scholarly journals Light Environment Effect in the Sperm and Ribonucleic Acid Quality and Body Weight of Male Mus musculus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 644-650
Author(s):  
Evi Hanizar ◽  
Yung-Sen Huang ◽  
Tri Agus Siswoyo ◽  
Mohamad Syaifudin Aswan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Investigation Period

BACKGROUND: The mice are categorized as the nocturnal animal meaning that most of the activity conducted in dark environment. However, the treatment of mice as the object studied in the laboratory often experiences the lack attention especially the treat to light exposure to mice during the investigation period which potentially affect the result. AIM: The present study aims to investigate the effect of light environment in the sperm quality, RNA quality, and body weight of male Mus musculus. METHODS: We compared in the mice the desired parameter onto the sample of 16 mice which kept in light and dark cages for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the number of sperm, concentration, and purity of RNA between the mice exposed in dark and light environment. The average number of sperm from the ones kept in the dark was found twice as much as those in the light condition. The average RNA concentration in the dark was higher than in the light place but the RNA purity in the dark was lower than the light place. However, the motility and morphology of sperm was not showing any significancy different in both conditions. CONCLUSION: The result proved that the natural light of cages for treating the mice in the laboratory influences the amount of sperm and the quality RNA. Therefore, the control of the light room in the experimental laboratory needs to be considered, especially during the further experiment which related to the quality of sperm, RNA, and body weight of mice.

scholarly journals Kebar grass (Biophytum petersianum K.) The effect inmaintaining mice (Mus musculus) sperm quality exposed to dioxin

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4977-4981
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faiz Labib ◽  
Widjiati ◽  
Tatik Hernawati ◽  
Epy Muhammad Luqman ◽  
Rochmah Kurnijasanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Tetrachlorodibenzo P Dioxin

Kebar grass contains active antioxidants and potential vitamins to neutralize TCDD toxicity. Prove that Kebar grass extract in various dosage can maintain viability, motility, and sperm concentration of male mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. This study was an experimental laboratory study with five groups consists of Negative Control (C-), Positive Control (K +) with TCDD exposure of 0.7μg/Kg BW IP single dose. The treatment group was given oral Kebar grass extract for 53 days treatment 1 (T1) with a dose of 0.045 mg / g BB, Treatment 2 (T2) with a dose of 0.08 mg/g/BW, and Treatment 3 (T3) with a dose of 0.135 mg/g/BW. The data of motility, viability, and concentration of spermatozoa obtained were analyzed using One Way Anova test and Duncan Multiple Range Test. Administration of Kebar Grass Extract at a dosage of 0.135 mg/g/BW showed a significant difference between the control group and the treatment group (p<0.05). Exposure to TCDD in C+ decreased motility (13 ± 6.70%), viability (28 ± 19.35%), and concentration (0.87 ± 0.64 cells / mm3) of sperm significantly compared to C-. The administration of Kebar grass extract can maintain motility (74 ± 5.47%), viability (76 ± 2.72%), and concentration (2.50 ± 0.69 cells/mm3) spermatozoa in the T3 group with a dose of 0.135mg/g/BW. Kebar grass extract is effective for maintaining the quality of mice sperm from damage due to exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

The effects of chronic administration of ghrelin on rat sperm quality and membrane integrity

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Kheradmand ◽  
Majid Taati ◽  
Homayoon Babaei
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Membrane Integrity ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractAlthough ghrelin acts as a modulator of feeding behavior and energy metabolism in the central nervous system, recent studies have implicated the peripheral actions of ghrelin in reproductive tissues. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic administration of ghrelin on the motility, plasma membrane integrity and concentration of rat spermatozoa. 45-d male Wistar rats were scheduled for the study and were divided into control and treatment groups. In the treatment group, 1 nmol of ghrelin was administered as sc injection for 10 consecutive days or vehicle (physiological saline) to the control rats. Sperm collection was achieved by killing of the rats on days 15, 25 and 50 after first injection. Total sperm motility and forward progressive movement did not exhibit significant difference during the experiment, although, there was a tendency for greater motion rate on d 15 and 25 in the treated rats compared to the control group. Plasma membrane integrity (HOS-reacted spermatozoa) was significantly higher in the treated animals, especially on day 15 as well as day 25, because of possible antioxidant properties of ghrelin. This value was statistically higher on day 15 than that of day 25 (P <0.05). Likewise, there was a significant correlation between the FPM (P <0.0001, r = 0.79) and TSM (P <0.01, r = 0.52) with the HOS test percentage in the treatment group. It was not observed statistically difference in the sperm concentration between groups during all of the experimental days. In conclusion, chronic administration of ghrelin (similar to induced by energy deficiency such as fasting) increased the integrity of sperm membrane, however, the sperm motility and concentration did not display any alterations.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kontrasepsi Suntik DMPA Terhadap Kenaikan Berat Badan Tikus Betina Galur Wistar

