Overview of Covid-19 Infection Manifestation in Neuropsychiatry Aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Dianli Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
Wuhan Area

At the end of 2019 the world was shocked by the corona virus infection pandemic. This virus began with reports of infections in the Wuhan area, China. The death rate from covid-19 infection can reach 3%; however, the mortality rate in critically ill patients with Covid infection is much higher, reaching 61.5%. The main manifestation of covid infection is respiratory tract infection. Corona virus can penetrate central nervous system) and cerebrospinal fluid in less than a week. Histopathological examination of the brain of the deceased Covid-19 showed the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to infect the central nervous system (CNS). Neuro-inflammation can also damage the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier). A number of patients treated with Cocid 19 infection exhibited symptoms of confusion and agitation in the absence of respiratory symptoms or other signs of infection. A recent survey in China showed that 35% of respondents reported psychological distress while 53.8% rated the psychological impact of the pandemic as moderate or severe. The existence of the Covid pandemic not only has a direct impact on infected individuals but has also caused a new wave of psychological stress in society. This study attempts to summarize the neuropsychiatric impact and neuropathological mechanisms of Covid 19 infection.

Overview of Covid-19 Infection Manifestation in Neuropsychiatry Aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Dianli Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
Wuhan Area

At the end of 2019 the world was shocked by the corona virus infection pandemic. This virus began with reports of infections in the Wuhan area, China. The death rate from covid-19 infection can reach 3%; however, the mortality rate in critically ill patients with Covid infection is much higher, reaching 61.5%. The main manifestation of covid infection is respiratory tract infection. Corona virus can penetrate central nervous system) and cerebrospinal fluid in less than a week. Histopathological examination of the brain of the deceased Covid-19 showed the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to infect the central nervous system (CNS). Neuro-inflammation can also damage the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier). A number of patients treated with Cocid 19 infection exhibited symptoms of confusion and agitation in the absence of respiratory symptoms or other signs of infection. A recent survey in China showed that 35% of respondents reported psychological distress while 53.8% rated the psychological impact of the pandemic as moderate or severe. The existence of the Covid pandemic not only has a direct impact on infected individuals but has also caused a new wave of psychological stress in society. This study attempts to summarize the neuropsychiatric impact and neuropathological mechanisms of Covid 19 infection.

scholarly journals The Biology of Brain Metastasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R Langley ◽  
Isaiah J Fidler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial Cells ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microvascular Endothelial

BACKGROUND It is estimated that at least 200 000 cases of brain metastases occur each year in the US, which is 10 times the number of patients diagnosed with primary brain tumors. Brain metastasis is associated with poor prognosis, neurological deterioration, diminished quality of life, and extremely short survival. Favorable interactions between tumor cells and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells encourage tumor growth in the central nervous system, while tumor cell interactions with astrocytes protect brain metastases from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. CONTENT We review the pathogenesis of brain metastasis and emphasize the contributions of microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes to disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Animal models used to study brain metastasis are also discussed. SUMMARY Brain metastasis has many unmet clinical needs. There are few clinically relevant tumor models and no targeted therapies specific for brain metastases, and the mean survival for untreated patients is 5 weeks. Improved clinical outcomes are dependent on an enhanced understanding of the metastasis-initiating population of cells and the identification of microenvironmental factors that encourage disease progression in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Spinal Hemangiopericytoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Antônio Santos De Araújo Júnior ◽  
Arnaldo Salvestrini Júnior ◽  
Pedro Alberto Arlani ◽  
Orlando Parisi ◽  
Mirella Martins Fazzito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Posterior Approach ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Firm Mass

Introduction: Most hemangiopericytomas (HPC) are located in the musculoskeletal system and the skin, while the location in the central nervous system (CNS) is rare. Objective and Methods: We describe a patient suffering from a spinal extradural huge HPC, with marked spinal cord compression, extending from C6 to T3 level, who was elected to surgery. Results: Patient was submitted to surgery, via a posterior approach, indentifying a huge red-brown firm mass, highly vascular, that was softly dissected from surrounding tissues. Total gross removal was accomplished, with “in-block” resection, preserving neurological function, as shown by somatosensitive evoked potential. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry essay were performed confirming the diagnosis of Hemangiopericytoma. Conclusion: Spinal HPCs respond to approximately 8% of all HPC, tend to occur isolated and attached to spinal duramater, and usually present a good surgical cleavage between the tumor and the dura.

