scholarly journals Non-linear link between temperature difference and COVID-19: Excluding the effect of population density

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Yongmei Ding ◽  
Liyuan Gao ◽  
Ning-Yi Shao
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Meteorological Condition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Piecewise Function ◽  
Interval Effect ◽  
Nonlinear Feature

Introduction: The spatiotemporal patterns of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is detected in the United States, which shows temperature difference (TD) with cumulative hysteresis effect significantly changes the daily new confirmed cases after eliminating the interference of population density. Methodology: The nonlinear feature of updated cases is captured through Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) with threshold points; Exposure-response curve suggests that daily confirmed cases is changed at the different stages of TD according to the threshold points of piecewise function, which traces out the rule of updated cases under different meteorological condition. Results: Our results show that the confirmed cases decreased by 0.390% (95% CI: -0.478 ~ -0.302) for increasing each one degree of TD if TD is less than 11.5°C; It will increase by 0.302% (95% CI: 0.215 ~ 0.388) for every 1°C increase in the TD (lag0-4) at the interval [11.5, 16]; Meanwhile the number of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases will increase by 0.321% (95% CI: 0.142 ~ 0.499) for every 1°C increase in the TD (lag0-4) when the TD (lag0-4) is over 16°C, and the most fluctuation occurred on Sunday. The results of the sensitivity analysis confirmed our model robust. Conclusions: In US, this interval effect of TD reminds us that it is urgent to control the spread and infection of COVID-19 when TD becomes greater in autumn and the ongoing winter.

scholarly journals Behavior of a Wild-Type and Two Mutant Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene on Northern Jointvetch in the Field

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Luo ◽  
D. O. TeBeest
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains

The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene causes an anthracnose on Aeschynomene virginica and has been used as a biological control agent to control this weed in the United States. The population dynamics of a wild-type strain (3-1-3) and two mutant strains of 3-1-3 of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a benomyl-resistant strain (B21) and nitrate-nonutilizing strain (Nit A), were studied in field tests on northern jointvetch in 1994 and 1995 to determine how the strains interacted on infected plants under field conditions. Plants were co-inoculated with strains 3-1-3 and B21, strains 3-1-3 and Nit A, and strains 3-1-3, B21, and Nit A at equal and unequal initial proportions. Plants were grown and maintained under flooded conditions in small wading pools. In co-inoculation of plants with 3-1-3 and B21 from equal initial proportions, the population of 3-1-3 increased slightly until it reached a proportion of 60 to 70%, whereas the population density of B21 reached 30 to 40% at the end of growing season. From unequal initial proportions, the population density of B21 decreased from 90 to about 50%, whereas the 3-1-3 increased from 10 to 50%. The population density of 3-1-3 increased from an equal initial proportion and was significantly greater than that of Nit A on every sampling time. From unequal initial proportions, the population density of 3-1-3 increased from 10 to 90%, whereas that of Nit A declined. In co-inoculation of plants with the three strains, the population density of 3-1-3 was significantly greater than those of the mutant strains at every sampling time. The proportions of mutant strains within the total population of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene on plants varied according to the test conditions and the number and types of strains co-inoculated.

scholarly journals Does Classroom Separation Affect Twins' Reading Ability in the Early Years of School?

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Coventry ◽  
Brian Byrne ◽  
Marreta Coleman ◽  
Richard K. Olson ◽  
Robin Corley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Disruptive Behavior ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
School Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Twin Children

AbstractIn this article we report on reading ability of twin children in kindergarten to Grade 2 as a function of whether members of the pairs are assigned to the same or different classrooms. All analyses were run using mixed model regressions to account for the interdependence between twin pairs. The samples, total N = 1505, are from Australia and the United States. We found a close-to-significant difference in favor of same-class children in kindergarten and Grade 1. However, when results were adjusted to take account of pre-existing differences in disruptive behavior and in preliteracy ability, the class assignment effects disappeared. We suggest that these pre-existing differences, particularly disruptive behavior, are influencing decisions about whether to separate twins or not and also affecting early reading performance, a conclusion supported by significant correlations between the behavioral measures, preliteracy, and school-based reading. We conclude that, on average, early literacy in twins is not directly affected by their assignment to the same or different classrooms.