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Retna Prihati
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Rat Strain

Abstract: DMPA Injectable Contraception, Body Weight. The purpose of this study to determine the effect of contraception DMPA injection to BB in female blood wistar strain female. The benefits of this study are expected to increase public knowledge about injectable contraception especially related to the side effects of weight gain. This type of research is an experimental laboratory. Research design Randomized pre-post test group with control, the sample size of 10 adult female mice Wistar strain divided into 2 groups. Data were analyzed by independent T test. Significant value of p <0.05. The result of this research is there is significant difference between control group and DMPA contraception treatment group (p = 0,008). In conclusion contraceptive DMPA affects body weight wistar female rat strain.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PAPARAN ASAP ROKOK KRETEK TERHADAP KUALITAS SPERMATOZOA MENCIT JANTAN (MUS MUSCULUS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Immanuel Van Donn Batubara ◽  
Benny Wantouw ◽  
Lydia Tendean
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

Abstrak: Asap rokok mengandung tiga komponen toksik utama, yaitu karbonmonoksida, nikotin, dan tar yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada spermatogenesis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh paparan asap rokok kretek terhadap kualitas spermatozoa mencit. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 25 ekor mencit jantan (Mus musculus) yang dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok: kelompok P0 tidak diberikan paparan asap rokok, kelompok P1 diberikan paparan asap rokok kretek 1 batang, kelompok P2 diberikan paparan asap rokok kretek 2 batang, kelompok P3 diberikan paparan asap rokok kretek 3 batang, kelompok P4 diberikan paparan asap rokok kretek 4 batang. Perlakuan diberikan selama 30 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada konsentrasi dan motilitas spermatozoa kelompok yang mendapatkan paparan asap rokok kretek (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Morfologi spermatozoa kelompok P2,P3,P4 didapati hasil yang berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0,05) tetapi kelompok P1 hasilnya berbeda tak signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol. Paparan asap rokok kretek memberikan pengaruh negatif terhadap kualitas spermatozoa yang disebabkan oleh adanya radikal bebas yang dihasilkan oleh asap rokok. Kata Kunci: asap rokok, kualitas spermatozoa.     Abstract: Cigarette smoke contains three main toxic components, namely carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar that can cause disturbances in spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate and observe the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on the quality of spermatozoa of mice. The study was a completely randomized experimental design. The research subject as many as 25 male mice who were randomly divided into 5 groups: group P0 not given exposure, the P1 is given exposure to smoke from 1 bar of cigarette, the P2 is given exposure to smoke from 2 bars of cigarette, the P3 is given exposure to smoke from 3 bars of cigarette and finally the P4 is given exposure to smoke from 4 bars of cigarette. The treatment is given for 30 days. At the end of experiment, results showed a significant difference in the concentration and motility of spermatozoa between the groups exposed to cigarette smoke (p<0,05) compared with the control group. The morphology of spermatozoa group P2,P3,P4, was found substantially different with the control group (p<0,05) but group P1 did not have significant difference in results with the control group. The exposure to cigarette smoke negatively affects sperm quality caused by the free radicals generated by the smoke. Key Word: cigarette smoke, sperm quality.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) Pada Pemulihan Kualitas Sperma Mencit (Mus musculus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Erna Yunita Sari ◽  
Bhakti Karyadi ◽  
Aceng Ruyani ◽  
Choirul Muslim
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Real Difference ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

ABSTRACT[Effect of Kijing Extract (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) on the Recovery of Sperm Quality in Mice (Mus musculus)]. This study aims to determine the effect of Pilsbryoconcha exilis extract on the quality of M. muscullus sperm. The approach used for the study was experiment with a complete randomized design model. In this study, 4 treatments and 5 replications were conducted, including treatment 1 which only administered aquades as control (P0), treatment 2 which only given paracetamol dose 250 mg / kg (P1), and treatment 3 given paracetamol dose 250 mg / kg and P. exilis extract dose 0,46 mg / g (P2) and treatment 4 given paracetamol 250 mg / kg and extract P. exilis 0,69 mg / g (P3). Technique of data analysis using qualitative descriptive and statistical test of One Way Annova parametry, and if obtained significant difference then continued statistic test of Smallest Real Difference. From the results of the study, it was found that P. exilis and paracetamol extract had no effect on sperm quality. Keywords: Sperm; M. muscullus; extract P. exilis; paracetamol.(Received August 14 , 2018; Accepted January 20, 2019; Published February 26, 2019) ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Pilsbryoconcha exilis terhadap kualitas sperma M. muscullus yang diberi parasetamol. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk penelitian adalah eksperimen dengan model rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Pada penelitian ini menggunakan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan meliputi perlakuan 1 yang hanya diberikan aquades merupakan kontrol (P0), perlakuan 2 yang hanya diberikan parasetamol dosis 250 mg/kg bb (P1), dan perlakuan 3 yang diberikan parasetamol dosis 250 mg/kg bb dan ekstrak P. exilis dosisi 0,46 mg/g bb (P2) dan perlakuan 4 yang diberikan parasetamol 250 mg/kg bb dan ekstrak P. exilis 0,69 mg/g bb (P3). Teknik analisa data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dan uji statistik parametri One Way Annova, dan jika didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna maka dilanjutkan uji statistic Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT). Dari hasil penelitian diketahui pemberian ekstrak P. exilis dan parasetamol berepengaruh tapi tidak signifikan terhadap kualitas sperma. Kata Kunci: Sperma; M. muscullus; ekstrak P. exilis; parasetamol.

