scholarly journals Flexural Strength of Single Polymer Polyester Composites as a Measure of Material Degradation

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gawdzinska ◽  
Marcin Nabialek ◽  
Katarzyna Bryll ◽  
Pawel Szymanski ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Polyester Composites ◽  
Water Simulation ◽  
Made In

The study compares flexural strength of single polymer polyester composites. Composites under examination had the form of laminates differing in the content of the reinforcement phase and the type of material subject to simulated absorption of distilled water and sea water. Simulation tests of distilled water and sea water absorption for single polymer polyester composites with 5% to 20% reinforcing phase were made in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 62:2008 standard. The determination of the measure of degradation of the composites, the magnitude of the bending stress, was conducted in accordance with the PN-EN ISO:178 standard. This work is part of a research relating to the quality and recycling of single polymer composite materials. The testing part of the research is aimed to define the properties of examined materials before they are used commercially in specific products.

scholarly journals VII. Re-determination of the mass of a cubic inch of distilled water

1892 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 331-354
Keyword(s):  
Distilled Water ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
Made In

The evaluation of the mass of a cubic inch of distilled water, as at present accepted, was based on weighings made in 1798 by Sir G. Shuckburgh ('Phil. Trans.,’ 1798, p. 133); and on measurements made in 1821 by Captain Kater (‘ Phil. Trans.,’ 1821, pp. 316 and 326). Subsequent researches however, particularly those in relation to the mass of a cubic decimetre, show that it is desirable to re-determine the mass of the cubic inch of distilled water. The result of Shuckburgh’s experiments was that the cubic inch of distilled water at the temperature of 66° Fahr., the barometer being at 29·74 inches, weighed 252·422 grains, and this value as corrected by Captain Kater, became 252·458 grains at the temperature of 62° Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches; or in vacuo ( t . = 62° Fahr.) the cubic inch of distilled water wreighed 252·724 grains. This corrected value, 252·458 grains, has been adopted in various legislative enactments;— for instance the Weights and Measures Act, 5 Geo. IV., c. 74, section 5 (1824), declared that “a cubic inch of distilled water, weighed in air by brass weights, at the temperature of sixty-two degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, the barometer being at thirty inches, is equal to two hundred and fifty-two grains and four hundred and fifty-eight thousandth parts of a grain, of which the imperial standard Troy pound contains five thousand seven hundred and sixty.”

scholarly journals III. On the determination, at sea, of the specific gravity of sea-water

1875 ◽  
Vol 23 (156-163) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Actual Difference ◽  
Made In

In the investigation of the physical condition of the ocean the accurate determination of the specific gravity of the water holds a first place. The tolerably numerous observations which have been made in this direction, in a more or less connected manner, are sufficient to prove that the density of the water varies, not only with the latitude and longitude, but also with the distance from the surface of the source from which it is taken. This difference of density depends partly on an actual difference in saltness, and partly on a difference in temperature of the water.

Determination of Morphological Textures of the Fibres in Composite Materials Made from Textiles of Carbon Fibres

2005 ◽  
Vol 495-497 ◽  
pp. 1675-1680
Author(s):  
G. Langelaan ◽  
S. Deprez ◽  
Ignaas Verpoest ◽  
Paul van Houtte
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Reference Material ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Made In

The orientation distribution of fibres (morphological texture) in a composite is very important in determining the properties of the material. Therefore, methods which can provide quantitative descriptions of the morphological texture are essential. One approach to determining the morphological texture function (MTF) is to measure the orientation distribution of the crystals in the fibres. Since many types of reinforcing fibres are crystalline and textured (i.e. carbon fibres, whiskers, etc.) this approach may be interesting for commercial/industrial applications. For this technique to be applied, the crystallographic texture intrinsic to the fibres must be determined and subsequently measurements of the crystallographic texture should be made in the composite. The morphological texture can then be calculated by a deconvolution of the composite texture with the fibre’s intrinsic texture. In this paper, morphological textures are determined in woven fabrics made from carbon fibres embedded in a polymer matrix. Straight fibres removed from the fabric serve as the reference material for the deconvolution. It is demonstrated that this technique is applicable and can resolve the orientation distribution to an accuracy greater than is needed for determining the elastic properties.

scholarly journals The determination of silicate in sea water

1951 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Potassium Chromate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Standard Solutions

Silicon in sea water may be present in suspension, in particles of clay or sand, as a constituent of diatoms, etc., or in solution. Some silicon in solution occurs in the form of silicate. This is usually estimated by the colorimetric method of Diénert & Wandenbulcke (1923), which makes use of the yellow colour of the silicomolybdic acid which is formed when ammonium molybdate and sulphuric acid are added to the water (Atkins, 1923). The colour may be compared with that of standard solutions of picric acid (Diénert & Wandenbulcke, 1923) or potassium chromate (Swank & Mellon, 1934). The method is simple but the colour in sea water is often faint and is not easy to match visually, nor is its intensity strictly proportional to the concentration of silicate. Less colour is produced in sea water than in standard solutions made with distilled water and this ‘salt error’ must be allowed for (Brujewicz & Blinov, 1933; Wattenberg, 1937; Robinson & Spoor, 1936).

