scholarly journals Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated in Chile in 2005 and in 2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (07) ◽  
pp. 502-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Dauros ◽  
Helia Bello ◽  
Mariana Domínguez ◽  
Juan C. Hormazábal ◽  
Gerardo González
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Single Clone ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pfge Profiles

Introduction: Vibrio (V.) parahaemolyticus has endemically established in Chilean sea shores, causing outbreaks every year, with an important number of cases. In order to know the genetic relationship, genotype dominance and antibiotic resistance of isolates obtained from two outbreaks, this study characterized 110 strains isolated from environmental and clinical samples in years 2005 and 2007 in Chile. Methodology: Genotyping was performed by determination of PFGE profiles, and pandemic group and integrons were screened by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was studied by the disk diffusion method. Results: High antibiotic susceptibility frequency was found, mainly among 2007 isolates, except to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, amikacin, streptomycin and kanamycin. Strains belonging to the pandemic group in clinical isolates account for 88% in 2005, decreasing to 66% in 2007 and among environmental isolates were detected in 20% of the strains from 2005, rising to 36% in 2007. In 2005, nine different PFGE profiles were identified, with 78% of the strains corresponding to a single clone. In 2007, sixteen different PFGE profiles were detected, with 61% of the strains included into a sole clone. The same clone was prevalent in both years. None of class 1, 2, 3 and SXT integrases genes was detected; however, the superintegron integrase gene (intIA) was present in almost all strains. Conclusions: These results suggest the persistence and dominance of a unique PFGE clone of V. parahaemolyticus during 2005 and 2007, and the absence of genetic elements that capture antibiotic resistance genes described in other species of Vibrio.

scholarly journals Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons among the multidrug resistant uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haddadi Azam ◽  
Somayeh Mikaili Ghezeljeh ◽  
Shavandi Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Multidrug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Horizontal gene transfer, directed by strong selective pressure of antibiotics, has resulted in the widespread distribution of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The dissemination of resistance genes is enhanced when they are trapped in integrons. Objectives To determine the prevalence of integrons among multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strains collected from regional hospitals and private clinical laboratories in Alborz province. Methods The susceptibility of 111 clinical Escherichia coli isolates was tested using a Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for common antibiotics. Isolates were screened for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) using a double disk synergy test. The existence of integrons was confirmed by amplification of the integrase gene and their class determined via analysis of PCR products by PCR-RFLP. Results Isolates showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin. Nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and ceftizoxime were the most effective antibiotics in vitro. Eighty-eight isolates of 111 (79%) were resistant to more than three unrelated drugs. We found 30% of the multidrug resistant isolates harbor integrons. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 25 and 1 isolates, respectively. ESBL screening of strains showed 45 isolates (40%) were positive; 22% of the ESBL-positive isolates carried class 1 integrons and the frequency of MDR in ESBLpositive isolates was 93%. Conclusion The existence of integrons in only 29.5% of multidrug resistant isolates showed that besides integrons, antibiotic resistance genes were probably carried on other transferable elements lacking integrons, such as transposons or plasmids.

scholarly journals Method for Determining the Profile of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Vibrio cholera Strains by RT-PCR

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
A. S. Gladkikh ◽  
I. S. Fedotova ◽  
L. V. Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Test System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Integrase Gene

The aim of the work was to design and carry out experimental studies of a set of reagents to identify the spectrum of genes that determine the resistance of the Vibrio cholerae strains to antibacterial drugs.Materials and methods. V. cholerae strains isolated from humans and environmental objects during epidemiological complications and the cholera-free period were included in the study. Sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq. The profile of resistance genes was determined based on a comparison with the ResFinder database. The temperature regime, the composition of the reaction mixtures, and the reaction parameters were optimized; the specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of the constructed prototype test system were measured.Results and discussion. The spectrum of antibiotic resistance and the profile of resistance genes were determined for the studied strains. To develop multiplex PCR, we selected the most common in the V. cholerae populations genes, which are responsible for resistance to tetracycline (tetA), streptomycin (strA), florfenicol/ chloramphenicol (floR) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (two variants of the dihydrofolate reductase gene: dfrA1 and dhfR), as well as SXT element integrase gene (int). In the reaction, markers were specifically detected in accordance with the genomic resistance profile, which correlates with the phenotypic manifestation of resistance determined by the disco-diffusion method. The sensitivity of the developed panel of primers and probes for V. cholerae strains was 103 –104 CFU/ml. Therefore, taking into account the specificity, rapidity and simplicity of the reaction, the developed system of primers and probes can be successfully applied for a preliminary assessment of the resistance of the V. cholerae strains to antimicrobial agents. 

