Complex Adaptive Information Networks for Defence

Author(s):  
J. Moffat

This chapter focuses on understanding the nature of the information networks that can create Self-Synchronization of the force. The analysis takes place at a number of levels, which for simplicity, are called Levels 1, 2, and 3. At Level 1 (“linked”), the author considers the basic node and linkage topology. At Level 2 (“synched”), he considers the local interaction between intelligent nodes, sharing the information and awareness required for Self-Synchronization in the cognitive domain. At Level 3 (“cliqued”), the author considers how such local networking feeds through into emergent clustering effects in the physical domain. Structured experimental games coupled with information entropy-based measures of merit illustrate these ideas, as do models of fundamental information networking dynamics and their resultant emergent behaviour. It turns out that the tools, models, and concepts of Complexity Theory give deep insight into the topic of Self-Synchronization.

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reza Hosseini ◽  
Saeed Banihashemi ◽  
Nicholas Chileshe ◽  
Mehran Oraee Namzadi ◽  
Chika Udaeja ◽  
...  

Despite the envisaged benefits of BIM adoption for SMEs, BIM in SMEs has remained an underrepresented area within the available academic literature. This study proposes and draws upon a framework grounded on innovation diffusion theory (IDT) to provide an illuminating insight into the current state of BIM and the main barriers to BIM adoption within Australian SMEs. Based on analyses of 135 questionnaires completed by SMEs through partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and grounded on the proposed framework, the current state of BIM adoption and barriers to BIM adoption for SMEs are discussed. The findings show that currently around 42% of Australian SMEs use BIM in Level 1 and Level 2 with only around 5% have tried Level 3. It comes to light that lack of knowledge within SMEs and across the construction supply chain is not a major barrier for Australian SMEs. In essence, the main barriers stem from the risks associated with an uncertain return on investment (ROI) for BIM as perceived by key players in SMEs. The findings also show the validity of the framework proposed for explaining BIM adoption in Australian SMEs.


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 5945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gülşah Başol ◽  
Esra Balgalmış ◽  
Meltem Gülsüm Karlı ◽  
Fatma Betül Öz

The aim of the study is to classify and evaluate the mathematics test items in the Transition System of Secondary Education (TEOG) exam according to the attainment levels of the Secondary School National Mathematics Curriculum, TIMSS levels and Bloom’s renewed taxonomy. The study covers the TEOG math items between the years 2013 and 2016. In data analysis, content analysis, a qualitative research technique, was applied. For the classification of the materials, the acquisition list of the eighth grade mathematics course prepared by MONE, the scheme of TIMSS levels, and Bloom’s Renewed Taxonomy were used. Booklet A was taken as a base for the classification for each exam. According to findings, in the TEOG exams applied between 2013-2016, while the TEOG exam was consistently asking questions in certain examinations from certain acquisitions, it was seen that no questions were asked from some of the acquisitions. When the 260 mathematical items in the TEOG exams classified according to TIMSS levels, of the items 33.8% were at "Level 1", 45%  were at "Level 2", 19.6% were at "Level 3" and 1.5% were at "Level 4 ". Parallel with these findings, when TEOG mathematics items  classified according to Restructured Bloom Cognitive Domain Taxonomy, of the items17,69% were at "Remembering", 18,46% were at "Understanding", 54,23% were at "Implementation", 5,76% were at "Analysis" and 3.6% were at "Evaluation" levels. The results indicated that the majority of the math items in the TEOG exams were at the “Application level” and the number of items in the "Reasoning level" was limited. Such exams, as TEOG, directing students high school in consistent with their cognitive level, should measure higher order skills, as well. ÖzetÇalışmanın amacı, Temel Eğitimden Ortaöğretime Geçiş Sistemi (TEOG) sınavı matematik test maddelerinin, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Ortaokul Matematik Programı kazanımlarına, TIMSS düzeylerine ve Bloom’un Yenilenmiş Bilişsel Alan Taksonomisine göre sınıflandırılıp değerlendirilmesidir. 2013-2016 yılları arasında TEOG sınavı matematik soruları araştırma kapsamında incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde nitel araştırma tekniklerinden içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Maddelerin sınıflandırılması için MEB tarafından hazırlanan sekizinci sınıf matematik dersine ait kazanım listesi, TIMSS sorularının düzeylerini gösteren TIMSS düzeyleri şeması ve Bloom’un Yenilenmiş Bilişsel Alan Taksonomisi kullanılmıştır. Sınıflamada her bir TEOG sınavının matematik temel alanına ait A kitapçıkları temel alınmıştır. Bulgulara göre 2013-2016 yılları arasında uygulanan TEOG sınavlarında belli kazanımlardan her sınavda soru sorulurken, bazı kazanımlardan hiç soru sorulmadığı görülmüştür. TEOG sınavlarında sorulan 260 matematik sorusu TIMSS düzeylerine göre sınıflandırıldığında %33,8'i  “Düzey 1”, %45'i “Düzey 2”, %19,6'sı “Düzey 3” ve  %1,5 'i “Düzey 4”de yer aldığı görülmüştür. TEOG matematik test maddelerinin; Yeniden Yapılandırılan Bloom Bilişsel Alan Taksonomisine göre dağılımına bakıldığında soruların %17,69’u  “Hatırlama”, %18,46'sı  “Anlama”, % 54,23'ü “Uygulama”, %5,76'sı  “Analiz” ve %3,46'sı  “Değerlendirme” bilişsel alan basamaklarında olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre TEOG matematik test maddelerinin çoğunluğunun “Uygulama” basamağında olduğu,  “Analiz” ve “Değerlendirme” basamaklarındaki madde sayısının sınırlı olduğu görülmüştür. TEOG gibi öğrencilerin bilişsel düzeylerine göre liselere yönlendirilmesinin hedeflendiği bir sınavdaki sorular bu amaca uygun olarak üst düzey bilişsel becerileri de ölçecek şekilde hazırlanmalıdır. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-21

