ON THE FORMATION OF GERMAN REALISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (77) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
A.S. Bakalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Realism ◽  
Regional Literature ◽  
Empirical Level ◽  
New Business ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The Times ◽  
Life Phenomena ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relevance of research. In German literary criticism, there is no unambiguous definition of the phenomenon of literary realism, however, at the empirical level, it is understood as a literary system based on a mimetic-oriented depiction of reality, often critically comprehended and subjectively colored due to the norms and ideas that are taking shape in society. Research methodology. Complex and systematic methods of literature analysis are applied. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that the realism of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries. retains its main principles of artistic comprehension of the world, and at the same time the signs that do not allow talking about its dissolution in the eclectic picture of the emerging modernity. The main thing remains the disclosure of "the essence of life phenomena through their individualized generalization (typification)", analysis and specific historical logic of presentation Realism at the turn of the 19th - early 20th centuries. closely associated with such phenomena as regional literature, "new business-like", historical novel. On its basis, workers' and proletarian-revolutionary literature developed in many ways. In German literature of the twentieth century. realistic tendencies intensified in the times following the historical and political catastrophes, primarily after the two world wars lost by Germany. Realism played a significant role in the literature of the Weimar Republic (the works of E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, L. Frank and others), while in contact with modernist and avant-garde trends (for example, with "new business-like"). Realism turned out to be no less significant after 1945, having equally influenced the formation of the literatures of West and East Germany (writers of the "group of 47", Erwin Strittmatter, "socialist realism", etc.). German realism, which emerged in the middle of the 19th century, was able to demonstrate its flexibility and ability to enter into alliances with other natural artistic directions, without losing its main specificity - the desire for materiality, the authenticity of personal and collective experience, as well as symbolizing the "obvious" with the goal of approaching the "true".

Trademarks: The retrospect, definitions, partial tools of research

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 206-226
Author(s):  
Yuliya V. ZHIL'TSOVA ◽  
Alina V. ZHIL'TSOVA ◽  
Ol'ga А. PAVLOVA
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
New Business ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Trademark Use

Subject. Currently, the growing competition and the economic crisis make manufacturers and sellers actively use trademarks so as to win new business and retain customers. Over 80 percent of any buying decision depend on the visual information, rather than the reasonable approach. Legal issues of trademark use in business relations draw the attention of professional and scientific communities in Russia and abroad, dating back to far away times. Objectives. We provide the rationale for a clearer definition of trademark for purposes of legal relations, examine the partial tools for studying verbal trademarks, and conduct an experiment to prove the efficiency of tachistoscopic tools for trademark studies as part of legal examinations. Methods. The study is based on general and partial methods of research. Studying verbal trademarks, the use of tachistoscopic tools helped conduct an experiment and make conclusions, notwithstanding a small sample. Results. Trademarks circulated in business affairs even in the A.C. times. In the second half of the 19th century, advanced economies set up the legislative framework on personalization means. All corresponding regulations are still being improved consistently. The systems approach and generalization helped sort out priority views on the concept trademark and coin a more specific term, which is important for scientific and practical activities of lawyers, managers and economists. Drawing upon the experiment, we made respective conclusions and suggest extrapolating them to similar studies as part of legal examinations. Conclusions and Relevance. Trademark is a construct of law from professionals' perspectives and a symbol attracting people’s attention to goods as ordinary people perceive it. In mixed economies, consumers’ perception of goods significantly determines the producer’s market position. Therefore, many market actors need to specify the concept trademark, including legal departments of companies. Trademark disputes have become more frequent cases heard by the Russian arbitration courts. So, the specified definition and the experiment are of scientific and applied value. The findings are designated to improve the legislative framework for personalization means. The tools and findings we present in our experiment can serve not only for scientific, but also practical purposes of legal examinations concerning verbal trademarks. They will also work for teaching on legal disciplines.

DIGITAL ECONOMY AND GLOBALIZATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Farxod Tursunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
New Business ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Digital Enterprise ◽  
New Business Models ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

The article discusses the role of the digital economy in the development of the country, how it becomes the basis of the economy, new business models and management systems. The opinion of scientistsis analyzed, a definition of a digital enterprise is given

Kontrast und Wissen

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.

Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergeev ◽  
Ekaterina Bratukhina ◽  
Irina Kushova ◽  
Dmitriy Ovsyukov
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals MELAWAN STIGMA INFERIORITAS PEREMPUAN: KAJIAN NOVEL MIDAH (SI MANIS BERGIGI EMAS) KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER DAN NOVEL DI BALIK KERLING SAATIRAH KARYA NINIK M. KUNTARTO

LITERA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-436
Author(s):  
Robiatul Adawiyah ◽  
Muakibatul Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Arranged Marriage ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
Feminist Literary Criticism ◽  
Pramoedya Ananta Toer ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Data Grouping ◽  
The Times

Seiring berkembangnya zaman, tradisi yang mengengkang kebebasan kaum perempuan mulai diperjuangkan untuk dihapuskan melalui gerakan feminisme. Penyuaraan hak-hak perempuan tidak hanya dilakukan melalui gerakan-gerakan secara nyata, namun juga dilakukan secara halus dengan memasukkan ideologi-ideologi feminsime melalui karya sastra. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk ketidakadilan gender dan bentuk perlawanan perempuan terhadap stigma inferioritas yang selama ini melekat pada diri perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kritik sastra feminis. Sumber data penelitian adalah novel Midah (Si Manis Bergigi Emas) karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan novel Di Balik Kerling Saatirah karya Ninik M. Kuntarto. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data-data bentuk feminisme yang ada di dalam kedua novel tersebut adalah dengan membaca kritis dan membaca berkesinambungan. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara (1) kodifikasi data, (2) pengelompokan data, (3) interpretasi makna teks, (4) deskripsi bentuk ketidakadilan gender dan bentuk perlawanan gender, serta (5) penyimpulan hasil analsisis. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, ketidakadilan gender dialami oleh dua sosok perempuan dalam dua novel berbeda, yaitu Midah dan Saatirah. Midah mendapatkan perlakuan tidak adil dari perjodohan yang dilakukan oleh orangtuanya dan dia juga mendapatkan ketidakadilan dari sosok pria yang menjadikannya budak pemuas nafsu. Saatirah mendapatkan perlakuan tidak adil dalam hubungan rumah tangganya. Kedua, bentuk perlawanan yang dilakukan oleh Midah dan Saatirah adalah dengan berusaha bangkit dari keterpurukan untuk membuktikan eksistensinya dan berusaha memperoleh kebahagian dengan cara yang mereka kehendaki tanpa ada campur tangan dari orang lain. Kata Kunci: stigma, inferioritas, marginal, feminismAGAINST THE STIGMA OF WOMEN’S INFERIORITY IN MIDAH (SI MANIS BERGIGI EMAS) A NOVEL BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER  AND DI BALIK KERLING SAATIRAH A NOVEL BY NINIK M. KUNTARTO AbstractAlong with the development of the times, struggles for traditions that curb the freedom of women began to be eliminated through the feminism movement. Voicing women's rights is not only done through real movements, but also subtly by incorporating feminine ideologies through literary works. This study aims to describe the form of gender injustice and the form of women's resistance to the inferiority stigma that has been attached to women. This study uses a feminist literary criticism approach. Sources of research data are the novel Midah (Si Manis Bergigi Emas) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the novel Di Balik Kerling Saatirah by Ninik M. Kuntarto. The technique used to collect data on the forms of feminism in both novels is critical reading and continuous reading. The analysis was carried out by (1) data codification, (2) data grouping, (3) interpretation of the meaning of the text, (4) descriptions of forms of gender injustice and forms of gender resistance, and (5) concluding the results of the analysis. The research results are as follows. First, gender injustice is experienced by two female figures in two different novels, namely Midah and Saatirah. Midah received unfair treatment from an arranged marriage by her parents and he also received injustice from a male figure who made her a slave to the satisfaction of lust. Saatirah received unfair treatment in her household relationship. Second, the form of resistance carried out by Midah and Saatirah is to try to rise from adversity to prove their existence and try to get happiness in the way they want without interference from others. Keywords: stigma, inferiority, marginal, feminine

scholarly journals Business splitting: compliance with the principle of tax certainty in law enforcement practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Karina A. Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Splitting Scheme ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
New Business ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Definition Of

The subject. The problems of business splitting, when several new business entities are created on the basis of an existing organization in order to maintain a preferential special tax regime, are considered in the article. The aim of this paper is to find out criteria of unjustified tax benefit in the cases concerning business splitting. The methodology. The author uses methods of theoretical analysis, particularly the theory of integrative legal consciousness, as well as legal methods, including formal legal method and analysis of recent judicial practice. The main results, scope of application. The problems of assessing the circumstances of cases involving the application of a business splitting scheme by the taxpayer are inextricably linked to the assessment of the validity of the tax benefit. According to the author, splitting schemes should not be considered as tax evasion, but as an abuse of law. In addition, in order to substantiate the conclusion that a taxpayer has applied a business splitting scheme, the tax authority must have evidence that will indicate that the taxpayer has committed deliberate concerted actions together with persons under its control, aimed not so much at dividing the business as at obtaining an unjustified tax benefit as a result of using such a scheme. Judicial practice is quite ambiguous. Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that еhe key concept subject to criticism is the blurred criteria for obtaining tax benefits for taxpayers and the definition of the edge when it passes into the category of unjustified tax benefit.

