Chronic Mental Illnesses and Homelessness

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Prerna Kukreti ◽  
Prerna Khanna ◽  
Amit Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
The West ◽  
Design Models

Homelessness is a complex socio-economic problem complicated by individual attributes and risk factors. The burning issue of homelessness has been a subject of concern in the modern day world often stretching the existing administrative system to innovate and design models for managing the same. With the changing definitions of homelessness, the estimates have also varied across cultures and countries. Because of the inherent difficulty in studying homelessness, accurate estimates of the number of homeless are lacking. Most studies in the West report that approximately 288 per 10,000 people are homeless. With the accurate data on homelessness lacking, the estimates of mental illness amongst homeless is even more obscure. The prevalence of mental illness amongst homeless is higher than that compared to the general population. Researchers have theorized various stressors related to homelessness as precipitating factors of mental illness. There is dearth of literature on mental illness in homeless population which is representative of the homeless population at a national level.

scholarly journals Oral health inequality in people with severe mental illness: a cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Kang ◽  
Jianhua Wu ◽  
Vishal Aggarwal ◽  
David Shiers ◽  
Tim Doran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Oral Health Outcomes

AbstractOBJECTIVETo explore whether people with severe mental illness (SMI) experience worse oral health compared to the general population, and the risk factors for poor oral health in people with SMI.METHODThis study used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2016) including on self-rated oral health, ache in mouth, tooth loss, periodontitis stage, and number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. Candidate risk factors for poor oral health included demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical health comorbidities, and dental hygiene behaviours. The authors used ordinal logistic regression and zero-inflated negative binomial models to explore predictors of oral health outcomes.RESULTS53,348 cases were included in the analysis, including 718 people with SMI. In the fully adjusted model, people with SMI were more likely to suffer from tooth loss (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12-1.75). In people with SMI, the risk factors identified for poor oral health outcomes were older age, white ethnicity, lower income, smoking history, and diabetes. Engaging in physical activity and daily use of dental floss were associated with better oral health outcomes.CONCLUSIONSPeople with SMI experience higher rates of tooth loss than the general population, and certain subgroups are particularly at risk. Having a healthy lifestyle such as performing regular physical exercise and flossing may lower the risk of poor oral health. These findings suggest opportunities for targeted prevention and early intervention strategies to mitigate adverse oral health outcomes.Significant outcomes (x3)People with severe mental illness were at 40% higher risk of tooth loss when compared to the general population.Older adults, smokers and people with diabetes were at particularly high risk of poor oral health.Physical exercise and daily use of dental floss were associated with better oral health outcomes.Limitations (x3)The number of cases with data on periodontal disease was limited.The study was cross-sectional so causation could not be inferred.The analysis used prescriptions of antipsychotic and mood stabilising medication as a proxy measure of severe mental illness, as clinical diagnoses were not available in the dataset.Data availability statementThe NHANES 1999-2016 data is available at CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm, and is accessible and free to download for everyone.

scholarly journals Associations between mental illnesses and acute cardiovascular events and cancers in France in 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Lesuffleur ◽  
M Coldefy ◽  
A Rachas ◽  
C Gastaldi-Ménager ◽  
P Tuppin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Addictive Disorder ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background People with a mental illness have higher risks of somatic diseases and higher mortality, but this has been poorly documented in France. We studied the associations between mental illnesses and acute cardiovascular events (ACEs) and cancers in the French national health data system (SNDS). Methods We included all health insurance general scheme beneficiaries ≥18 years-of-age in 2016. Mental illnesses (psychotic disorder, neurotic or mood disorder, mental retardation and addictive disorder), ACEs (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, acute heart failure and pulmonary embolism) and cancers (breast, colorectal, lung and prostate) were identified using algorithms based on long-term disease registry, hospitalization diagnoses and specific drug deliveries. The associations were measured using morbidity ratios standardized by age and gender when appropriate (SMRs). Results ACEs were more frequent in the subjects with a mental illness than in the general population: ACS (SMR: 1.6), stroke (2.3), acute heart failure (1.9), pulmonary embolism (2.4). Similar results were found for each mental illness, except for ACS, which were less frequent in those with a mental retardation (SMR: 0.5) and were not associated with psychotic disorder (SMR: 1.0). Mental illness was also associated with more frequent breast (SMR: 1.3), colorectal (1.3), lung (2.0) and prostate (1.2) cancers, in particular for those with a neurotic or mood disorder (SMRs: 1.3, 1.5, 2.3, 1.2, respectively) and, for lung cancer, those with an addictive disorder (SMR: 2.6). Conclusions Globally, ACEs and cancers were more frequent in patients with a mental illness relative to the general population after standardization by age and gender, which could be related to adverse effects of certain psychotropic drugs or behaviours or risk factors related to the mental illness. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this to more adequately account for the specificities of the patients with a mental illness. Key messages ACEs and cancers were more frequent in patients with a mental illness relative to the general population after standardization by age and gender. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this to more adequately account for the specificities of the patients with a mental illness.

