scholarly journals Feasibility Study of Bio-fuel As a Sustainable Product of Biomass: An Overview of Its Fundamentals, Application and Environmental Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
Abdelgader A. S. Gheidan ◽  
Mazlan Abdul Wahid ◽  
Fudhail Abdul Munir ◽  
Anthony Chukwunonso Opia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Combustion Mode ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Pollutant Formation ◽  
Fuel Resource ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Sustainable Product ◽  
Peak Release

The energy crisis and ecological disasters have become a critical problem in recent decades. The human activities through industrial operations increase emissions and other pollutant particulates in the world as a result of steady patronage on fossil feedstock. Several experiments were performed to identify an alternative fuel meeting the rising energy demand. Biomass (bio-fuel) has recently been developed as an economical fuel, environmentally friendly resource, renewable and sustainable fuel. Approximately 350 crop plants were evaluated and some of them could be considered as suitable alternative diesel engine fuels. To increase the bio-fuel quantity globally, apart from crops, other biomaterial sources are considered potential in biofuel production. It was shown that the properties of biofuel combustion are identical to fossil. In the experimental combustion of biodiesel blends, higher ignition pressure and temperature, shorter ignition delay, and higher peak release were recorded. This paper is a literature review on the need for biofuels as a global renewable fuel resource and aims to explain the characteristics of combustion and pollutant formation in the application of biofuels. The study also stated the resources, the use of biogas and its emission impact in flameless combustion mode. With holistic adoption of biomass source of fuel together with the modern conversion techniques, issues from fuel emissions will be mitigated.

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

scholarly journals Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Production in Microalgae Biorefineries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
Rahul Kumar Goswami ◽  
Pradeep Verma ◽  
Roberto Lavecchia ◽  
Antonio Zuorro
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
World Population ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Valuable Compounds

The increasing world population generates huge amounts of wastewater as well as large energy demand. Additionally, fossil fuel’s combustion for energy production causes the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. Therefore, there is a strong need to find alternative green approaches for wastewater treatment and energy production. Microalgae biorefineries could represent an effective strategy to mitigate the above problems. Microalgae biorefineries are a sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes, as they potentially allow wastewater to be treated at lower costs and with lower energy consumption. Furthermore, they provide an effective means to recover valuable compounds for biofuel production or other applications. This review focuses on the current scenario and future prospects of microalgae biorefineries aimed at combining wastewater treatment with biofuel production. First, the different microalgal cultivation systems are examined, and their main characteristics and limitations are discussed. Then, the technologies available for converting the biomass produced during wastewater treatment into biofuel are critically analyzed. Finally, current challenges and research directions for biofuel production and wastewater treatment through this approach are outlined.

scholarly journals The Enrichment And Characterization Of Compost And Wastewater-Derived Microbial Cellulolytic Consortia For Biofuel Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustyna Dobosz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
End Products ◽  
Fermentative Activity ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Current Energy

Over the last decade, a rise in energy demand and diminishing fuel resources have created a challenge for finding an alternative solution that could supplement our current energy sources. This study demonstrated that ethanol and other useful end-products can be produced from the fermentative activity of microbial consortia derived from cellulose-rich waste environments. Compost and wastewater were used as inoculum sources to enrich cellulolytic cultures at incubation temperatures 50 ºC and 60ºC. A chemically defined medium was used without complex nutrients such as yeast extract. Four cellulolytic cultures were obtained and their end-products were monitored over an active cellulose degrading period. The compost culture incubated at 50ºC produced the highest concentration of butyrate while the wastewater-derived culture incubated at 60ºC produced the highest ethanol concentration. Optimization of DNA extraction and purification from complex environmental samples such as the compost and wastewater cultures used in this study was also discussed.

scholarly journals An Assessment Of Microalgal Biodiesel With Acetone, Butanol and Ethanol Using LIfe Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherilyn Dignan
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Microalgal Biodiesel

