Unternehmenskreditgeschäft der Sparkassen – ein stabilisierendes Element in der Coronakrise: Branchen- und regionalspezifische Implikationen

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Karl-Peter Schackmann-Fallis ◽  
André Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Technological Adaptation ◽  
Loan Demand ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Loan Growth

Die Coronapandemie hatte einschneidende Auswirkungen auf die Realwirtschaft. Dennoch ist die Kreditnachfrage von Unternehmen und Selbstständigen bisher nicht zurückgegangen, sondern gestiegen. Vor allem Sparkassen erwiesen sich durch ihre überdurchschnittliche Kreditvergabe als stabilisierendes Element in der Krise. Deren Kreditwachstum war ab September 2020 sowohl in Geschäftsgebieten mit einer hohen und mittleren, als auch mit einer niedrigen Wirtschaftskraft im Mittel höher als das Marktwachstum. Auch in nahezu allen Branchen stiegen die Kreditvolumina, der stärkste Anstieg ging vom Wohnungs- und Grundstückswesen aus. Nach der Coronapandemie ist es nun entscheidend, die Unternehmen durch wachstumsorientierte Förderprogramme in den notwendigen technologischen Anpassungsprozessen (z. B. bei der Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit) zu unterstützen. Gleichzeitig ist es für die weitere erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit von Sparkassen und Unternehmen auch in Zukunft unerlässlich, ein vielfältiges, ausdifferenziertes Bankensystem in Deutschland zu erhalten. The corona pandemic has had a major impact on the real economy. Nevertheless, the loan demand from companies and the self-employed has so far not declined but increased. Savings banks in particular have proven to be a stabilizing element in crisis due to their above-average lending. As of September 2020, their loan growth in business areas with high, medium as well as low economic strength was on average higher than the market growth. Lending volumes also rose in almost all sectors, with the largest increase coming from housing and real estate. After the corona pandemic, it is crucial to support companies in the necessary technological adaptation processes (e. g. in digitalization and sustainability) through growth-oriented funding programs. To ensure a continued successful cooperation between savings banks and companies it is important to maintain a diverse, differentiated banking system in Germany.

scholarly journals The Czech labour market after the crisis of a real economy: negative development or return to steady-state?

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Tuleja ◽  
Michal Tvrdoň
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Banking System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Almost All

This paper studies the Czech economy before, during and after the economic crisis. Consequences on the labour market, respectively on unemployment are also discussed in the paper. According to most economists the cause of the economic crisis was the financial crisis which was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system. It has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the “bail out” of banks by national governments and downturns in stock markets around the world. Real gross domestic product decreased in almost all EU countries including the Czech economy. Massive drop of gross domestic product led to increase in the unemployment rate. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to discussion about consequences of this crisis. The paper provides also an analysis of gross domestic product and its components. The empirical analysis also tried to answer the question if it is more a return to steady–state than the deterioration of economic performance in the case of the Czech economy. In other words, it means that economic performance of the Czech economy was above the level of potential output. Research in this study is based on basic macroeconomic quarterly data between the years 2000 and 2010 which were published by the Czech Statistical Office and Eurostat. We found out that the Czech labour market had to cope with the consequences of the economic crisis and now it is going to reach a long-term equilibrium.

scholarly journals Modeling of the solidarity banking system in Congo: towards human development based on traditional African values

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Claver BOUNDJA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Financial Governance ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Decision Making Tool

Among the institutional instruments likely to participate in the economic development of a country, banks occupy a crucial place, as their role affects means of payment, exchanges, credit, financial transactions and advice. The analysis of paradigms and mechanisms of the banking system makes it possible to intervene in the heart of the economic system. Congo's banking system, like that of almost all African countries, is characterized by half a century of failure, several bankruptcies, endemic corruption, the embezzlement and exclusion of so-called poor populations and rural. This article proposes a model of the endogenous financing of the real economy through solidarity banks. Our objective is to formulate a decision-making tool for economic and financial governance, in terms of financing local development. We propose to explain the importance of monetary policy and the renovated banking system on endogenous bases, according to traditional African values.

scholarly journals The Greek banking system, the liquidity stress and the entrepreunal insecurity

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
Electra Pitoska
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
Restructuring Process ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
Bank Funding ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Programs ◽  
Of Greece