scholarly journals PATTERNS OF PRESCRIPTION AND ADR MONITORING OF DRUGS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
SUBHRANSU SEKHAR JENA ◽  
MONALISA JENA ◽  
NIBEDITA PATRO ◽  
SWATI MISHRA ◽  
MAITREYEE PANDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fatal Adverse Events ◽  
One Year

Objective: Neuropathic pain arises from damage or pathological changes in the peripheral or central nervous system. The pain is difficult to treat as standard treatment with conventional analgesics doesn`t typically provide effective relief of pain. Methods: It was a one-year study of utilization and analysis of prescriptions for PNDs (Painful neuropathic disorders). The parameters evaluated were demographic profile of the patient (age and gender), type and etiology of PNDs, drug data (name of the group of drugs with individual drugs, mono or polytherapy, number of drugs per prescription, formulation) and associated adverse drug reactions (ADR) with the prescribed drug. Results: Maximum number of patients of PNDs resides in the age group of 18 – 35 yrs (41.2%) & more common in females. The most common PND encountered was painful diabetic neuropathy (43.9%) followed by cervical and lumbar radiculopathy, postherpetic neuralgia. 2942 drugs were prescribed in 1020 prescriptions out of which 96.8% were oral and 3.2% were topical formulations. Most frequently prescribed group of the drug was tricyclic antidepressants (27.3%) followed by anticonvulsants (25.3%). Polypharmacy was seen 89.7% as compared to monotherapy (10.3%). Only 132 ADRs of various types were seen. The most common organ system affected was the central nervous system followed by gastro intestinal systems. The most common drugs implicated for ADRs were TCAs (24.4%), anticonvulsants (16.6%), and Pregabeline (9.8%). There were no fatal adverse events. Mild to moderate ADRs included constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dryness of mouth. Conclusions: The choice of drug depends on etiology of neuropathic pain, drug efficacy and availability and also on ADR profile.

scholarly journals Endoscopic approach to fourth ventricle cysticercosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 61 (2A) ◽  
pp. 204-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Tau Zymberg ◽  
Manoel Antonio Paiva Neto ◽  
Alessandra A.P. Gorgulho ◽  
Sérgio Cavalheiro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Obstructive Hydrocephalus ◽  
Endoscopic Approach ◽  
Foramen Of Monro ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Frequent Site

Neurocysticercosis is the most frequently observed parasitosis of the central nervous system worldwide. The fourth ventricle is the most frequent site of intraventricular infestation, a location that carries a higher risk for CSF blockage and intracranial hypertension due to CSF blockage. A great number of patients become shunt dependent which carries a poorer prognosis. We report on a case of a patient with symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus due to cysticercus in the fourth ventricle where an endoscopic approach via a frontal burr hole was performed. Although there is no consensus in the literature for the optimal treatment of this disease, this method seemed adequate for treatment of fourth ventricle cysticercosis in patients with hydrocephalus, aqueductal and foramen of Monro dilatations.

scholarly journals An update on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
M. CHARALAMBOUS (Μ. ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΥΣ) ◽  
T. DANOURDIS (Τ. ΔΑΝΟΥΡΔΗΣ) ◽  
A. HATZIS (Α. ΧΑΤΖΗΣ) ◽  
Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Unknown Aetiology ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are common causes of neurological dysfunction in the dog and can be grouped into two broad categories; those of infectious and those of unknown aetiology. Μeningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology include non-infectious inflammatory central nervous system diseases in which abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicate inflammatory central nervous system disease, but for which histopathological confirmation has not been reached. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology describes a group of non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. These include the granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and the necrotising encephalitis, the latter can be further distinguished into two subtypes: necrotising meningoencephalitis and necrotising leucoencephalitis. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis may be also included to this category and, usually, does not present signs of encephalitis or/and myelitis (except in the chronic form) and is easier diagnosed even without histopathological examination. In most cases of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology, a presumptive diagnosis can be achieved by the assessment of case presentation, theneurologic signs, cerebrospinal fluid testing, cross-sectional imaging of the central nervous system and appropriate microbiological tests.Definite diagnosis is achieved with histopathological examination. The underlying cause for these diseases is unknown. The clinical signs in meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology is variable and depends on which area of the central nervous sytem is affected. Meningoencephalomyelitis is acute in onset, progressive in nature and associated with multifocal to diffuse neuroanatomic localization. Extraneural signs are less common and these usually include pyrexia and peripheral neutrophilia. The differential diagnosis for dogs presented for an acute onset of multifocal central nervous system signs includes genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious meningoencephalitis, toxin exposure, stroke and neoplasia.The diagnostic approach includes a complete blood count, a comprehensive chemistry panel, urinalysis, survey radiographs of the thorax plus abdominal ultrasound to rule out systematic disease and metastatic neoplasia, computed-tomography or magnetic reso meningitisnance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and microbiological tests.When neoplasia is suspected, computed-tomography-guided brain biopsy may be required for the differentiation. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology responds more or less to immunosuppressive therapies, but the prognosis should be guarded to poor with the exception of steroid-responsive meningitisarteritis, for which it is good. Treatment protocols are based on prednisolone, but new immunosuppressive agents have now been added in those to control the diseases and they seem to be effective. However, gold standard protocols have yet to be established.