Canada, as one of the largest producers and consumers of fossil fuels per capita on the planet, is attempting to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to accomplish this, fuel alternatives, such as biofuel, are required. Accordingly, this study uses LCA methodology to quantify the GHG impact of a unique biofuel production model. This unique model produces biodiesel (BD), acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) from microalgae and assesses the process GHG impact against other microalgal BD production processes. This study’s microalgal BD and ABE production process produces 76 kgCO2e per functional unit, whereas other comparable microalgal BD production processes produce between 3.7 and 85 kgCO2e. Overall, this study clarifies that without the development of versatile infrastructure to accommodate biofuel production, LCA studies will continue to find renewable fuel production processes net GHG positive for the simple reason that fossil resources are still the primary energy source.

scholarly journals Biofuel Production from Waste Cooking Oils and its Physicochemical Properties in Comparison to Petrodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ganesh Lamichhane ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Niranjan Koirala ◽  
Dhruba Prasad Poudyal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Astm D6751

Haphazard mining and consumption of fossil fuels have reduced petroleum reserves causing fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation; thus, reflecting the need of the cheaper, renewable and eco-friendly alternative source of petroleum to meet the fuel demand. Million liters of edible oil used for cooking foods and date expired oils from oil manufacturers are discarded into sewage. This study primarily intends to study the feasibility of biodiesel production using such waste oils. In this work, biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oils by a process called transesterification with NaOH as a catalyst. Our results showed that methyl ester (biodiesel) (92.67±0.90%), soap materials (1.33±0.224%) and glycerol (6±0.68%) were obtained after the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity, volatility, surface tension and flashpoint were analyzed, which were found to be 0.862±0.006 g/cm3, 2.23±0.021 cP, 0.327×10-3±4.5×10-6 g/s, 32.03±0.138 dyne/cm, 169.67±0.810°C, respectively. These properties were compared with that of commercial diesel as well as with the values specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751. The density and the surface tension of the biodiesel were found similar to that of petrodiesel but its volatility was 3 times lower. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the biodiesel showed methyl ester functional group at 1436 cm-1. Based on the cost of the materials used for production, the cost of biodiesel was estimated to be about 81 Nepalese rupees (0.67 USD) per liter. The properties of biodiesel also met the standard values of ASTM D6751. These findings indicate that waste oil is one of the feasible biodiesel sources and it can be used as a suitable alternative to petrodiesel.

scholarly journals Development and application of hydrogen energy and fuel cell vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
National Security ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Fuel Resource

<p>is currently,continued growth in global energy demand and dwindling fossil fuel resource reserves,and<br />environmental security issues are gradually highlighted,makes it possible to create aClean and sustainable energy<br />systems have become an urgent need for national security strategies for the future ofnations.awide range of hydrogen<br />sources,use clean and can thenhealth,is ideal for traditional fossil fuels alternative energy.This article mainly introduces<br />the development of hydrogen energy and hydrogen production and hydrogen storage technology,and analyzing<br />hydrogen energyTechnologies in the development of automobiles,-fuel cell car.To resolve the energy problems that are<br />currently facing</p>

Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel by Direct Transesterification of Rapeseed Cake

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Zieniuk ◽  
Małgorzata Wołoszynowska ◽  
Ewa Białecka-Florjańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Rapeseed Cake ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Direct Transesterification ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
New Energy

AbstractIncrease in energy demand and limited sources of fossil fuels force the world’s population to seek new energy sources Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of oils with an alcohol in the presence of catalysts is an example of renewable fuel. The aim of the study was to assess the best conditions for enzymatic biodiesel synthesis by direct transesterification of rapeseed cake using Taguchi method. The influence of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol), temperature (30–60 °C), C. antarctica lipase B concentration (0.5–2 %), time (6–48 h) and rapeseed cake to alcohol ratio (1:2–1:5) was examined in the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters. Optimum conditions for direct enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed cake are: 30 °C, 12 h, 0.5 % of lipase and ethanol in 4:1 ratio to rapeseed cake.

