The composition and metabolism of faecal microbiota is specifically modulated by different dietary polysaccharides and mucin: an isothermal microcalorimetry study

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Adamberg ◽  
K. Kolk ◽  
M. Jaagura ◽  
R. Vilu ◽  
S. Adamberg
Keyword(s):  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Isothermal Microcalorimetry ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Dietary Fibres ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Impact

The metabolic activity of colon microbiota is specifically affected by fibres with various monomer compositions, degree of polymerisation and branching. The supply of a variety of dietary fibres assures the diversity of gut microbial communities considered important for the well-being of the host. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of different oligo- and polysaccharides (galacto- and fructooligosaccharides, resistant starch, levan, inulin, arabinogalactan, xylan, pectin and chitin), and a glycoprotein mucin on the growth and metabolism of faecal microbiota in vitro by using isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC). Faecal samples from healthy donors were incubated in a phosphate-buffered defined medium with or without supplementation of a single substrate. The generation of heat was followed on-line, microbiota composition (V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA using Illumina MiSeq v2) and concentrations of metabolites (HPLC) were determined at the end of growth. The multiauxic power-time curves obtained were substrate-specific. More than 70% of all substrates except chitin were fermented by faecal microbiota with total heat generation of up to 8 J/ml. The final metabolite patterns were in accordance with the microbiota changes. For arabinogalactan, xylan and levan, the fibre-affected distribution of bacterial taxa showed clear similarities (e.g. increase of Bacteroides ovatus and decrease of Bifidobacterium adolescentis). The formation of propionic acid, an important colon metabolite, was enhanced by arabinogalactan, xylan and mucin but not by galacto- and fructooligosaccharides or inulin. Mucin fermentation resulted in acetate, propionate and butyrate production in ratios previously observed for faecal samples, indicating that mucins may serve as major substrates for colon microbial population. IMC combined with analytical methods was shown to be an effective method for screening the impact of specific dietary fibres on functional changes in faecal microbiota.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of the impact of human background microbiota on the response to Bifidobacterium strains and fructo-oligosaccharides

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2030-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Arboleya ◽  
Nuria Salazar ◽  
Gonzalo Solís ◽  
Nuria Fernández ◽  
Miguel Gueimonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
The Impact

The microbial colonisation of the infant gut begins immediately after birth and is essential for the development of the intestine, the immune system and later well-being. Important differences have been reported in the characteristics of such microbiota in different infant population groups. In the present study, we employed an in vitro faecal batch culture model using faeces from different human population groups (adults and full-term breast-fed, full-term formula-fed and preterm infants) to determine the influence that the addition of four bifidobacterial strains and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) exerts on the profile of SCFA measured by GC as well as on the levels of some relevant intestinal microbial groups by quantitative PCR during incubation. Differences were found in the levels of SCFA and intestinal microbial groups in the faecal cultures depending on the human group origin of the faecal samples (P< 0·05), this being a predominant factor, compared with bifidobacteria or FOS added, in determining microbiota dynamics. These results exhibit the importance of the initial characteristics of the basal intestinal microbiota in the effect exerted by bifidobacteria or FOS that are added and highlight the need to design probiotics targeting specific human population groups.

scholarly journals Comparative proteomic profiling of newly acquired, virulent and attenuated Neoparamoeba perurans proteins associated with amoebic gill disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh ◽  
Eugene Dillon ◽  
Natasha Botwright ◽  
Anita Talbot ◽  
Ian O’Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Proteomic Profiling ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Proteome Database ◽  
Gill Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Vitro Maintenance

AbstractThe causative agent of amoebic gill disease, Neoparamoeba perurans is reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from three isolates: a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture. Proteins were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The challenge trial using naïve smolts confirmed a loss in virulence in the attenuated N. perurans culture. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate in contrast to a reduction in microbial community richness in the attenuated microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins differentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC–MS/MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and immunomodulation are upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifications for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fish.

scholarly journals A randomised crossover study investigating the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on the faecal microbiota in men and women over 50 years of age

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (10) ◽  
pp. 1466-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma E. Walton ◽  
Ellen G. H. M. van den Heuvel ◽  
Marit H. W. Kosters ◽  
Robert A. Rastall ◽  
Kieran M. Tuohy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Butyrate Production