scholarly journals Deep transcriptome sequencing of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex reveals disorder-specific expression changes in major psychiatric disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Akula ◽  
Stefano Marenco ◽  
Kory Johnson ◽  
Ningping Feng ◽  
Joanna Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Common Genetic Variants

ABSTRACTHow do differences in onset, symptoms, and treatment response arise between various mental illnesses despite substantial overlap of genetic risk factors? To address this question, we carried out deep RNA sequencing of human postmortem subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, a key component of limbic circuits linked to mental illness. Samples were obtained from 200 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or major depression, and controls. Differential expression analysis in cases versus controls detected modest differences that were similar across disorders, although transcript-level differences were more pronounced. Case-case comparisons revealed greater expression differences between disorders, including many genes and transcripts that were expressed in opposite directions in each diagnostic group, compared to controls. Relative transcript abundances were associated with common genetic variants that accounted for disproportionate fractions of diagnosis-specific heritability. Inherited genetic risk factors shape the brain transcriptome and contribute to diagnostic differences between broad classes of mental illness.

scholarly journals Cues for different diagnostic patterns of interpersonal violence in a psychiatric sample: an observational study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalila Talevi ◽  
Alberto Collazzoni ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Paolo Stratta ◽  
Monica Mazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background. Interpersonal violence has increased as a health concern especially in the psychiatry practice over the last decades; nevertheless, most patients with stable mental illness do not present an increased risk of violence and a mental disorder is not a necessary or sufficient cause of violent behaviors. People with mental illness endorse more often a number of risk factors for violence that could confound this association, such as young age and male gender. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age, gender, and diagnosis on reported levels of interpersonal violence in a sample of people with severe mental illnesses. Methods. The sample was composed of 160 inpatients: 73 with psychosis, 53 with mood disorder and 34 with personality disorder. All patients enrolled in the study were assessed for experiences of victimization and perpetration of interpersonal violence using the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale interview. Demographic variables were also collected. Results. Violence negatively correlated with age. Compared to males, females were exposed to higher degree of violence (for both victimizations in childhood and adulthood), whereas males were more involved in the perpetration of violence (only for perpetration in childhood). Among diagnoses, personality disorders are associated with higher levels of interpersonal violence. An interaction effect of gender and diagnosis was also observed for expression of violence in adulthood. Distinct patterns of interpersonal violence did emerge for the diagnostic entities with mood disorder showing a victimization pattern, personality disorders a perpetration pattern and psychoses a less defined pattern. Conclusions. The main finding is that psychoses, mood disorders and personality disorders have different patterns of violent experiences when combined with age and gender. This study offers a step towards a better understanding of the extent to which gender and age could affect violent behaviors. Moreover, study findings may increase the comprehension of the reason why some mental disorders, compared to others, are more associated with the risk of victimization or perpetration of violence. These patterns could have pathophysiological or pathoplastic meaning addressing clinical and diagnostic trajectories interacting with other intervening risk factors.

Early mortality and mental illness: ‘Fatal’ Discrimination

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Anindya Das ◽  
Mohan Rao ◽  
Mercian Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
And Behavior

Worldwide research has provided evidence of premature death in people with mental illness (as compared to the general population). Moreover, in recent decades, the mortality gap between the preceding two groups has not shown any decline even in countries with the most accessible/responsive health systems. This essay considers mortality to be influenced by a multiplicity of factors, many of which, in addition, influence the rate of occurrence and recovery from mental illnesses. The essay examines these factors and analyses them through the lens of structural discrimination (defined as institutional and social structures that perpetuate norms, practices and behavior that deny opportunities/rights to others, often members of a minority). The implications for India in this regard are also reflected upon.

scholarly journals Risk factors for mental illness in adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis: protocol for a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e038324
Author(s):  
Elizabeth I Adesanya ◽  
Yochai Schonmann ◽  
Joseph F Hayes ◽  
Rohini Mathur ◽  
Amy R Mulick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Increased Risk

IntroductionEvidence indicates that people with the common inflammatory skin diseases atopic eczema or psoriasis are at increased risk of mental illness. However, the reasons for the relationship between skin disease and common mental disorders (ie, depression and anxiety) or severe mental illnesses (ie, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses) are unclear. Therefore, we aim to synthesise the available evidence regarding the risk factors for mental illness in adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, cohort, case–control and cross-sectional studies. We will search the following databases from inception to March 2020: Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Base, PsycInfo, the Global Resource of Eczema Trials, and the grey literature databases Open Grey, PsycExtra and the New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report. We will also search the bibliographies of eligible studies and relevant systematic reviews to identify additional relevant studies. Citation searching of large summary papers will be used to further identify relevant publications. Two reviewers will initially review study titles and abstracts for eligibility, followed by full text screening. We will extract data using a standardised data extraction form. We will assess the risk of bias of included studies using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. We will synthesise data narratively, and if studies are sufficiently homogenous, we will consider a meta-analysis. We will assess the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a systematic review. Results of the review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated through conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020163941.

scholarly journals Victimisation in adults with severe mental illness: Prevalence and risk factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte D. de Mooij ◽  
Martijn Kikkert ◽  
Nick M. Lommerse ◽  
Jaap Peen ◽  
Sabine C. Meijwaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Sheltered Housing ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Violent Victimisation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Housing Facility

