Soziale Gerechtigkeit und COVID-19 – Eine Betrachtung aus Geschlechterperspektive

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 401-417
Author(s):  
Irem Güney-Frahm
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Soziale Gerechtigkeit ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Economic Well Being

Die Covid-19 Pandemie hat in Bezug auf Geschlechtergleichheit und soziale Gerechtigkeit nicht nur neue Probleme geschaffen, sondern auch die bestehenden Probleme vertieft. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich mit der Pandemie aus Geschlechterperspektive auseinander und argumentiert mit Hilfe des Capability Ansatzes von Amartya Sen, dass Frauen mehr und anders als Männer von der Pandemie betroffen sind. Sowohl gesundheitlich als auch finanziell und in ihren weiterführenden Lebens- und Verwirklichungschancen (Capabilities) haben Frauen während der Pandemie das Nachsehen, wodurch sich die Schere zwischen den Geschlechtern weiter öffnet, statt sich allmählich zu schließen. Kritisch ist dabei, dass die Mehrzahl der Lösungsansätze zur Bewältigung der Krise die überkommenen neoliberalen Diskurse und somit auch deren inhärente Ungleichheit reproduzieren. Abstract: Social Justice and Covid-19. A Gender-Based Perspective In terms of gender equality and social justice, the Covid-19 pandemic has not only created new problems but has intensified and worsened existing ones. Using the lens of a gender perspective, this contribution employs Amartya Sen’s cap­a­bility approach to show how the pandemic has impacted women differently and more severely than men. Both regarding physical and economic well-being as well as when it comes to their future life chances and opportunities for self-reali­zation, women have gotten the short end of the stick. As a result, the pandemic is set to widen the gender gap and reverse the gradual process of harmonization. Crucially, most remedies to the ongoing crisis continue to rely on neoliberal recipes and discourses and are thus bound to reproduce their inherent inequality.

To Provide or Protect? Masculinity, Economic Precarity, and Protective Gun Ownership in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199840
Author(s):  
Tara D. Warner ◽  
Tara Leigh Tober ◽  
Tristan Bridges ◽  
David F. Warner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Gun Ownership ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Masculinity Threat ◽  
Economic Well Being

Protection is now the modal motivation for gun ownership, and men continue to outnumber women among gun owners. While research has linked economic precarity (e.g., insecurity and anxiety) to gun ownership and attitudes, separating economic well-being from constructions of masculinity is challenging. In response to blocked economic opportunities, some gun owners prioritize armed protection, symbolically replacing the masculine role of “provider” with one associated with “protection.” Thus, understanding both persistently high rates of gun ownership in the United States (in spite of generally declining crime) alongside the gender gap in gun ownership requires deeper investigations into the meaning of guns in the United States and the role of guns in conceptualizations of American masculinity. We use recently collected crowdsourced survey data to test this provider-to-protector shift, exploring how economic precarity may operate as a cultural-level masculinity threat for some, and may intersect with marital/family status to shape gun attitudes and behaviors for both gun owners and nonowners. Results show that investments in stereotypical masculine ideals, rather than economic precarity, are linked to support for discourses associated with protective gun ownership and empowerment.

scholarly journals The Economic Consequences of Gray Divorce for Women and Men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Fen Lin ◽  
Susan L Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract Objectives Gray divorce, which describes divorce among persons aged 50 and older, is increasingly common reflecting the doubling of the gray divorce rate since 1990. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the consequences of gray divorce and in particular how women and men fare economically during the aftermath. Method Using longitudinal data from the 2004–2014 Health and Retirement Study, we estimated hybrid fixed/random-effects models comparing women’s and men’s economic well-being prior to, during, and following gray divorce and subsequent repartnering. Results Women experienced a 45% decline in their standard of living (measured by an income-to-needs ratio), whereas men’s dropped by just 21%. These declines persisted over time for men, and only reversed for women following repartnering, which essentially offset women’s losses associated with gray divorce. No gender gap emerged for changes in wealth following divorce with both women and men experiencing roughly a 50% drop. Similarly, repartnering was ameliorative only for women’s wealth. Discussion Gray divorce is often financially devastating, especially for women. Although repartnering seems to reverse most of the economic costs of gray divorce for women, few form new co-residential unions after divorce. This study offers a cautionary tale about the financial aftermath of gray divorce, which is likely to contribute to growing economic disadvantage among older adults.

scholarly journals Data Collection to Fulfil the Targets for the SDGs: The APIK Gender Justice Index (AGJI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Saskia Wieringa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Policies And Programs