Brazilian Biofuels: Distilling Solutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Final Energy Demand

Worldwide, transportation accounts for roughly a quarter of the total final energy demand and a similar share of energy-based carbon dioxide emissions (IEA, 2016f). The transport sector has the most homogenous of fuel mixes, with petroleum-based products accounting for roughly 95% of the overall final share (Kahn Ribeiro et al., 2012). Biofuels and other options, like electric vehicles, have the potential to displace a notable portion of petroleum and CO2 emissions in the transport sector. Global use of ethanol, the most widely used among biofuels, has grown significantly in recent years. Between 2000 and 2010 alone, ethanol utilization increased 350% worldwide, with trade increasing by a factor of 5 and usage equaling 74 billion liters in 2010 (Valdes, 2011). This chapter examines the underlying roots of the biofuels transition in Brazil. Two micro-shifts—one that is government- led and a second that is industry-led—are evaluated, demonstrating how a new, energy market and industry can develop at a national scale through the retooling of existing industries and infrastructure. Insights on policy inflections, market longevity, and dual-use technology are also covered. Brazil is the historical leader in biofuels and the only country to substantially alter its automotive fuel mix with ethanol, shifting from 1% in 1970 to 34% in 2014 (see the section entitled “Modern Transition” later in this chapter). Ranked sixth globally for its population of roughly 206 million people and eighth for its economy of $3.1 trillion in mid-2016 (CIA, n.d.), Brazil has been a leading pioneer in the production and export of ethanol, its principal biofuel. In 2015, Brazilian ethanol equaled 28% of the global supply (Renewable Fuel Association [RFA], 2016). The country is known for having the lowest production costs of ethanol (Goldemberg, 2008; Shapouri, and Salassi, 2006; Valor International, 2014). Brazil also has a unique distribution network of more than 35,000 fuel stations supplying the renewable fuel (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, 2008).

scholarly journals Study of the Mechanical and Physical Behavior of Gypsum Boards with Plastic Cable Waste Aggregates and Their Application to Construction Panels

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2255
Author(s):  
Alejandra Vidales-Barriguete ◽  
Jaime Santa-Cruz-Astorqui ◽  
Carolina Piña-Ramírez ◽  
Marta Kosior-Kazberuk ◽  
Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Shock Impact ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
Different Dimensions

The objective of this study was to analyze the physico-mechanical properties of gypsum boards including plastic waste aggregates from cable recycling. The plastic cable waste is incorporated into the gypsum matrix without going through any type of selection and/or treatment, as it is obtained after the cable recycling process. In the experimental process, gypsum boards of different dimensions were manufactured and tested for their Young’s modulus, shock-impact resistance, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal comfort. The results obtained show a significant increase in the elasticity of the boards with plastic waste (limited cracking), compliance with the minimum value of flexural strength, and a slight improvement in the thermal conductivity coefficient (lower energy demand) and surface comfort (reduced condensation and greater adherence). Therefore, the analyzed material could provide a suitable alternative to currently marketed gypsum boards, contributing to sustainable construction not only in new constructions, but also in building renovations.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Efficiency of Chemical and Thermochemical Depolymerization Methods for Lignin Valorization: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Khaled Younes ◽  
Ahmad Moghrabi ◽  
Sara Moghnie ◽  
Omar Mouhtady ◽  
Nimer Murshid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Suitable Alternative

Energy demand and the use of commodity consumer products, such as chemicals, plastics, and transportation fuels, are growing nowadays. These products, which are mainly derived from fossil resources and contribute to environmental pollution and CO2 emissions, will be used up eventually. Therefore, a renewable inexhaustible energy source is required. Plant biomass resources can be used as a suitable alternative source due to their green, clean attributes and low carbon emissions. Lignin is a class of complex aromatic polymers. It is highly abundant and a major constituent in the structural cell walls of all higher vascular land plants. Lignin can be used as an alternative source for fine chemicals and raw material for biofuel production. There are many chemical processes that can be potentially utilized to increase the degradation rate of lignin into biofuels or value-added chemicals. In this study, two lignin degradation methods, CuO–NaOH oxidation and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis, will be addressed. Both methods showed a high capacity to produce a large molecular dataset, resulting in tedious and time-consuming data analysis. To overcome this issue, an unsupervised machine learning technique called principal component analysis (PCA) is implemented.

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