According to a report by the Director of the Bank of Greece, during the past few months there have been signs that the Greek economy has entered a phase of balance and that it will possibly claw its way back to viability in the next year. It seems that the Greek banking system successfully went through the crisis and now follows a course of a restructuring process. The restructures are vital in order to manage an eventual restoration of normal funding circumstances in the real economy. Despite the careful optimistic reports of the government concerning the economy, the reality of the economic and entrepreunal world is rather different. More particularly, according to the results of researches, seems that the vast majority of the enterprises are in a really bad situation. The situation of most of the Greek enterprises is bad as they face many problems, such as: liquidity, access to bank funding, difficulties and delays in entering state programs or special funding programs, reduction of their turnover and difficulties in collecting overdue debts from their customers

scholarly journals Blockchain Disrupting Fintech and the Banking System

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Eduard Alexandru Stoica ◽  
Daria Maria Sitea
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
New World ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Almost All

Nowadays society is profoundly changed by technology, velocity and productivity. While individuals are not yet prepared for holographic connection with banks or financial institutions, other innovative technologies have been adopted. Lately, a new world has been launched, personalized and adapted to reality. It has emerged and started to govern almost all daily activities due to the five key elements that are foundations of the technology: machine to machine (M2M), internet of things (IoT), big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). Competitive innovations are now on the market, helping with the connection between investors and borrowers—notably crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending. Blockchain technology is now enjoying great popularity. Thus, a great part of the focus of this research paper is on Elrond. The outcomes highlight the relevance of technology in digital finance.

scholarly journals Money creation under full-reserve banking: a stock–flow consistent model

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizio Lainà
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Consistent Model ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Money Creation ◽  
Reserve Banking ◽  
Stock Flow

Abstract This paper presents a stock–flow consistent model of full-reserve banking. The paper investigates money creation through government spending in a full-reserve banking system. The results are contrasted against the cases in which government spending is increased under full-reserve banking without money creation and under endogenous money, that is, the current monetary system. It is found that output, employment and inflation evolve almost identically. In contrast to other cases, money creation in a full-reserve banking system leads to a permanent reduction in consolidated government debt. Monetary policy transmits effectively as an increase in central bank reserves translates into an almost equal increase in demand deposits. Furthermore, an unusually large change in the money supply induces only smooth and relatively small changes in interest rates. In addition, the paper compares three additional ways to create money. Money creation through tax cuts or citizen’s dividend generates roughly the same results as creating money through government spending. In contrast, money creation through quantitative easing affects only monetary aggregates and interest rates but not the real economy. Although in every money creation experiment banks are able to fully satisfy the demand for loans, temporary credit crunches can occur under full-reserve banking. The occurrence of credit crunches depends on changes in private behaviour and economic policy as well as safety margins adopted by banks.

scholarly journals Corporate Governance of Banks – A German Alternative to the Standard Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Helmut Kotz ◽  
Reinhard H. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Stakeholder Interests ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Public Banks

AbstractThe paper provides an overview and an economic analysis of the development of the corporate governance of German banks since the 1950s, highlighting peculiarities – as seen from the meanwhile prevailing standard model perspective – of the German case. These peculiarities refer to the specific German notion and legal-institutional regime of corporate governance in general as well as to the specific three-pillar structure of the German banking system.The most striking changes in the corporate governance of German banks during the past 50 years occurred in the case of the large shareholder-owned banks. For them, capital markets have become an important element of corporate governance, and their former orientation towards the interests of a broadly defined set of stakeholders has largely been replaced by a one-sided concentration on shareholders’ interests. In contrast, the corporate governance regimes of the smaller local public savings banks and the local cooperative banks have remained virtually unchanged. They acknowledge a broader horizon of stakeholder interests and put an emphasis on monitoring via the auditing divisions of the respective associations.The Great Financial Crisis, beginning in 2007, has led to a considerable reassessment in the academic and political debate on bank governance. On an international level, it has revived the older notion that, in view of their high leverage and their innate complexity, banks are “special” and bank corporate governance also – and needs to be seen in this light, not least because research indicates that banks with a strong and one-sided shareholder orientation – and thus with what appears to be the best corporate governance according to the standard model – have suffered most in the crisis. In the German case, the crisis has shown that the smaller local banks have survived the crisis much better than large private and public banks, whose funding strongly depends on wholesale markets. This may point to certain advantages of their governance and ownership regimes. But the differences in the performance during the crisis years may also, or even more so, be a consequence of the business models of large vs small banks than of their different governance regimes.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in the Relationship Between NPLs and Real Economy: Evidence from the Mongolian Banking System