scholarly journals Central nervous system filariasis masquerading as a glioma: case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adesh Shrivastava ◽  
Prateek Arora ◽  
Akriti Khare ◽  
Garima Goel ◽  
Neelkamal Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
Provisional Diagnosis ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glioma Case

Filariasis, an endemic zoonosis in the Southeast Asia region, has been reported to affect various organs as well as the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory reactions mimicking those from neoplastic lesions clinically and radiologically have been reported in the breast and urinary bladder. To date, a CNS manifestation of filarial infestation has been reported in the form of meningoencephalitis. The authors here present an interesting case of a young man presenting in status epilepticus, which on radiological evaluation appeared to be a glioma. However, postoperative histopathological examination changed the provisional diagnosis to a filarial infection of the CNS mimicking a primary CNS neoplasm.

scholarly journals Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Valentina Gatta ◽  
Guadalupe Mengod ◽  
Marcella Reale ◽  
Ada Maria Tata
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
Hydrolyzing Enzymes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Cholinergic Markers

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Acetylcholine participates in the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. The cells of the immune system, as well as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes express cholinergic markers and receptors of muscarinic and nicotinic type. The role played by acetylcholine in MS has been recently investigated. In the present review, we summarize the evidence indicating the cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing–remitting (RR)-MS patients and in the brains of the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The correlation between the increased activity of the cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, the reduced levels of acetylcholine and the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production were recently described in immune cells of MS patients. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms for both hydrolyzing enzymes and the possible correlation with the altered levels of their enzymatic activity have been also reported. Finally, the changes in cholinergic markers expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice in peak and chronic phases suggest the involvement of the acetylcholine also in neuro-inflammatory processes.

scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS OF PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
Eryk Mikos ◽  
Joanna Dmochowska ◽  
Karol Kanon ◽  
Sara Moqbil ◽  
Wanesa Góralczyk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Introduction. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare astrocytic cancer of the central nervous system that is classified as grade II according to the WHO score. It accounts for 1% of primary brain tumors. It is mainly located in the temporal lobe and belongs to a group of tumors called long-term epilepsy associated tumors. Surgical tumor resection is the treatment of choice. Brief description of the state of knowledge. The non-invasive method of PXA diagnostics is neuroimaging, which is based on computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the image, PXA presents as a solid tumor undergoing contrast enhancement, located supratentorial, with frequent peripheral cystic components. The characteristic histologic picture for PXA is the presence of highly pleomorphic, fusiform or round, large astrocytes with single or multiple cell nuclei. Lymphoplasmic infiltrates are visible within the tumor. The most common mutations associated with the occurrence of this cancer are mutations in the BRAF V600E gene. Conclusions. PXA is a very rare tumor of the central nervous system (CNS) that can recur and spread throughout the CNS. Imaging tests, i.e. CT and MRI, allow for precise imaging of the lesion, however, it is necessary to perform a histopathological examination to make a final diagnosis. The rarity of this cancer assimilates diagnostic problems. Therefore, further molecular research is needed to develop more efficient diagnostics.

scholarly journals Late Onset of Cerebellar Abiotrophy in a Boxer Dog

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Gumber ◽  
Doo-Youn Cho ◽  
Timothy W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Degenerative Disorder

Cerebellar abiotrophy is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system and has been reported in humans and animals. This case report documents clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings of cerebellar abiotrophy in an adult Boxer dog. A 3.5-year-old, female, tan Boxer dog presented with a six-week history of left-sided head tilt. Neurological examination and additional diagnostics during her three subsequent visits over 4.5 months revealed worsening of neurological signs including marked head pressing, severe proprioceptive deficits in all the four limbs, loss of menace response and palpebral reflex in the left eye, and a gradual seizure lasting one hour at her last visit. Based on the immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and histopathological examination of cerebellum, cerebellar cortical abiotrophy was diagnosed. This is the first reported case of cerebellar abiotrophy in a Boxer dog to our knowledge.

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