Faecal microbial changes associated with ageing include reduced bifidobacteria numbers. These changes coincide with an increased risk of disease development. Prebiotics have been observed to increase bifidobacteria numbers within humans. The present study aimed to determine if prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) could benefit a population of men and women of 50 years and above, through modulation of faecal microbiota, fermentation characteristics and faecal water genotoxicity. A total of thirty-seven volunteers completed this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. The treatments – juice containing 4 g GOS and placebo – were consumed twice daily for 3 weeks, preceded by 3-week washout periods. To study the effect of GOS on different large bowel regions, three-stage continuous culture systems were conducted in parallel using faecal inocula from three volunteers. Faecal samples were microbially enumerated by quantitative PCR.In vivo, following GOS intervention, bifidobacteria were significantly more compared to post-placebo (P = 0·02). Accordingly, GOS supplementation had a bifidogenic effect in allin vitrosystem vessels. Furthermore, in vessel 1 (similar to the proximal colon), GOS fermentation led to more lactobacilli and increased butyrate. No changes in faecal water genotoxicity were observed. To conclude, GOS supplementation significantly increased bifidobacteria numbersin vivoandin vitro. Increased butyrate production and elevated bifidobacteria numbers may constitute beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota in a maturing population.

scholarly journals Understanding the Blogging Practices of Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): A Discourse Analysis of Women’s IVF Blogs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Orr ◽  
Susan Jack ◽  
Wendy Sword ◽  
Sandra Ireland ◽  
Lois Ostolosky
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Infertility and its associated treatments, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), can have a profound impact on the emotional health and well-being of women desiring to become mothers. Researchers have measured the impact of infertility and described the experience of infertility and its treatment, leaving the rich descriptions of the IVF experience as captured in women’s blogs to be explored. This discourse analysis describes the blogging practices of women undergoing IVF, exploring both the content and function of the IVF blog discourse. Data were collected from the text of seven women’s blogs (n=1,149 blog posts) and resulted in four main functions of the discourse: creation of and connection to a community, emotional support, blogging as therapy, and creation of an IVF resource. Findings suggest that blogging can have a positive impact on the psychosocial consequences experienced by women in fertility treatment.

scholarly journals Pilot investigation on the dose-dependent impact of irradiation on primary human alveolar osteoblasts in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Klara Amler ◽  
Domenic Schlauch ◽  
Selin Tüzüner ◽  
Alexander Thomas ◽  
Norbert Neckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cells ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractRadiotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma can lead to long-term complications like osteoradionecrosis, resulting in severe impairment of the jawbone. Current standard procedures require a 6-month wait after irradiation before dental reconstruction can begin. A comprehensive characterization of the irradiation-induced molecular and functional changes in bone cells could allow the development of novel strategies for an earlier successful dental reconstruction in patients treated by radiotherapy. The impact of ionizing radiation on the bone-forming alveolar osteoblasts remains however elusive, as previous studies have relied on animal-based models and fetal or animal-derived cell lines. This study presents the first in vitro data obtained from primary human alveolar osteoblasts. Primary human alveolar osteoblasts were isolated from healthy donors and expanded. After X-ray irradiation with 2, 6 and 10 Gy, cells were cultivated under osteogenic conditions and analyzed regarding their proliferation, mineralization, and expression of marker genes and proteins. Proliferation of osteoblasts decreased in a dose-dependent manner. While cells recovered from irradiation with 2 Gy, application of 6 and 10 Gy doses not only led to a permanent impairment of proliferation, but also resulted in altered cell morphology and a disturbed structure of the extracellular matrix as demonstrated by immunostaining of collagen I and fibronectin. Following irradiation with any of the examined doses, a decrease of marker gene expression levels was observed for most of the investigated genes, revealing interindividual differences. Primary human alveolar osteoblasts presented a considerably changed phenotype after irradiation, depending on the dose administered. Mechanisms for these findings need to be further investigated. This could facilitate improved patient care by re-evaluating current standard procedures and investigating faster and safer reconstruction concepts, thus improving quality of life and social integrity.

scholarly journals The Equine Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Ponies in The Netherlands: Impact of Host and Environmental Factors

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1762
Author(s):  
Mathijs J. P. Theelen ◽  
Roosmarijn E. C. Luiken ◽  
Jaap A. Wagenaar ◽  
Marianne M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan ◽  
John W. A. Rossen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Small Pilot Study ◽  
Faecal Samples

Several studies have described the faecal microbiota of horses and the factors that influence its composition, but the variation in results is substantial. This study aimed to investigate the microbiota composition in healthy equids in The Netherlands under standard housing and management conditions and to evaluate the effect of age, gender, horse type, diet, pasture access, the season of sampling and location on it. Spontaneously produced faecal samples were collected from the stall floor of 79 healthy horses and ponies at two farms. The validity of this sampling technique was evaluated in a small pilot study including five ponies showing that the microbiota composition of faecal samples collected up to 6 h after spontaneous defaecation was similar to that of the samples collected rectally. After DNA extraction, Illumina Miseq 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to determine microbiota composition. The effect of host and environmental factors on microbiota composition were determined using several techniques (NMDS, PERMANOVA, DESeq2). Bacteroidetes was the largest phylum found in the faecal microbiota (50.1%), followed by Firmicutes (28.4%). Alpha-diversity and richness decreased significantly with increasing age. Location, age, season, horse type and pasture access had a significant effect on beta-diversity. The current study provides important baseline information on variation in faecal microbiota in healthy horses and ponies under standard housing and management conditions. These results indicate that faecal microbiota composition is affected by several horse-related and environment-related factors, and these factors should be considered in future studies of the equine faecal microbiota.

