Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-488
Author(s):  
S. Fernández ◽  
M. Fraga ◽  
M. Castells ◽  
R. Colina ◽  
P. Zunino
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Calving Season ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli ◽  
Faecal Score

Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the challenges faced by intensive farming, and probiotics are considered a promising approach to improve calves’ health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potential probiotic lactobacilli on new-born dairy calves’ growth, diarrhoea incidence, faecal score, cytokine expression in blood cells, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in plasma and faeces, and pathogen abundance in faeces. Two in vivo assays were conducted at the same farm in two annual calving seasons. Treated calves received one daily dose of the selected lactobacilli (Lactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B or Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6) for 10 consecutive days. A faecal score was recorded daily, average daily gain (ADG) was calculated, and blood and faeces samples were collected. Pathogen abundance was analysed by absolute qPCR in faeces using primers directed at Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and three Escherichia coli virulence genes (eae, clpG and Stx1). The faecal score was positively affected by the administration of both lactobacilli strains, and diarrhoea incidence was significantly lower in treated calves. No differences were found regarding ADG, cytokine expression, IgA levels and pathogen abundance. Our findings showed that oral administration of these strains could improve gastrointestinal health, but results could vary depending on the calving season, which may be related to pathogen seasonality and other environmental effects.

scholarly journals Xylitol enhances synthesis of propionate in the colon via cross-feeding of gut microbiota

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Xiang ◽  
Kun Ye ◽  
Mian Li ◽  
Jian Ying ◽  
Huanhuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Phosphate Acetyltransferase

Abstract Background Xylitol, a white or transparent polyol or sugar alcohol, is digestible by colonic microorganisms and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but the mechanism underlying these effects remains unknown. We studied mice fed with 0%, 2% (2.17 g/kg/day), or 5% (5.42 g/kg/day) (weight/weight) xylitol in their chow for 3 months. In addition to the in vivo digestion experiments in mice, 3% (weight/volume) (0.27 g/kg/day for a human being) xylitol was added to a colon simulation system (CDMN) for 7 days. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing, beneficial metabolism biomarker quantification, metabolome, and metatranscriptome analyses to investigate the prebiotic mechanism of xylitol. The representative bacteria related to xylitol digestion were selected for single cultivation and co-culture of two and three bacteria to explore the microbial digestion and utilization of xylitol in media with glucose, xylitol, mixed carbon sources, or no-carbon sources. Besides, the mechanisms underlying the shift in the microbial composition and SCFAs were explored in molecular contexts. Results In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that xylitol did not significantly influence the structure of the gut microbiome. However, it increased all SCFAs, especially propionate in the lumen and butyrate in the mucosa, with a shift in its corresponding bacteria in vitro. Cross-feeding, a relationship in which one organism consumes metabolites excreted by the other, was observed among Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli in the utilization of xylitol. At the molecular level, we revealed that xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), xylulokinase (EC 2.7.1.17), and xylulose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.1.3.1) were key enzymes in xylitol metabolism and were present in Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae. Therefore, they are considered keystone bacteria in xylitol digestion. Also, xylitol affected the metabolic pathway of propionate, significantly promoting the transcription of phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) in Bifidobacterium and increasing the production of propionate. Conclusions Our results revealed that those key enzymes for xylitol digestion from different bacteria can together support the growth of micro-ecology, but they also enhanced the concentration of propionate, which lowered pH to restrict relative amounts of Escherichia and Staphylococcus. Based on the cross-feeding and competition among those bacteria, xylitol can dynamically balance proportions of the gut microbiome to promote enzymes related to xylitol metabolism and SCFAs.

67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren ◽  
Lorena Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

scholarly journals Porcine Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Intestinal Immunoglobulin Production through pIgR

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1522
Author(s):  
Bin Zeng ◽  
Hailong Wang ◽  
Junyi Luo ◽  
Meiying Xie ◽  
Zhengjiang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Porcine Milk

Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important role in gut acquired immunity and mucosal homeostasis. Breast milk is the irreplaceable nutritional source for mammals after birth. Current studies have shown the potential functional role of milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their RNAs cargo in intestinal health and immune regulation. However, there is a lack of studies to demonstrate how milk-derived sEVs affect intestinal immunity in recipient. In this study, through in vivo experiments, we found that porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (PM-sEVs) promoted intestinal SIgA levels, and increased the expression levels of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) both in mice and piglet. We examined the mechanism of how PM-sEVs increased the expression level of pIgR in vitro by using a porcine small intestine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Through bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and overexpression or knockdown of the corresponding non-coding RNAs, we identified circ-XPO4 in PM-sEVs as a crucial circRNA, which leads to the expression of pIgR via the suppression of miR-221-5p in intestinal cells. Importantly, we also observed that oral administration of PM-sEVs increased the level of circ-XPO4 and decreased the level of miR-221-5p in small intestine of piglets, indicating that circRNAs in milk-derived sEVs act as sponge for miRNAs in recipients. This study, for the first time, reveals that PM-sEVs have a capacity to stimulate intestinal SIgA production by delivering circRNAs to receptors and sponging the recipient’s original miRNAs, and also provides valuable data for insight into the role and mechanism of animal milk sEVs in intestinal immunity.