scholarly journals The Ural Text of the Russian Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Marina Ch. Larionova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Regional Literature ◽  
Library Management ◽  
Region Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reviews contents, theoretical grounds, and significance for the contemporary philology of a large-scale work of Ural scholars – The History of Literature of the Ural Region (The 19th Century). In the 1920s, the idea of cultural nests – regional cultural centres, which have their own history and traditions, – was formulated in the works by N. K. Piksanov. The idea was followed and further developed by N. P. Antsiferov, who wrote about an attractive and magnetic power of locus, which organizes the cultural space around itself. That was the beginning of regional literature studies. V.N. Toporov and N. E. Mednis introduced the notions of the urban text, local text, and super-text of the Russian literature, which were accepted by the humanities geography (D.N. Zamyatin). Regional philological studies fitted into the frontier discourse smoothly: space and territory began to be perceived and considered as historical and socio-cultural factors. The reviewed book is the Ural text of the Russian literature incorporating literary and journalistic works about this poly-ethnic macro-region, written by authors biographically and territorially connected with the Large Ural Region; data on bibliography, book publishing and book trade, library management, the history of theatre, etc. The scale of research and the widest coverage of topics and data deserve the highest appraisal and make the work by the Ural colleagues exemplary.

scholarly journals Epic Novel: to the problem of liberating terms from pseudo-meanings

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Valeria G. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Epic Novel ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the concept of an epic novel – a special historical genre phenomenon that arose as a result of the successful implementation by Russian classics of the second half of the 19th century. The author discusses the pseudo-names that appeared in Soviet literary criticism due to its politicisation and ideologisation back in the 1920s –30s and she shows that the terms of epic novel and epopee novel were used at the indicated time for the sake of the Communist party tasks, but contrary to their true meanings. As noted in the article, this required a rejection of the traditions of Russian classical literature, a rejection of the genetic memory of the universal vision of the world and human inherent in the epic novel. Analytical comprehension of the polemics of literary critics of different generations made it possible to show that a number of researchers who rightly saw the problem, forgot to “rehabilitate” the above concepts and transferred the line of denial of Soviet ideology to the terms themselves. The author of the article explains the importance of using the concept of an epic novel in its true meaning, in relation to the voluminous works of Russian classical literature.

scholarly journals The Erroneous Foundations of Law and Economics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-114
Author(s):  
Mark Glick ◽  
Gabriel A. Lozada
Keyword(s):  
Law And Economics ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Pareto Efficiency ◽  
Wealth Maximization ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ethical Failures ◽  
The 19Th Century

The fundamental originating principle of law and economics (L&E) is that legal decisions should be (and are) based on maximizing efficiency. But L&E proponents do not define “efficiency” in the way agreed to by most economists, as Pareto Efficiency. A Pareto optimal condition is obtained when no one can be made better off without making someone worse off. Pareto Improvements are win-win changes where no losers exist. In the judicial system, however, there are always winners and losers, because under Article III § 2 of the Constitution a legal case does not exist unless there is a justiciable “case or controversy” in need of resolution. Unable to use Pareto Efficiency, L&E scholars have been forced to adopt alternative definitions of efficiency. Most L&E scholars claim to define “efficiency” based on the work of Kaldor and Hicks, but (perhaps unwittingly) instead use a definition of “efficiency” derived from the 19th century idea of consumer surplus, which encompasses L&E notions such as “wealth maximization,” and “consumer welfare” in antitrust. Neither of these alternative definitions is viable, however. Outside of L&E, the Kaldor-Hicks approach has long been recognized to be riddled with logical inconsistencies and ethical failures, and the surplus approach is even more deficient. Remarkably, virtually none of the numerous L&E textbooks even hint at such problems. Critically, all definitions of efficiency improvements in economics are biased in favor of wealthy individuals or firms, either because they are dependent on the status quo ante distribution of assets, or because they bestow large advantages on parties with political influence or who can afford to bring lawsuits quickly. Many L&E practitioners treat efficiency improvements instead as being objectively good, an error revealing that L&E is primarily motivated by its neoliberal policy agenda.

scholarly journals On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Strain Ellipsoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure–solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.

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