the study showed that; there is a significant effect of the level of household expenditure on the efficiency of income, beside the size of household also has significant effect on the response variable, the remaining explanatory variables showed no significant effects, those are (household head education level, size of household head own agricultural and numbers of students at school).</p>

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An Analysis of Mobile Financial Services and Financial Inclusion in Bangladesh

Indian Journal of Human Development ◽

10.1177/0973703020946706 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 213-233

Author(s):

Nahid Akhter ◽

M. A. Baqui Khalily

Keyword(s):

Financial Services ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Head ◽

Financial Inclusion ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Male Household Head ◽

Poor Households ◽

Institutional Structures ◽

Mobile Financial Services ◽

Household Heads

In a short span of time, starting in 2011, mobile financial services (MFSs) have burgeoned in Bangladesh, and elsewhere in the developing world. MFSs have brought about major changes in financial products and institutional structures in the financial services market. The study of Bangladesh’s experience with MFS shows that financial inclusion has greatly improved along with efficiency of provision. This article shows that the probability of using MFSs by a household increases by about 43 per cent if the households have temporary domestic migrant members. Female household heads are less likely to use MFS compared to male household head. Out of 1,588 micro merchants in the sample, around 30 per cent have access to MFSs. Individuals engaged in the non-agriculture sector, those from households with the head having higher education, those from non-poor households and those from urban areas have higher probabilities of MFS use. But more research must be done to design appropriate MFS products for the poor, so that they too can also leverage the benefits of MFSs.

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The Impact of Program Participation on Rural Household Income: Evidence from China’s Whole Village Poverty Alleviation Program

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11061545 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1545 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Junying Lin ◽

Zhonggen Zhang ◽

Lingli Lv

Keyword(s):

Propensity Score ◽

Propensity Score Matching ◽

Household Income ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Household Head ◽

The Political ◽

Program Participation ◽

Household Data ◽

The Poor ◽

The Impact

Villagers’ participation in poverty alleviation programs has received considerable attention, especially with regard to the poor. However, not much is known about the welfare effect of villagers’ program participation. This paper analyzes the impact of villagers’ program participation on their incomes. We used household data from 529 villagers in China’s Whole Village Poverty Alleviation Program. We focused on two types of program participation—discussion and voting. Using the propensity score matching approach, we estimate the impact of rural households’ program participation on their income. The results show that the education and the political career of the household head determine program participation. Households participating in discussion and voting have a positive and significant effect on household income. Richer households benefit more from the program. However, the poor receive less benefits. We conclude that broadening villager’s participation can boost the effectiveness of China’s poverty alleviation program.

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