scholarly journals Meteorological Conditions Associated with Increased Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2004–2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah B. Hahn ◽  
Roger S. Nasci ◽  
Mark J. Delorey ◽  
Rebecca J. Eisen ◽  
Andrew J. Monaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Explaining the trends and variability in the United States tornado records using climate teleconnections and shifts in observational practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloufar Nouri ◽  
Naresh Devineni ◽  
Valerie Were ◽  
Reza Khanbilvardi
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Cyclical Variability ◽  
Long Term Trend

AbstractThe annual frequency of tornadoes during 1950–2018 across the major tornado-impacted states were examined and modeled using anthropogenic and large-scale climate covariates in a hierarchical Bayesian inference framework. Anthropogenic factors include increases in population density and better detection systems since the mid-1990s. Large-scale climate variables include El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). The model provides a robust way of estimating the response coefficients by considering pooling of information across groups of states that belong to Tornado Alley, Dixie Alley, and Other States, thereby reducing their uncertainty. The influence of the anthropogenic factors and the large-scale climate variables are modeled in a nested framework to unravel secular trend from cyclical variability. Population density explains the long-term trend in Dixie Alley. The step-increase induced due to the installation of the Doppler Radar systems explains the long-term trend in Tornado Alley. NAO and the interplay between NAO and ENSO explained the interannual to multi-decadal variability in Tornado Alley. PDO and AMO are also contributing to this multi-time scale variability. SOI and AO explain the cyclical variability in Dixie Alley. This improved understanding of the variability and trends in tornadoes should be of immense value to public planners, businesses, and insurance-based risk management agencies.

scholarly journals Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niayesh Afshordi ◽  
Benjamin Holder ◽  
Mohammad Bahrami ◽  
Daniel Lichtblau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e., “herd immunity”), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard.

scholarly journals Ebola virus disease: Case management in the Institute of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Sassari, Sardinia, Italy

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 537-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Bertoli ◽  
Marco Mannazzu ◽  
Giordano Madeddu ◽  
Riccardo Are ◽  
Alberto Muredda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Medical Division ◽  
Disease Case

Since the onset of the worst epidemic of Ebola virus disease in December 2013, 28,637 cases were reported as confirmed, probable, or suspected. Since the week of 3 January 2016, no more cases have been reported. The total number of deaths have amounted to 11,315 (39.5%). In developed countries, seven cases have been diagnosed: four in the United States, one in Spain, one in the United Kingdom, and one in Italy. On 20 July 2015, Italy was declared Ebola-free. On 9 May 2015, an Italian health worker came back to Italy after a long stay in Sierra Leone working for a non-governmental organization. Forty-eight hours after his arrival, he noticed headache, weakness, muscle pains, and slight fever. The following day, he was safely transported to the Infectious Diseases Unit of University Hospital of Sassari. The patient was hospitalized for 19 hours until an Italian Air Force medical division transferred him to Rome, to the Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute. Nineteen people who had contacts with the patient were monitored daily for 21 days by the Public Health Office of Sassari and none presented any symptoms. So far, neither vaccine nor treatment is available to be proposed on an international scale. Ebola is considered a re-emerging infectious disease which, unlike in the past, has been a worldwide emergency. This case study aimed to establish a discussion about the operative and logistic difficulties to be faced and about the discrepancy arising when protocols clash with the reality of facts.

scholarly journals Disparities in ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment by Race/Ethnicity in Youth Receiving Kentucky Medicaid in 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Deborah Winders Davis ◽  
Kahir Jawad ◽  
Yana Feygin ◽  
Liza Creel ◽  
Maiying Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Stimulant Use ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
To Receive