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Delia Gambino ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Sergio Migliore ◽  
Lucia Galuppo ◽  
Roberto Puleio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

The Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Analysis and Biofilm Formation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus cohnii Isolated from Clinical Samples in Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somaye Delfani ◽  
Faranak Rezaei ◽  
Setareh Soroush ◽  
Pegah Shakib
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Sccmec Types

Background: Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci is responsible for hospital and community-acquired infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic-resistance patterns, antibiotic-resistance genes, namely, ermA, ermB, ermC, blaZ, msrA, tetK, tetM, mup, and vanA, biofilm formation, and prevalence of different SCCmec types among the Staphylococcus cohniistrains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this study,S. cohniiisolates were screened from the clinical samples from March 2012 to February 2013 in Tehran, Iran.Antimicrobial susceptibility test and inducible clindamycin resistance were evaluated by disc diffusion method, andresistance genes were examined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays. Then, biofilm formation assay was analyzed by Microtiter-plate test to detect the icaA and icaDgenes. The SCCmec and the Arginine Catabolite Mobile Element (ACME) typing were performed using the PCRmethod. Results: FromtwentyS. cohnii, all isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 95% of the S. cohnii was defined as multidrug resistance (MDR)strains. The ermB, ermC, and vanA genes were not detected in any isolates; however, the blaZ gene had the highest frequency.95% of the S. cohnii isolates produced biofilm. Also, 4 SCCmec types, including V, IV, III+ (C2), VIII+ (AB1), were identified. Therefore, the majority of SCCmec were untypable. Based on the ACME typing, arcA and opp3 genes were positive in 13 (65%) and 1 (5%) isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the high antimicrobial resistance and the spread of untypableSCCmecamong the isolates studied, the control and treatment of methicillin-resistantS. cohnii in hospitals and public health centers is a significant concern.

Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients Are Associated with Class 1 and 2 Integrons

Chemotherapy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Lavakhamseh ◽  
Parviz Mohajeri ◽  
Samaneh Rouhi ◽  
Pegah Shakib ◽  
Rashid Ramazanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Dna Elements

Background:Escherichia coli isolates displaying multidrug-resistance (MDR) are a major health care problem that results in mortality and morbidity. Integrons are DNA elements in E.coli that are related to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine class 1 and 2 integrons and MDR in E. coli isolates obtained from patients in two Sanandaj hospitals, located in Iran. Materials and Methods: 120 isolates of E. coli were obtained from clinical specimens (from November 2013 to April 2014), and the susceptibility of E. coli antimicrobial agents was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the CLSI. PCR were applied for detection of class 1 and 2 integrons in E. coli isolates. SPSS software v16 and the χ2 test were used for statistical analysis in order to calculate the association between antibiotic resistance and the presence of integrons (p < 0.05). Results: In a total of 120 E. coli isolates, 42.5% had MDR. Integrons were found in 50.9% of the MDR isolates, and included 47.05% class 1 and 3.92% class 2 integrons. The strains did not have both classes of integrons simultaneously. An association between resistance to antibiotics and integrons was found. Conclusion: Our results showed that int1 and int2 genes present in E. coli isolates obtained from patients cause MDR in this isolates. Since such bacteria are a reservoir for the transmission of MDR bacteria, appropriate programs are necessary to reduce this problem.

scholarly journals Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kiana Karimi ◽  
Omid Zarei ◽  
Parinaz Sedighi ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Amin Doosti-Irani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tract Infections

Aim. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an encapsulated Gram-negative bacterium that can lead to 14–20% of nosocomial infections. The ability of biofilm formation in this bacterium decreases the host immune response and antibiotic efficacy. This may impose a huge impact on patients and healthcare settings. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from two major Hamadan hospitals, west of Iran. Methods. A total of 83 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical samples of patients in different wards of Hamadan hospitals from September 2018 to March 2019. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the crystal violet method. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software and chi-square test. Results. The results showed that clinical samples included 18 urinary tract samples (22%), 6 wound samples (7%), 6 blood samples (7%), 17 tracheal tube aspiration samples (20%), 32 throat cultures (38%), 2 sputum samples (2.5%), and 2 abscess drain cultures (2.5%). High-level resistance to cefotaxime was detected in 92%, and all of isolates were susceptible to colistin. Biofilm formation was seen in 62 (75%) isolates. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 17 (20%) strains. A significant correlation was seen between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance ( P value <0.05). Conclusion. Our findings emphasize the need for proper diagnosis, control, and treatment of infections caused by K. pneumoniae especially in respiratory tract infections due to the strong biofilm formation and high antibiotic resistance in these strains.