Depletion of gut secretory immunoglobulin A coated Lactobacillus reuteri is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus-related intestinal mucosal barrier damage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haowen Zhang ◽  
Ce Qi ◽  
Yuning Zhao ◽  
Mengyao Lu ◽  
Xinyue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may be related to intestinal mucosal damage and inflammation-induced dysbiosis of secretory IgA (SIgA) coated microbiota. SIgA coated L. reuteri can reduce the level of inflammation of GDM in vitro.

Lipopolysaccharide regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in mouse myoblasts and skeletal muscle

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. R698-R709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Frost ◽  
Gerald J. Nystrom ◽  
Charles H. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
C2c12 Myoblasts ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mrna Content

The purpose of the present study was to examine the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C2C12 myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle. LPS produced dose- and time-dependent increases in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA content in C2C12 myoblasts. The LPS-induced cytokine response could be mimicked by peptidoglycan from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus but not by zymosan A, a cell wall component from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ongoing protein synthesis was not necessary for the increase in the two cytokine mRNAs. The transcriptional inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-β-d-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole blocked LPS-stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression without changing its mRNA half-life. The anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone selectively blocked LPS-stimulated IL-6 mRNA accumulation but not TNF-α. In contrast, the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 blocked TNF-α mRNA expression but not IL-6. Exposure of myoblasts to LPS was associated with a rapid decrease in the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (I κB, α, and ε), and this response was also blocked by MG-132. Treatment of myocytes with IL-1 or TNF-α also increased IL-6 mRNA content, but the increase in IL-6 mRNA due to LPS could not be prevented by pretreatment with antagonists to either IL-1 or TNF. Under in vivo conditions, LPS increased the plasma concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 and stimulated the accumulation of their mRNAs in multiple tissues including skeletal muscle from wild-type mice. In contrast, the ability of LPS to stimulate the same cytokines was markedly decreased in mice that harbor a mutation in the Toll-like receptor 4. Our data suggest that LPS stimulates cytokine expression not only in classical immune tissues but also in skeletal muscle.

scholarly journals The Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Black Baladi Kids Fed Diets with Graded Quantities of Sweet Lupin Grain (Lupinus angustifolius)

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Belal S. Obeidat
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Diet Cost ◽  
Daily Gain

A study was conducted to examine how lupin grains (LUPs) feeding affected nutritional intake, digestibility, growth, and carcass characteristics in kids. A total of 24 growing black kids (initial body weight (BW) = 16.4 ± 0.49 kg) were allocated to one of three diets at random. Lupin was included in the diet at a rate of 0 (control; CON), 100 (LUP100), or 200 g/kg (LUP200) of total dry matter (DM). The trial lasted for 91 days divided into 7 and 84 days to be used for adaptation and data collection, respectively. Feed intake was evaluated daily throughout the study. At the commencement and the end of the study, each kid’s body weight was measured to determine its average daily gain (ADG). On day 70, 5 kids were chosen at random from each group to investigate nutrient in vivo digestibility and N balance. At the end of the study, all of the kids were slaughtered to examine carcass features. Nutrient intakes (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and ether extract) were higher (p ≤ 0.01) in LUP-containing diets than in the CON diet. The average daily gain was greater (p ≤ 0.03) in diets containing lupin grains than in the CON diet. Cost of gain ($US/kg growth) was lower (p = 0.004) in kids fed diets containing lupin than the CON diet. Dry matter and CP digestibility rates were greater (p ≤ 0.03) in lupin diets. Retained N was higher (p = 0.04) in lupin-containing diets than in the CON diet. Cold carcass weight was higher (p < 0.05) for kids consuming the LUP100 diet than the CON diet. In lupin diets, carcass cut weights were higher (p < 0.05). Results of the current study indicate that feeding black kids diets containing lupin grains at 100 or 200 g/kg DM basis is cost effective and would increase profitability.

scholarly journals l-Isoleucine Administration Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway in Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
Qingxiang Wang ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Enterocyte Apoptosis