scholarly journals Anti-carcinogenic soyabean Bowman–Birk inhibitors survive faecal fermentation in their active form and do not affect the microbiota composition in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 967-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Marín-Manzano ◽  
Raquel Ruiz ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
Luis A. Rubio ◽  
Alfonso Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Related Proteins

Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) from soyabeans is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In a previous paper, we reported that significant amounts of BBI-related proteins reach the terminal ileum functionally and biologically active. We have now investigated: (a) if soyabean BBI is biotransformed by faecal microbiota which would reduce its potential colorectal chemopreventive properties and (b) the potential influence of this protease inhibitor on the modulation of faecal microbiota. In vitro incubation studies of native soyabean BBI at a physiological level (93 μm) with mixed faecal samples of pigs for 24 h at 37°C demonstrated that BBI remains active and its intrinsic trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were not significantly influenced by the enzymic or metabolic activity of faecal microbiota. Soyabean BBI did not affect the growth of the different bacterial groups studied (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, coliforms, enterobacteria, clostridia and total anaerobes). It was concluded that protease inhibitory activities, intrinsically linked to the chemopreventive properties of soyabean BBI, were largely unaffected by faecal microbiota in vitro. BBI retains significance, therefore, as a bioactive compound in the human GIT.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Stilbenoids by Human Faecal Microbiota

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Jarosova ◽  
Ondrej Vesely ◽  
Petr Marsik ◽  
Jose Jaimes ◽  
Karel Smejkal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Microbial Transformation ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Faecal Microbiota ◽  
Stress Protection ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Stilbene Derivatives ◽  
Nutritional Studies

Stilbenoids are dietary phenolics with notable biological effects on humans. Epidemiological, clinical, and nutritional studies from recent years have confirmed the significant biological effects of stilbenoids, such as oxidative stress protection and the prevention of degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Stilbenoids are intensively metabolically transformed by colon microbiota, and their corresponding metabolites might show different or stronger biological activity than their parent molecules. The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolism of six stilbenoids (resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, thunalbene, batatasin III, and pinostilbene), mediated by colon microbiota. Stilbenoids were fermented in an in vitro faecal fermentation system using fresh faeces from five different donors as an inoculum. The samples of metabolized stilbenoids were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h. Significant differences in the microbial transformation among stilbene derivatives were observed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Four stilbenoids (resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, piceatannol and thunalbene) were metabolically transformed by double bond reduction, dihydroxylation, and demethylation, while batatasin III and pinostilbene were stable under conditions simulating the colon environment. Strong inter-individual differences in speed, intensity, and pathways of metabolism were observed among the faecal samples obtained from the donors.

scholarly journals Comparative proteomic profiling of newly acquired, virulent and attenuated Neoparamoeba perurans proteins associated with amoebic gill disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh ◽  
Eugene Dillon ◽  
Natasha Botwright ◽  
Anita Talbot ◽  
Ian O'Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Proteomic Profiling ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Proteome Database ◽  
Gill Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Vitro Maintenance

Abstract The causative agent of amoebic gill disease, Neoparamoeba perurans is reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from three isolates: a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture. Proteins were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The challenge trial using naïve smolts confirmed a loss in virulence in the attenuated N. perurans culture. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate in contrast to a reduction in microbial community richness in the attenuated microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins differentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC-MS/MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and immunomodulation are upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifications for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fish.

The impact of physical exercise on hippocampus, in physiological condition and ageing-related decline: current evidence from animal and human studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Lauretta ◽  
Silvia Ravalli ◽  
Grazia Maugeri ◽  
Velia D’Agata ◽  
Michelino Di Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

: Physical exercise (PE), notoriously, promotes a state of general well-being, throughout the entire human lifespan. Moreover, maintaining an adequate and regular PE habit results to be a powerful preventive factor towards many diseases and may also help in managing existing pathological conditions. PE induces structural and functional changes in various districts of the body, determining biological and psychological benefits. Additionally, in elderly, PE might represent a remarkable tool reducing cognitive impairments related to the normal aging processes and it has also been found to have an impact in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. The present review aims to provide an overview about PE effects on hippocampus, since it is one of the brain regions most susceptible to aging and, therefore, involved in diseases characterized by cognitive impairment.

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