Background: Kentucky has among the highest rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and stimulant use in the United States. Little is known about this use by race/ethnicity and geography. This article describes patterns of diagnosis of ADHD and receipt of stimulants and psychosocial interventions for children aged 6-17 years receiving Kentucky Medicaid in 2017 and identifies factors associated with diagnosis and treatment.Methods: Using Medicaid claims, children with and without ADHD (ICD-10 codes F90.0, F90.1, F90.2, F90.8, and F90.9) were compared and predictors of diag­nosis and treatment type were examined. Psychosocial interventions were defined as having at least one relevant CPT code. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were used for univariate and multivariable analysis, respectively.Results: The rates of ADHD, stimulant use, and psychosocial interventions in our study population exceeded the national aver­age (14% vs 9%; 75% vs 65.5%; and 51% vs 46.5%, respectively). The distributions varied by sex, race/ethnicity, sex among race/ethnicities, and population density. In general, race/ethnicity predicted ADHD diagnosis, stimulant use, and receipt of psy­chosocial interventions with non-Hispanic White children being more likely to receive diagnosis and medication, but less likely to receive psychosocial therapy than other children. Differences were also shown for rural compared with urban residence, sex, and sex within racial/ethnic groups.Conclusions: Diagnosis and treatment modalities differed for children by race/ ethnicity, population density, and sex. More data are needed to better understand whether differences are due to provider bias, child characteristics, or cultural varia­tions impacting the utilization of different treatment options.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(1):67- 76; doi:10.18865/ed.31.1.67

scholarly journals SARS-COV-2 Vaccines: What Indicators are Associated with the Worldwide Distribution of the First Doses

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802110601
Author(s):  
Marcos Felipe Falcão Sobral ◽  
Brigitte Renata Bezerra de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Iza Gomes da Penha Sobral ◽  
Marcelo Luiz Monteiro Marinho ◽  
Gisleia Benini Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Per Capita

The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with the distribution of the first doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. In this study, we used 9 variables: human development index (HDI), gross domestic product (GDP per capita), Gini index, population density, extreme poverty, life expectancy, COVID cases, COVID deaths, and reproduction rate. The time period was until February 1, 2021. The variable of interest was the sum of the days after the vaccine arrived in the countries. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated, and t-test was performed between the groups that received and did not receive the immunizer, and finally, a stepwise linear regression model was used. 58 (30.4%) of the 191 countries received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The countries that received the most doses were the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Vaccine access in days showed a positive Pearson correlation HDI, GDP, life expectancy, COVID-19 cases, deaths, and reproduction rate. Human development level, COVID-19 deaths, GDP per capita, and population density are able to explain almost 50% of the speed of access to immunizers. Countries with higher HDI and per capita income obtained priority access.

scholarly journals High risk of relapsed disease in patients with NK/T cell chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease outside of Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blachy J Dávila Saldaña ◽  
Tami D John ◽  
Challice L Bonifant ◽  
David Buchbinder ◽  
Sharat Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Curative Therapy ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Relapsed Disease

Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) disease (CAEBV) is characterized by high levels of EBV predominantly in T and/or NK cells with lymphoproliferation, organ failure due to infiltration of tissues with virus-infected cells, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and/or lymphoma. The disease is more common in Asia than in the United States and Europe. While allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered the only curative therapy for CAEBV, its efficacy and the best treatment modality to reduce disease severity prior to HSCT is unknown. Here, we retrospectively assessed an international cohort of 57 patients outside of Asia. Treatment for the disease varied widely, although most patients ultimately proceeded to HSCT. Though patients undergoing HSCT had better survival than those who did not (55% v 25%, p<0.01), there was still a high rate of death in both groups. Mortality was largely not affected by age, ethnicity, cell type involvement, or disease complications, but development of lymphoma showed a trend with increased mortality (56% v 35%, p=0.1). The overwhelming majority (75%) of patients who died after HSCT succumbed to relapsed disease. CAEBV remains challenging to treat when advanced disease is present. Outcomes would likely improve with better disease control strategies, earlier referral for HSCT, and close follow-up after HSCT including aggressive management of rising EBV DNA levels in the blood.

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