<p>Indonesia has committed itself to the 2030 Agenda with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which were approved by the United Nations on September 25, 2015. Seventeen objectives and 169 related targets must be achieved by 2030. Gender equality is an independent goal (SDG number 5), but gender related issues are also contained in the goal of poverty alleviation (SDG 1), health care including maternal and child health (SDG 3) and education (SDG 4). SDG number 16 concerns a commitment to peace, access to justice and strong institutions. Reliable and inclusive gender statistics are needed to monitor progress towards achieving gender equality and justice and to identify key gender inequalities that require policy interventions. Both quantitative and qualitative data are needed. In addition, certain problems are specific for women, such as maternal death. Given the wide diversity in gender relations and socio-economic conditions of the Indonesian archipelago subnational data are required. This article outlines the methodology of designing the APIK Gender Justice Index. The main findings are that the availability of sex-disaggregated data at the subnational level leaves much to be desired. The AGJI proves to be a reliable, comprehensive and flexible tool that can easily be used by policy makers and activists to design policies and programs to address gender-based discrimination in Indonesia, for instance in the field of health. The AGJI is based on locally available data. The advantages of the AGJI are that it can be computed with a minimum of cost and effort to achieve a maximum of reliability and ease in use. The GSI was found to be comparable with the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) for Indonesia but it is more sensitive to political empowerment. The AGJI assesses in how far women have been able to take up leadership positions at subnational levels, including at the village level and are represented in the major decision-making bodies such as the judiciary.</p>

Making AIMS Explicit: Establishing Intersectionality Criteria for Gender Equity Analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Goodkind ◽  
Rachel E Gartner ◽  
Leah A Jacobs ◽  
Dominique Branson ◽  
Jorden King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract Social work researchers often conduct population-level analyses of equity, sometimes focusing on how social and economic well-being are differently experienced depending on gender. In response to the United States’ refusal to ratify the United Nations’ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, city-level campaigns began conducting gender equity analyses to highlight and address inequality. To date, these analyses have largely focused on gender alone, affording little attention to other axes of inequality. This article argues that theories of intersectionality offer a conceptual antidote to this narrow focus on gender. Drawing on extant literature, authors developed four criteria to guide intersectional gender equity analyses: (1) analyzes power, (2) interprets population and phenomena in context, (3) mutually constituted and interdependent category use, and (4) strategic and transparent social justice goals (which can be abbreviated as AIMS). Taking a metaevaluation approach, they applied the AIMS criteria to assess existing gender equity analyses. Results indicate ways in which these criteria can be met and the implications of taking intersectional approaches. Ultimately, the AIMS criteria offer guidance to social work research that can systematically and intentionally integrate core intersectionality principles and, in turn, support efforts to promote equity in our systems and institutions.

scholarly journals The Role Of Islamic Courts In Land Reforms In Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (- 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ataullah Khan Mahmood ◽  
Ghufran Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
Islamic Courts

A vast majority of Muslim scholars opine that land reforms including the fixation of ceiling on individual land-holdings can be carried out without offending any Islamic teachings. Moreover, article 253 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to prescribe the maximum limits as to property or any class thereof which may be owned, held, possessed or controlled by any person. Likewise, such reforms are considered essential as for as requirements of distributive justice is concerned and to further the desired Islamic goals of social justice, eradication of social evils and to ensure economic well-being of the poor attached to earth. To achieve these desired goals, land reforms laws were introduced in the country. However, the beneficiaries of feudalism and landlordism challenged these laws in the Islamic Courts to protect their vested interests. These judicial forums were split in their findings regarding the fate of these laws. This article analyses the findings of these forums to suggest that weather those who uphold these laws have stronger reasons.

scholarly journals Does Gender Equality work for Sustainable Development in Central Africa Countries? Some Empirical Lessons

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Tchouassi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

It is commonly argued that Central Africa countries need economic growth andgender equality to ensure economic well-being and improve the living standards ofthe population. This paper, based on the Kuznets curve associated toenvironmental analysis, aims to analyze the relationship between gender equalityand sustainable development. The cross-sectional analysis, with data from 11countries in Central Africa in 2010, was used. Results find a positive correlationbetween gender equality and sustainable development. When the Multidimensionalpoverty index increases, environmental problems reduce, translating the role ofgender in sustainable development in all Central Africa countries.

scholarly journals Gender-based disparities on health indices during COVID-19 crisis: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abufaraj ◽  
Zaid Eyadat ◽  
Mohammed Qussay Al-sabbagh ◽  
Abdullah Nimer ◽  
Immanuel Azaad Moonesar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Indices ◽  
Reproductive Services ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Mental Well Being