BackgroundPatients with a severe mental illness (SMI) are more likely to experience victimisation than the general population.AimsTo examine the prevalence of victimisation in people with SMI, and the relationship between symptoms, treatment facility and indices of substance use/misuse and perpetration, in comparison with the general population.MethodVictimisation was assessed among both randomly selected patients with SMI (n = 216) and the general population (n=10 865).ResultsCompared with the general population, a high prevalence of violent victimisation was found among the SMI group (22.7% v. 8.5%). Compared with out-patients and patients in a sheltered housing facility, in-patients were most often victimised (violent crimes: 35.3%; property crimes: 47.1%). Risk factors among the SMI group for violent victimisation included young age and disorganisation, and risk factors for property crimes included being an in-patient, disorganisation and cannabis use. The SMI group were most often assaulted by someone they knew.ConclusionsCaregivers should be aware that patients with SMI are at risk of violent victimisation. Interventions need to be developed to reduce this vulnerability.

Crime Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Taiwan

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Chi Hsu ◽  
Chuen-Jim Sheu ◽  
Shen-Ing Liu ◽  
Yi-Wen Sun ◽  
Shu-I Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Mental Illness ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
The West ◽  
Clinical Correlates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population

Objective: Research in the West has shown that persons with severe mental illness are easy targets of criminals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the types, incidence, and prevalence of crime victimization and its demographic and clinical correlates among persons with severe mental illness in Taiwan. Methods: Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or major affective disorders were selected from the psychiatric service of a general hospital. They were asked about any crime perpetrated against them within the preceding year. Only crimes occurring after a psychiatric diagnosis had been made were included. The results of this survey were compared with crimes among the general population in 2000 as reported by the Taiwan Crime Victimization Survey of the Ministry of Justice. Results: The 1 year prevalence of victimization in the study population was 16.8%, compared with 11.3% in the general population. After controlling for demographic and clinical variables it was found that those with affective disorders or a history of alcohol abuse were more likely to be victimized. Conclusion: In Taiwan, persons with severe mental illness are more vulnerable to crime victimization than the general population.

scholarly journals Risk factors for suicide in China's youth: a case-control study

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Y. Li ◽  
M. R. Phillips ◽  
Y. P. Zhang ◽  
D. Xu ◽  
G. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Severe Life Events

BackgroundSuicide is the most common cause of death among youth in China.MethodA case-control psychological autopsy study in 23 geographically representative disease surveillance points around China collected information from family members and close associates of 114 persons aged 15–24 years who died by suicide (cases) and 91 who died of other injuries (controls).ResultsAmong the 114 suicides 61% were female, 88% lived in rural villages, 70% died by ingesting pesticides (most commonly stored in the home), 24% previously attempted suicide, and 45% met criteria of a mental illness at the time of death. Multivariate logistic regression identified several independent risk factors: severe life events within 2 days before death (OR 31.8, 95% CI 2.6–390.6), presence of any depressive symptoms within 2 weeks of death (OR 21.1, 95% CI 4.6–97.2), low quality of life in the month before death (OR 9.7, 95% CI 2.8–34.1), and acute stress at time of death (moderate: OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.8–11.9; high: OR 9.1, 95% CI 1.2–66.8). A significant interaction between mental illness at time of death and gender indicated that diagnosis was an important predictor of suicide in males (OR 14.0, 95% CI 2.6–76.5) but not in females (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.0–3.6). Prior suicide attempt was related to suicide in the univariate analysis (OR 57.5) but could not be included in the multivariate model because no controls had made prior attempts.ConclusionsSuicide prevention efforts for youth in China must focus on restricting access to pesticides, early recognition and management of depressive symptoms and mental illnesses, improving resiliency, and enhancing quality of life.

scholarly journals Associations of Loneliness and Social Isolation with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis protocol

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Winterton ◽  
Linn Rødevand ◽  
Lars T. Westlye ◽  
Nils Eiel Steen ◽  
Ole A. Andreassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Metabolic Risk

AbstractBackground: A growing number of studies suggest that social isolation and loneliness are associated with premature mortality and are more prevalent among people with mental illness than in the general population, outlining many potential paths to disease still to be elucidated. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between loneliness, social isolation and established cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and disorders, especially in severe mental illness, and to account for potential heterogeneity in the literature. Methods/design: Studies that report measures of loneliness and/or social isolation along with cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors will be identified. PubMed, EMBASE (through Ovid SP), Scopus and PsycINFO (through Ovid SP) will be searched, along with citation lists of retrieved articles and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Grey literature will be searched using Google Scholar. Data will be extracted from eligible studies for a random-effects meta-analysis. For each study, a summary effect size, heterogeneity, risk of bias, publication bias, and the effect of categorical and continuous moderator variables will be determined.Discussion: This proposed systematic review and meta-analysis will identify and synthesize evidence to determine if there is an association between loneliness, social isolation and cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors, with a special focus on severe mental illnesses. The results will help determine links and promising avenues of further research.

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