Inflammatory bowel disease (namely, colitis) severely impairs human health. Isoleucine is reported to regulate immune function (such as the production of immunoreactive substances). The aim of this study was to investigate whether l-isoleucine administration might alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. In the in vitro trial, IEC-18 cells were treated by 4 mmol/L l-isoleucine for 12 h, which relieved the decrease of cell viability that was induced by TNF-α (10 ng/ml) challenge for 24 h (P &lt;0.05). Then, in the in vivo experiment, a total of 44 Wistar rats were allotted into 2 groups that were fed l-isoleucine-supplemented diet and control diet for 35 d. From 15 to 35 d, half of the rats in the 2 groups drank the 4% DSS-adding water. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion of rats were impaired by DSS challenge (P &lt;0.05). Drinking the DSS-supplementing water also increased disease activity index (DAI) and serum urea nitrogen level (P &lt;0.05), shortened colonic length (P &lt;0.05), impaired colonic enterocyte apoptosis, cell cycle, and the ZO-1 mRNA expression (P &lt;0.05), increased the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells in colon (P &lt;0.05), and induced extensive ulcer, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagenous fiber hyperplasia in colon. However, dietary l-isoleucine supplementation attenuated the negative effect of DSS challenge on growth performance (P &lt;0.05), DAI (P &lt;0.05), colonic length and enterocyte apoptosis (P &lt;0.05), and dysfunction of colonic histology, and downregulated the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells, pro-inflammation cytokines and the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in the colon of rats (P &lt;0.05). These results suggest that supplementing l-isoleucine in diet improved the DSS-induced growth stunting and colonic damage in rats, which could be associated with the downregulation of inflammation via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in colon.

scholarly journals Dynamics of clinical, functional, and immune parameters in patients with myocardial infarction and early fluvastatin administration

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
V. V. Belov ◽  
S. Yu. Bezdol’nova ◽  
I. I. Dolgushin
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Aim. To assess the interrelations in the dynamics of immune, clinical, and functional parameters among patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and early fluvastatin administration. Material and methods. The study included 129 men, aged from 42 to 67 years (mean age 57 years): 99 MI patients and 30 healthy controls. In all participants, clinical, biochemical, functional, and immune parameters were assessed, with comparisons between healthy individuals vs. MI patients, as well as between MI patients taking fluvastatin (80 mg/d) vs. MI patients not receiving this medication. Results. In men with MI, chronic systemic inflammation was manifested in elevated levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL8, tumor necrosis factor α, immunoglobulin A and G, and complement components, as well as in decreased levels of IL1 receptor antagonist, CD 3, CD 4, CD 16, and CD 4/CD 8, compared to healthy controls. Early fluvastatin administration (first post-MI hours) was associated with reduced severity of immune disturbances and systemic inflammation. Conclusion. In MI patients, early fluvastatin administration is associated with a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, compared to controls, as well as with a substantial increase in exercise capacity at 2 months.

In vivo and in vitro lipogenesis and aspects of metabolism in ovines: Effect of environmental temperature and dietary lipid supplementation

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Moibi ◽  
R. J. Christopherson ◽  
E. K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Lipid Supplementation

Twenty-four wether lambs were randomly allocated to six treatments to investigate the effect of temperature and dietary lipid supplements on fatty acid synthesis and metabolic activity in sheep. The treatments consisted of four groups exposed to either cold (0 °C) or warm temperature (+23 °C) and given ad libitum access to either a control barley-based diet or with lipid supplementation. Two other groups were placed on the dietary regimen at 0 °C, but pair-fed to intake of animals in the +23 °C environment. At 5 wk, fatty acid synthesis was measured by [1-14C]acetate incorporation into tissue lipids. Cold exposure and dietary lipid supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on in vivo fatty acid synthesis rates in either longissimus dorsi or the liver. In both subcutaneous and mesenteric adipose tissue depots, the rate of acetate incorporation into tissue lipid was not significantly affected by cold exposure. In the perirenal fat depot, cold exposure increased (P < 0.05) the rate of fatty acid synthesis, while lipid supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the rate in all tissue adipose depots. In vitro, mesenteric and perirenal adipose tissues from cold pair-fed animals had higher (P < 0.05) rates of fatty acid synthesis compared to tissues from animals in the warm environment. However, there was no effect of dietary lipid supplementation in these two fat depots. Metabolic heat production, and energy and nitrogen excretion by animals were increased (P < 0.05) by cold exposure while lipid supplementation had the opposite effect (P < 0.05). The relationship between average daily gain and feed intake was linear at both warm and cold environments, but with higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain at all levels of intake in the cold compared to the warm environment. Results indicate that both environment and diet regulate metabolic activity in sheep. However, there were differences in lipogenic response by tissues to the treatments. Key words: Environmental temperature, dietary lipid, fatty acid synthesis, metabolic rate, sheep

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document