Abstract Background COVID-19 has an inevitable burden on public health, potentially widening the gender gap in healthcare and the economy. We aimed to assess gender-based desparities during COVID-19 in Jordan in terms of health indices, mental well-being and economic burden. Methods A nationally representative sample of 1300 participants ≥18 years living in Jordan were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected via telephone interviews in this cross-sectional study. Chi-square was used to test age and gender differences according to demographics, economic burden, and health indices (access to healthcare, health insurance, antenatal and reproductive services). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the beta-coefficient (β) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of factors correlated with mental well-being, assessed by patients’ health questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4). Results 656 (50.5%) men and 644 (49.5%) women completed the interview. Three-fourths of the participants had health insurance during the COVID-19 crisis. There was no significant difference in healthcare coverage or access between women and men (p > 0.05). Half of pregnant women were unable to access antenatal care. Gender was a significant predictor of higher PHQ-4 scores (women vs. men: β: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.54–1.22). Among women, age ≥ 60 years and being married were associated with significantly lower PHQ-4 scores. Only 0.38% of the overall participants lost their jobs; however, 8.3% reported a reduced payment. More women (13.89%) were not paid during the crisis as compared with men (6.92%) (P = 0.01). Conclusions Our results showed no gender differences in healthcare coverage or access during the COVID-19 crisis generally. Women in Jordan are experiencing worse outcomes in terms of mental well-being and economic burden. Policymakers should give priority to women’s mental health and antenatal and reproductive services. Financial security should be addressed in all Jordanian COVID-19 national plans because the crisis appears widening the gender gap in the economy.

Determinants of Gender-Based Violence and Its Physiological Effects Among Women in 12 African Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 088626051988853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Emmanuel Iyanda ◽  
Kwadwo Adu Boakye ◽  
Omowumi Helen Olowofeso ◽  
Yongmei Lu ◽  
Jaclyn Salcido Giles
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Based

Goals 3 and 5 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are to promote good health and well-being and to achieve gender equality, respectively. To successfully move toward these goals in the area of gender equality, there is the need to understand the underlying legislative or laws that protect women and girls from all forms of domestic violence (DV), including gender-based violence (GBV). The cardinal objective of this study, therefore, was to examine the risk factors of GBV and the physiological effects of GBV. To date, few studies have quantified the relationship between laws on DV and the incidence of DV/GBV. This article fills that gap by using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data of 12 African countries. We applied multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association of the absence of laws on DV, men dominant power, history of violence, alcohol consumption, women’s attitude toward men’s violence perpetration, and decision-making power with the scores of GBV and physiological effects of GBV. Group Kruskal–Wallis Rank test was used to determine the variation of the two outcomes among the 12 countries. Results show significant disparities in the score of GBV, H test (11) = 168,217, p < .001, and score of physiological effects, H test (11) = 122,127, p < .001, among the 12 countries. Specifically, Ghana, Namibia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Sierra Leone, and Togo reported the highest physiological effect of GBV. Presence of DV laws, male dominance, alcohol consumption, history of abuse, and women empowerment predict GBV and the physiological effect of GBV. Thus, building strong legal frameworks against all forms of DV and empowering women may reduce the incidence of GBV and physiological effects of GBV for all African women.

scholarly journals Women, Gender equality and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 647-655
Author(s):  
Linda L. Carli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gender And Work ◽  
The Status ◽  
Work Disruption ◽  
Health And Well Being

Purpose This paper aims to review the existing literature on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender and work roles to determine whether the pandemic has undermined the status, pay and advancement of women or has provided opportunities for reducing gender inequality. Design/methodology/approach The author reviewed the literature on the effects of COVID-19 and past pandemics on gender equality, focusing on job loss, the effects of being in essential occupations on health and well-being, the increased domestic responsibilities of women and men due to closure of schools and other social services and the effects of telecommuting on gender roles. Findings The pandemic has generally created challenges for women’s advancement. More women than men have lost their jobs; more women than men are in essential jobs that expose them to infection and psychological stress, and women have had more work disruption than men have had because of increases in childcare and other responsibilities. On the other hand, telecommuting has increased men’s amount of childcare, and this does have the potential to increase men’s childcare responsibilities in the long term, thereby reducing the gender gap in domestic responsibilities and increasing gender equality. Research limitations/implications The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and the research on the pandemic’s effects are new and ongoing. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first scholarly review of the literature on the potential effects of COVID-19 on the gender gap in pay and advancement.

scholarly journals The Gender Gap in the Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers

Demography ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Bianchi ◽  
Lekha Subaiya ◽  
Joan R. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Nonresident Fathers ◽  
Economic Well Being
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