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Enkhzaya Demid
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Credit Quality ◽  
Loan Supply ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The paper analyses the relationship between the banks’ credit risk and macroeconomic conditions by addressing the following questions; (i) How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to lending risk depending on the ban-specific features? (ii) Are the effects of macroeconomic shocks different across the loan portfolios in various economic sectors? Unlike the common assumption in the literature, the empirical analysis considers banks’ heterogeneity and diversification across borrowers. It employs heterogeneous panel SVARs and standard SVAR models on a dataset from 2002. Q1 to 2019.Q1. The results suggest that the deterioration in credit quality is affected by both macroeconomic and bank-specific factors, with substantial heterogeneity in the magnitudes and timing in terms of the type of loans in various business sectors and bank characteristics. In particular, we find strong evidence of cyclical sensitivity of loan quality, and about 1/4 of banks’ NPLs increases stronger in response to the shocks to growth, exchange rate, interest rate, and profitability. The highly profitable banks tend to less engage in excessive risk-taking, resulting in lower NPLs, whereas the relation of asset size to NPLs is not significant for the sample. A growth shock plays a prominent role in explaining the variation of NPLs for the trade and mining sectors. Similarly, the loan supply shock is the main determinant for the construction sector’s NPLs, while the exchange rate shock is the most responsible for the manufacturing sector. The interest rate shock and exchange rate shock are the most effective factors on NPLs of consumer loans. Finally, the feedback effect of NPLs shows that deterioration of credit quality slows down economic growth.

scholarly journals Banking system stability in the context of the relationship between banks and the state

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (45) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
V. O. Kornіvska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Euro Zone ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Financial Liquidity

The article presents the results of a study of the banking system stability under the conditions of increased financial support from the state during the financial and economic destabilization. The banking system stability in the euro zone has been analyzed to assess the prospects for monetary and financial development in Ukraine. The European experience proves that strengthening relations between banks and the state amidst the financialization process is harmful. The author of the article treats this relationship as a closed-loop problem of public and financial liquidity circulation, which leads to financial bleeding in the real economy and destabilization of the financial system, as a whole. This problem requires to be fixed by reducing banking transactions with government securities. The article gives facts proving that the search for solutions to this problem made in the European financial space has become one of the factors of financial and institutional transformations in the euro zone and the EU, in general, and has led to the creation of a banking union. The newly introduced legal framework has manifested itself as unable to stimulate efficient financial distribution. It has also been demonstrated that due to the public and financial liquidity circulation the banking system becomes subject to profound redesigning, thus losing its ability to conduct effective financial distribution in the real sector of economy.

scholarly journals Does the Interest Rate Form Business Cycle?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Bijan Bidabad ◽  
Abul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rate Form ◽  
The Interest Rate

Dynamic structural behavior of depositor, bank and borrower and the role of banks in forming business cycle are investigated. We test the hypothesis that does banks behavior make oscillations in the economy through the interest rate. By dichotomizing banking activities into two markets of deposit and loan, we show that these two markets have non-synchronized structures, and this is why the money sector fluctuation starts. As a result, the fluctuation is transmitted to the real economy through saving and investment functions. Empirical results assert that in the USA, the banking system creates fluctuations in the money sector and real economy as well through short-term interest rates

scholarly journals Russia’s banking sector during the pandemic

2022 ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
E. N. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Graphical Methods ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Impact

Quarantine and self-isolation have become a new challenge for the Russian economy, changed many areas of our life, revealed new weaknesses in the banking system and monetary regulation of the economy, and also become a good test for the post-crisis financial system. In this article using a systematic approach to the study of information, analytical and graphical methods the dynamics of the Russian banking sector during the development of the coronavirus pandemic and the specifics of recovery from the crisis have been investigated. The innovations and improvements brought about by the pandemic have been studied. The Central Bank of Russia’s monetary policy instruments used to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the real economy in general and on the banking sector in particular have been reviewed. The features of anti-crisis measures taken by the monetary authorities in our country have been revealed. 

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