This study was conducted with the aim of questioning Integrated undergraduate and graduate university Teacher Study students (N = 132) about their scientific literacy. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared with questions from the Science and Social Study textbooks. Questions were grouped according to Bloom's Taxonomy cognitive domain: Group 1 (Level 1 and Level 2 outcomes: list, name, identify), Group 2 (Level 3 and Level 4 outcomes: classify, relate, separate), and Group 3. (Level 5 and Level 6 outcomes: choose, evaluate and select). The research results show a low level of scientific literacy (51% correct answers). Students showed a good level of knowledge in the first group of questions (69%), and inadequate level of knowledge in the third (48%) and second group (38%) of questions. The main problems observed were sorting plants and animals that live in rivers, lakes, and the sea. Students showed an inadequate knowledge of herald of spring. The results of this study can help in students' self- evaluation of knowledge. In order to achieve an appropriate level of scientific literacy for university students, recommendations were made for their development within the curriculum of Integrated undergraduate and graduate university Teacher Study


1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. B. Keats-Rohan

The COEL database and database software, a combined reference and research tool created by historians for historians, is presented here through Screenshots illustrating the underlying theoretical model and the specific situation to which that has been applied. The key emphases are upon data integrity, and the historian's role in interpreting and manipulating what is often contentious data. From a corpus of sources (Level 1) certain core data are extracted for separate treatment at an interpretive level (Level 3), based upon a master list of the core data (Level 2). The core data are interdependent: each record in Level 2 is of interest in itself; and it either could or should be associated with an(other) record(s) as a specific entity. Sometimes the sources are ambiguous and the association is contentious, necessitating a probabilty-coding approach. The entities created by the association process can then be treated at a commentary level, introducing material external to the database, whether primary or secondary sources. A full discussion of the difficulties is provided within a synthesis of available information on the core data. Direct access to the source texts is only ever a mouse click away. Fully query able, COEL is formidable look-up and research tool for users of all levels, who remain free to exercise an alternative judgement on the associations of the core data. In principle, there is no limit on the type of text or core data that could be handled in such a system.


Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1035-1041
Author(s):  
Erika Y. Lee ◽  
Michael E. Detsky ◽  
Jin Ma ◽  
Chaim M. Bell ◽  
Andrew M. Morris

AbstractObjectives:Antibiotics are commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs), yet differences in antibiotic use across ICUs are unknown. Herein, we studied antibiotic use across ICUs and examined factors that contributed to variation.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from Ontario’s Critical Care Information System (CCIS), which included 201 adult ICUs and 2,013,397 patient days from January 2012 to June 2016. Antibiotic use was measured in days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days. ICU factors included ability to provide ventilator support (level 3) or not (level 2), ICU type (medical-surgical or other), and academic status. Patient factors included severity of illness using multiple-organ dysfunction score (MODS), ventilatory support, and central venous catheter (CVC) use. We analyzed the effect of these factors on variation in antibiotic use.Results:Overall, 269,351 patients (56%) received antibiotics during their ICU stay. The mean antibiotic use was 624 (range 3–1460) DOT per 1,000 patient days. Antibiotic use was significantly higher in medical-surgical ICUs compared to other ICUs (697 vs 410 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001) and in level 3 ICUs compared to level 2 ICUs (751 vs 513 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001). Higher antibiotic use was associated with higher severity of illness and intensity of treatment. ICU and patient factors explained 47% of the variation in antibiotic use across ICUs.Conclusions:Antibiotic use varies widely across ICUs, which is partially associated with ICUs and patient characteristics. These differences highlight the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics in ICU patients.


Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Xiuguo Zou ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Zhibin Cao ◽  
Yan Qian ◽  
Shixiu Zhang ◽  
...  

In order to adequately characterize the visual characteristics of atmospheric visibility and overcome the disadvantages of the traditional atmospheric visibility measurement method with significant dependence on preset reference objects, high cost, and complicated steps, this paper proposed an ensemble learning method for atmospheric visibility grading based on deep neural network and stochastic weight averaging. An experiment was conducted using the scene of an expressway, and three visibility levels were set, i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Firstly, the EfficientNet was transferred to extract the abstract features of the images. Then, training and grading were performed on the feature sets through the SoftMax regression model. Subsequently, the feature sets were ensembled using the method of stochastic weight averaging to obtain the atmospheric visibility grading model. The obtained datasets were input into the grading model and tested. The grading model classified the results into three categories, with the grading accuracy being 95.00%, 89.45%, and 90.91%, respectively, and the average accuracy of 91.79%. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by the existing methods, and the proposed method showed better performance than those of other methods. This method can be used to classify the atmospheric visibility of traffic and reduce the incidence of traffic accidents caused by atmospheric visibility.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuguo Qian ◽  
Weiqi Zhou ◽  
Steward T. A. Pickett ◽  
Wenjuan Yu ◽  
Dingpeng Xiong ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which are closely related to myriad urban problems. However, the tools to map and quantify this heterogeneity are lacking. We here developed a new three-level classification scheme, by considering ecosystem types (level 1), urban function zones (level 2), and land cover elements (level 3), to map and quantify the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes. Methods We applied the scheme using an object-based approach for classification using very high spatial resolution imagery and a vector layer of building location and characteristics. We used a top-down classification procedure by conducting the classification in the order of ecosystem types, function zones, and land cover elements. The classification of the lower level was based on the results of the higher level. We used an object-based methodology to carry out the three-level classification. Results We found that the urban ecosystem type accounted for 45.3% of the land within the Shenzhen city administrative boundary. Within the urban ecosystem type, residential and industrial zones were the main zones, accounting for 38.4% and 33.8%, respectively. Tree canopy was the dominant element in Shenzhen city, accounting for 55.6% over all ecosystem types, which includes agricultural and forest. However, in the urban ecosystem type, the proportion of tree canopy was only 22.6% because most trees were distributed in the forest ecosystem type. The proportion of trees was 23.2% in industrial zones, 2.2% higher than that in residential zones. That information “hidden” in the usual statistical summaries scaled to the entire administrative unit of Shenzhen has great potential for improving urban management. Conclusions This paper has taken the theoretical understanding of urban spatial heterogeneity and used it to generate a classification scheme that exploits remotely sensed imagery, infrastructural data available at a municipal level, and object-based spatial analysis. For effective planning and management, the hierarchical levels of landscape classification (level 1), the analysis of use and cover by urban zones (level 2), and the fundamental elements of land cover (level 3), each exposes different respects relevant to city plans and management.


Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (s1) ◽  
pp. S111-S118
Author(s):  
Neil J. Mansfield ◽  
Kartikeya Walia ◽  
Aditya Singh

BACKGROUND: Autonomous vehicles can be classified on a scale of automation from 0 to 5, where level 0 corresponds to vehicles that have no automation to level 5 where the vehicle is fully autonomous and it is not possible for the human occupant to take control. At level 2, the driver needs to retain attention as they are in control of at least some systems. Level 3-4 vehicles are capable of full control but the human occupant might be required to, or desire to, intervene in some circumstances. This means that there could be extended periods of time where the driver is relaxed, but other periods of time when they need to drive. OBJECTIVE: The seat must therefore be designed to be comfortable in at least two different types of use case. METHODS: This driving simulator study compares the comfort experienced in a seat from a production hybrid vehicle whilst being used in a manual driving mode and in autonomous mode for a range of postures. RESULTS: It highlights how discomfort is worse for cases where the posture is non-optimal for the task. It also investigates the design of head and neckrests to mitigate neck discomfort, and shows that a well-designed neckrest is beneficial for drivers in autonomous mode.


2021 ◽  
pp. 001316442110086
Author(s):  
Tenko Raykov ◽  
Natalja Menold ◽  
Jane Leer

Two- and three-level designs in educational and psychological research can involve entire populations of Level-3 and possibly Level-2 units, such as schools and educational districts nested within a given state, or neighborhoods and counties in a state. Such a design is of increasing relevance in empirical research owing to the growing popularity of large-scale studies in these and cognate disciplines. The present note discusses a readily applicable procedure for point-and-interval estimation of the proportions of second- and third-level variances in such multilevel settings, which may also be employed in model choice considerations regarding ensuing analyses for response variables of interest. The method is developed within the framework of the latent variable modeling methodology, is readily utilized with widely used software, and is illustrated with an example.


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