DETERMINATION OF GROOVE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNDERSIDE SHAPED CONCRETE PAVER

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azman Mohamed ◽  
Nur Hafizah A.Khalid ◽  
Hasanan Md Nor ◽  
Mohd Rosli Hainin ◽  
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Compaction Process ◽  
Groove Shape ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents an innovative paver with groove beneath the normal rectangular paver, named as the Underside Shaped Concrete Paver (USCP). A known fact, there is less friction between surface at beneath of paver and bedding sand. Therefore, USCP provide their own grip to bedding sand especially during compaction process. The process of groove determination was first performed before the USCP were tested for compression and flexural strength. The groove was determined based on the theory of bending stress. Combined with several factors, the basic groove shapes chosen were rectangular and triangular. Results indicated that some groove shapes are better in compression, but have weak flexural strength and vice versa. In fact, the relationship between mechanical properties and groove shape is indisputable. It is hoped that the outcomes can be considered in the future to design desirable paver. 

scholarly journals Exposure of Biomimetic Composite Materials to Acidic Challenges: Influence on Flexural Resistance and Elastic Modulus

Biomimetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Andrea Scribante ◽  
Simone Gallo ◽  
Stefano Scarantino ◽  
Alberto Dagna ◽  
Claudio Poggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Flexural Resistance

Acidic conditions of the oral cavity, including soft drinks and cariogenic bacteria, represent a damage for restorative biomimetic composite materials. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of two different acidic challenges on the flexural strength and elastic modulus of five composites: x-tra fil (Group 1, XTF), GrandioSO x-tra (Group 2, GXT), Admira Fusion x-tra (Group 3, AFX), VisCalor bulk (Group 4, VCB), and Enamel Plus HRi (Group 5, EPH). Thirty samples for each group were randomly divided and assigned to three different treatments: storage in distilled water as the controls (subgroups 1a–5a), 3 weeks distilled water + 1 week Coca-Cola (subgroups 1b-5b), and 4 weeks Coca-Cola (subgroups 1c–5c). For each subgroup, the flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured using an Instron universal testing machine, and data were submitted to statistical analysis. Considering subgroups B, no material showed a significant difference in the flexural strength with the controls (p > 0.05), whereas for subgroups C, only GXT and VCB showed significantly lower values (p < 0.05). AFX reported the lowest flexural strength among the materials tested. As regards the elastic modulus, no material showed a significant variation after acidic storages when compared with the respective control (p > 0.05). AFX and EPH reported the lowest elastic modulus compared to the other materials. All composites tested showed adequate flexural properties according to the standards, except for AFX. This biomimetic material, along with EPH, might be indicated for V class (cervical) restorations considering the lowest values of elasticity reported.

Delamination Analysis in Drilling of Coir-Polyester Composites Using Design of Experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 984-985 ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Balaji ◽  
S. Jayabal ◽  
S. Kalyana Sundaram ◽  
S. Rajamuneeswaran ◽  
P. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Coir Fiber ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Polyester Composites ◽  
Made In

Drilling of fiber reinforced composite materials presents a plethora of questions to the engineers and scientists. A number of research endeavors have been made in the recent years to fully characterize the drilling process of fiber reinforced composite materials. The efforts have been made in the direction of optimization of the operating variables and conditions for minimizing the drilling induced damages. This paper presented the delamination analysis of drilled holes in coir fiber-reinforced polyester composites. The results indicated that the delamination factor in coir fiber-reinforced composites is lower comparing with glass fiber reinforced composites.

The Effect of Degradation in Aqueous Media on Viscosity Average Molecular Weight of Single Polymer Polyester Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2034-2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bryll ◽  
Katarzyna Gawdzinska ◽  
Marcin Nabialek ◽  
Patrycja Pawlowska
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Degradation Tests ◽  
Polyester Composites ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
The Impact

In present study the authors determine the impact of active environment on destruction processes developing in single polymer polyester composites. The processes impact on the structure and selected (e.g. viscosity) mechanical features of these composites were examined. The work included the following stages: manufacturing of ordered and disordered linear fiber single polyester composites, preparation of samples in accordance with applicable testing standards, performing composites� degradation tests in different media (distilled water and sea water at 30oC,). Literature review has shown that this kind of material has not been examined in reference to active media impact on degradation processes. This work is part of the research on discussed composites� properties and recycling.

45.—Early Investigations of the Suez Canal Waters during and after its Opening in 1869

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selim A. Morcos
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Suez Canal ◽  
Chemical Oceanography ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

SynopsisA historical review of the physical and chemical data collected from the Suez Canal waters in the first 40 years (1867–1906) during and after its filling shows that it was the focus of interest of many explorers and scientists. From 27 successive observations (table) the waters were completely analysed seven times. The salinity (density) was measured along the canal on eight occasions, of which four were not previously known. The first observations along the Canal were made in May 1870 by the Admiralty Ship Blue Cross. Her results, together with the second set of observations (February 1872), were found in a small booklet printed in Alexandria (Tissot 1872). The data of two sections (Durand-Claye 1875a; Anonymous 1907) were found by the author as unpublished manuscripts and are revealed here for the first time.A comment on the determination of salinity of sea water by evaporation to dryness was found in a handwritten manuscript by Durand-Claye (1873). This comment was eliminated in the published text (Durand-Claye 1874), and is reproduced here for its interest to the history of chemical oceanography.The difficulties in making a comparative study of these old data are explored. It is suggested to start some sort of ‘practical historical oceanography’ by studying old hydrometers, thermometers and other oceanographic apparatus using modern equipments in order to reassess the data of old expeditions.

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