scholarly journals EFEK PEMBERIAN L-ARGININ TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI JUMLAH SPERMATOSIT PRIMER PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus) SETELAH TERPAPAR SUHU PANAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Dirga Januar Surya Utama ◽  
Suherni Susilowati ◽  
Tatik Hernawati ◽  
Erma Safitri ◽  
Sri Mulyati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Primary Spermatocyte ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of L-arginine on the histology of primary spermatocyte count in mice (Mus musculus) after high temperature exposed. The subjects of this study were 20 adult male mice, 8 weeks old with an body weight range from 20-40 grams. This research conducted by using Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of, P0- = treatment with 1ml of aquabidest without high temperature exposed, P0 + = treatment with 1ml of aquabidest after high temperature exposed for 1hour per-day for 35 days, P1 = 1.3mg / day L-arginine dissolved in 1ml aquabidest and given orally after high temperature exposed for 1hour per-day for 35 days and P2 = 2.6mg / day L-arginine dissolved in 1ml aquabidest given orally after high temperature exposed for 1hour per-day for 35 days. Observations done by making histologic preparations of testicular organs and then calculated the total number of primary spermatocyte per treatment. The data of primary spermatocyte calculated and analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan test. The result from data analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between P1 and P2 with control,between P1 and P2 the analysis did not show any significant  difference (p> 0.05).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) Pada Pemulihan Kualitas Sperma Mencit (Mus musculus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Erna Yunita Sari ◽  
Bhakti Karyadi ◽  
Aceng Ruyani ◽  
Choirul Muslim
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Real Difference ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

ABSTRACT[Effect of Kijing Extract (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) on the Recovery of Sperm Quality in Mice (Mus musculus)]. This study aims to determine the effect of Pilsbryoconcha exilis extract on the quality of M. muscullus sperm. The approach used for the study was experiment with a complete randomized design model. In this study, 4 treatments and 5 replications were conducted, including treatment 1 which only administered aquades as control (P0), treatment 2 which only given paracetamol dose 250 mg / kg (P1), and treatment 3 given paracetamol dose 250 mg / kg and P. exilis extract dose 0,46 mg / g (P2) and treatment 4 given paracetamol 250 mg / kg and extract P. exilis 0,69 mg / g (P3). Technique of data analysis using qualitative descriptive and statistical test of One Way Annova parametry, and if obtained significant difference then continued statistic test of Smallest Real Difference. From the results of the study, it was found that P. exilis and paracetamol extract had no effect on sperm quality. Keywords: Sperm; M. muscullus; extract P. exilis; paracetamol.(Received August 14 , 2018; Accepted January 20, 2019; Published February 26, 2019) ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Pilsbryoconcha exilis terhadap kualitas sperma M. muscullus yang diberi parasetamol. Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk penelitian adalah eksperimen dengan model rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Pada penelitian ini menggunakan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan meliputi perlakuan 1 yang hanya diberikan aquades merupakan kontrol (P0), perlakuan 2 yang hanya diberikan parasetamol dosis 250 mg/kg bb (P1), dan perlakuan 3 yang diberikan parasetamol dosis 250 mg/kg bb dan ekstrak P. exilis dosisi 0,46 mg/g bb (P2) dan perlakuan 4 yang diberikan parasetamol 250 mg/kg bb dan ekstrak P. exilis 0,69 mg/g bb (P3). Teknik analisa data menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dan uji statistik parametri One Way Annova, dan jika didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna maka dilanjutkan uji statistic Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT). Dari hasil penelitian diketahui pemberian ekstrak P. exilis dan parasetamol berepengaruh tapi tidak signifikan terhadap kualitas sperma. Kata Kunci: Sperma; M. muscullus; ekstrak P. exilis; parasetamol.