scholarly journals Colistin and Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Aci46 in Thailand: Genome Analysis and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1054
Author(s):  
Nalumon Thadtapong ◽  
Soraya Chaturongakul ◽  
Sunhapas Soodvilai ◽  
Padungsri Dubbs
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Resistance to the last-line antibiotics against invasive Gram-negative bacterial infection is a rising concern in public health. Multidrug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii Aci46 can resist colistin and carbapenems with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 512 µg/mL as determined by microdilution method and shows no zone of inhibition by disk diffusion method. These phenotypic characteristics prompted us to further investigate the genotypic characteristics of Aci46. Next generation sequencing was applied in this study to obtain whole genome data. We determined that Aci46 belongs to Pasture ST2 and is phylogenetically clustered with international clone (IC) II as the predominant strain in Thailand. Interestingly, Aci46 is identical to Oxford ST1962 that previously has never been isolated in Thailand. Two plasmids were identified (pAci46a and pAci46b), neither of which harbors any antibiotic resistance genes but pAci46a carries a conjugational system (type 4 secretion system or T4SS). Comparative genomics with other polymyxin and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains (AC30 and R14) identified shared features such as CzcCBA, encoding a cobalt/zinc/cadmium efflux RND transporter, as well as a drug transporter with a possible role in colistin and/or carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses against MDR ACICU strain showed three novel mutations i.e., Glu229Asp, Pro200Leu, and Ala138Thr, in the polymyxin resistance component, PmrB. Overall, this study focused on Aci46 whole genome data analysis, its correlation with antibiotic resistance phenotypes, and the presence of potential virulence associated factors.

scholarly journals Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic-Resistant Pattern of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated From Dairy Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shafiei Seifabadi ◽  
Majid Baserisalehi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Susceptibility Assay

Background: Microorganisms have potent activity for transferring antibiotic-resistant genes with either chromosomally- or plasmid-mediated characteristics. The purpose of this study was to isolate Lactobacillus from different commercial products and evaluate their potential in antibiotic-resistant development. Chromosomally-or plasmid-mediated resistant genes were investigated as well. Methods: In total, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from 20 commercial dairy product samples such as cheese and yoghurt. The isolates were phenotypic and molecularly identified and their antibiotic-resistant properties were assessed by the disk-diffusion method. Finally, the plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistant characters of the isolates were evaluated by plasmid curing via evaluated temperatures and acridine orange methods. Results: Five strains Lactobacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. fermentum were isolated different products. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility assay indicated that all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and imipenem and resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Furthermore, different responses were observed among the isolates against streptomycin and gentamicin. The evaluation of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in the isolates revealed that streptomycin and gentamicin-resistant characters were of plasmid-mediated type in L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum strains. Conclusions: In general, our finding demonstrated that some commercial Lactobacillus strains harboured antibiotic-resistant genes. These genes can be located either in chromosome or plasmid group. Hence, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria might be increased after consuming some dairy products because of the horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes among the bacteria.

scholarly journals Determination rates of antibiotic resistance, inducible beta-lactamase, and metallo beta-lactamase ratios in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a university hospital in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Ali Ozturk ◽  
Hadice Ozcinar ◽  
Bashar Mohammed Salih Ibrahim ◽  
Mehmet Bayraktar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Induction Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance, inducible beta-lactamase (IBL), and Metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) rates in P. aeruginosa isolates. Material and Methods: In our study, 100 P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from various clinical samples were used. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Carbapenem resistance to imipenem and meropenem was verified by the E test. The disk induction method was used to determine the IBL production while the Modified Hodge test, MBL E test, and combined imipenem/ EDTA disk were used to determine the production of MBL. Results: According to the results of antibiotic susceptibility tests, 58% of P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to all antipseudomonal drugs, while resistance rates to other drugs were as follows; ceftazidime 7%, cefoperazone sulbactam 8%, cefepime 13%, piperacillin 14%, piperacillin-tazobactam 12%, imipenem 9%, meropenem 11%, aztreonam 8%, amikacin 8%, gentamicin 13%, tobramycin 12%, netilmicin 19%, There was a 10% resistance to ciprofloxacin. 8% of the isolates were resistant to at least three drugs, of which two isolates were positive for MBL enzyme production. IBL production was detected in 86% of the isolates with the disk induction method. Conclusion: The results we obtained in our study are consistent with other researchers globally and in Turkey. It was concluded that there is a need for well-standardized phenotypic tests with defined evaluation criteria and further studies to verify these tests genotypically.

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