scholarly journals Changes in boar semen with a high and low level of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Čeřovský ◽  
S. Frydrychová ◽  
A. Lustyková ◽  
M. Rozkot
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Group B ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the paper was to find out the level of changes in the sperm quality in two groups of boars in the insemination (A and B) with diametrically different contents of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (AS) with an interval of 25 weeks between semen collection I and collection II. In the group A there were 22 boars with the AS content up to 10%, in the group B 16 of boars with the AS content above 40% in collection I. Both groups were comparable concerning the parameters of the performance test results and in quantitative parameters of the semen from collection I. They differed significantly in the AS content (P &lt; 0.01) and in the age (P &lt; 0.05). In collection II in both groups the semen volume increased significantly (A &ndash; P &lt; 0.01; B &ndash; P &lt; 0.05), in the group A the number of spermatozoa per ejaculate and per day also increased (P &lt; 0.01). In the group B there was an insignificant clear decrease in the sperm concentration (P &gt; 0.05). In comparison with the group B the group A can be characterized as a group with significantly higher dynamics in the sperm production per ejaculate. An opposite trend was noted in the total AS content. In the group A there was a significant increase (P &lt; 0.001) and in the group B a significant decrease (P &lt; 0.001) in collection II. In the group A there was a deterioration of the AS content in 7 boars (31.8%), in the group B an improvement in 7 boars (43.7%). Particular monitored AS forms are given. A significant difference in the total AS content between both groups was in favour of the group A (P&lt; 0.001). While no boars from the group A exceeded the limit in the AS content for the applicability of semen for insemination (in theCzech &nbsp; Republic25%), in the group B they remained above this limit without applicability possibility. The detected variations and prevailing stability in the AS occurrence in boars kept in the same conditions lead us to a consideration of hereditary characteristics of the spermatogenesis factor, of considerable persistence of the level of monitored characteristics and to a consideration of applicability of the phenotype AS presentation to selection of boars for artificial insemination. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Comparison of seminal characteristics of Aberdeen Angus, Holstein and Nelore bulls before and after cryopreservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. e408101623382
Author(s):  
Diego André Costa Saranholi ◽  
Rafael Rocha de Paula ◽  
Edmilson Pytilak ◽  
Fabíola Afonso ◽  
Luis Felipe Canela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Holstein Bulls ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fresh Semen

The aim of this study was to evaluate parameters indicative of sperm quality of fresh and post-thawed semen of Aberdeen Angus, Holstein and Nelore bulls. Thirty-nine bulls were used: Aberdeen Angus (n=13), Holstein (n=13) and Nelore (n=13). The ejaculate collects were performed twice a week using artificial vagina, totaling 792 semen collections, 307 for Aberdeen Angus, 225 for Holstein and 260 for Nelore bulls. After collection, fresh semen was evaluated and semen freezing was performed. After freezing, the batches were thawed and progressive motility was determined. The analysis of fresh semen showed that there was no difference (P = 0.053) between the Aberdeen Angus and Nelore breeds, while ejaculates from Holstein bulls showed a statistical difference (P = 0.024). As well, a difference (P<0.001) was identified in the sperm concentration of the three breeds. In the samples evaluated after thawing, a statistical difference was observed between Holstein and Nelore breeds (P<0.001), while the values of the Angus breed were similar to the other two breeds. The difference in motility of fresh and post-thawing semen showed that Nelore and Angus bulls showed greater variation in values between the analyzes (26.0±8.9% and 25.3±8.4%, respectively) showing a significant difference (P<0.001) in relation to Holstein bulls (20.6±9.3%) that obtained the smallest difference. The analysis of fresh and post-thawing semen did not show any significant difference (P=0.13) between breeds. In conclusion, the semen cryopreservation process causes a decrease in the physical parameters of the semen and these quality losses suffer interference according to the breeds.

scholarly journals Sexually transmitted infections and semen quality from subfertile men with and without leukocytospermia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Bai ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Yangyang Wan ◽  
Tonghang Guo ◽  
Qi Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background The role of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in semen parameters and male infertility is still a controversial area. Previous studies have found bacterial infection in a minority of infertile leukocytospermic males. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of STIs in semen from subfertile men with leukocytospermia (LCS) and without leukocytospermia (non-LCS) and their associations with sperm quality. Methods Semen samples were collected from 195 men who asked for a fertility evaluation. Infection with the above 6 pathogens was assessed in each sample. Sperm quality was compared in subfertile men with and without LCS. Results The LCS group had significantly decreased semen volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility and normal morphology. The infection rates of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uuu), Ureaplasma parvum (Uup), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) were 8.7 %, 21.0 %, 8.2 %, 2.1 %, 3.6 %, 1.0 and 0 %, respectively. The STI detection rates of patients with LCS were higher than those of the non-LCS group (52.3 % vs. 39.3 %), although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.07). All semen parameters were not significantly different between LCS with STIs and without STIs, except the semen volume in the MG-infected patients with LCS was significantly lower than that in the noninfected group. Conclusions LCS was associated with a reduction in semen quality, but was not associated with STIs.

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