Challenges for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Botswana

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
P. K. Kenabatho ◽  
B. P. Parida
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
Car Wash

Like many semi-arid areas of Africa, Botswana continues to experience inadequate water supply particularly in the southern part of the country. In the last ten years, water restrictions have become part of water demand strategy aimed at maintaining sustainable water supply throughout the year. This has affected many economic sectors particularly small scale enterprises which directly rely on water for their business operations such as car wash and landscaping businesses. The issue of inadequate water availability and supply is more pronounced in Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana which relies on Gaborone dam as the main source of water to drive the economy. The dam was last filled to capacity in 2006 and has not spilled since then. While there are several factors affecting the inflows to the dams, rainfall is the principal candidate limiting water availability in the area. Past studies have shown a decline in rainfall and an increase in temperature since 1982. However, there are uncertainties associated with rainfall data, mainly regarding the presence of missing values which affect many hydrological modelling tools. In this chapter, we focus specifically on the effects of missing rainfall data and data infilling strategies on hydrological applications using rainfall and hydrological modelling tools. We also demonstrate the implications of these on spatial rainfall interpolation methods based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Our discussion focuses on the value of data as a priority developmental issue which should receive utmost attention particularly in the wake of climate change.

Water–energy–carbon nexus: a case study of Bangkok

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangam Shrestha ◽  
Kshitij Parajuli ◽  
Mukand S. Babel ◽  
Shobhakar Dhakal ◽  
Victor Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management

An understanding of the nexus between water and energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for sustainable water resources management. While a number of such studies on understanding this nexus have been carried out in the recent past, there have been virtually no studies that have done so for Asian cities. This study aims to plug this gap by analyzing the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus for Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand. Using mostly secondary data, and through interactions with concerned stakeholders, the study revealed that more than 335 GWh of energy is used per year for water supply (0.22 kWh of energy to drive 1 m3 of water from source to tap). About 276 million litres of water is consumed for total power production in Thailand; almost 16% of water supplied annually by the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). Of this, 0.625 million litres is consumed by electricity, utilised for water supply in Bangkok. In addition 82.2 billion kgCO2-eq is emitted by the power sector annually and energy associated with water emits 187 million kgCO2-eq/year, equal to 0.11 kgCO2-eq of GHG emission from each 1 m3 of water supplied by the MWA. This study provides information on the WEC nexus in cities as evidenced by Bangkok, which can contribute to the formulation of a policy in water and energy sectors to fulfil the objective of reducing GHG emissions.

Incorporating long-term trends in water availability in water supply planning

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
D. Luketina ◽  
M. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Planning Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Decadal Climate

This paper examines factors affecting water availability and hydrological trends of water supply. The relative impacts of the different factors have been assessed on a planning time frame of around 30 years. It is demonstrated that the non-greenhouse processes of multi-decadal climate change and el Niño-la Niña climate change will almost certainly be more significant than greenhouse induced climate change. Further, in developing countries, increased water consumption, population growth, and urbanization are likely to be the dominant factors when considering water availability. The type of responses that a water supply organization can make are discussed.

MODELING WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR EFFECTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT ALLOCATION IN SELANGOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Nadiah Mohd Firdaus Hum ◽  
Suhaimi Abdul Talib
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Weap Model ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Water Supply And Demand ◽  
The Impact

Water in Selangor is getting scarce due to its rapid economic growth. A fast growing population and expanding urbanization in the state creates new demands for water availability. Thus, the present study analyses the effects of three different scenarios using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model to evaluate the plausible future water scenarios of water availability in Selangor. The first scenario is business as usual which is later referred to as reference in this study. Second, higher population growth and the third is the application of the demand side management onto the reference and higher population growth scenario. These scenarios were then used to calculate the impact on the supply – demand gap by the year 2050. Two catchments were used namely Selangor and Langat to illustrate the water supply and demand in the state of Selangor. The study then generates information for use in managing water allocations amongst economic sectors in Selangor as the explicit accounting in the description of the water supply and demand among the urban and industry water usage is advocated. Such detailed scenario simulation and the inclusion of previously unaccounted for factors like the higher population growth and water savings management can help to create awareness of potential future problems, inform water practices and suggest management alternatives. Results show that with proper water savings measures, water deficit within Selangor will be significantly reduced.  

Vulnerability of Mexico City's water supply sources in the context of climate change

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Martinez ◽  
Stefanie Kralisch ◽  
Oscar Escolero ◽  
Maria Perevochtchikova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Global Circulation ◽  
Global Circulation Models ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Regional Water

In the context of growing urbanization and climate change, the issue of how to best secure and increase future water supply in developing countries is key. To support informed decision-making in Mexico City, a comprehensive study was conducted to assess the potential effects of climate change and the vulnerability of water sources. The infrastructural, environmental and administrative factors affecting the water available from each source were identified and evaluated, and then combined with the likely impacts in regional water availability estimated using results from two global circulation models and two emission scenarios. The results obtained indicate that the water sources outside Mexico City, such as the Cutzamala and Lerma systems, are the most vulnerable. The current situation is likely to become worse as a result of climate change, as projections suggest a 10–17% reduction in water availability by 2050. When responsible agencies decide the strategies to secure and increase water supply, they will have to consider the prevailing and potential conflicts, the local water demand, the contribution to the city's greenhouse gas emissions and future changes in water availability.

Developing the structure and content of the spatial database for estimating the Republic of Crimea’s water supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 947 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
A.V. Morozova ◽  
Е.А. Prokhorova
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

Despite the fact that the Russian Federation, in general, is among the water-sufficient countries, some of its regions are experiencing water lack. One of such regions is the Republic of Crimea, where the situation with water supply is a serious problem after the water supply through the North Crimean canal has been stopped since 2014. The authors present the results of the spatial database’s development with the aggregated materials about the surface runoff and groundwater resources, the factors affecting their formation, collected in the research process. The database includes the information about the volumes of water consumption and the quality of the water used in the Crimean peninsula. The structure of the database created as a cartographic support for the assessment of water availability in the region is described. On the basis of the obtained data, a series of maps is created, which is an example of structuring the data and the possibility of their targeted use for the rapid display of such indicators, that will enable us to present the water availability of the Crimean regions in various aspects, as well as for solving other applied problems.

Impact of water availability on winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield characteristics

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Klupács ◽  
Á. Tarnawa ◽  
I. Balla ◽  
M. Jolánkai
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Yield Quality

Water supply of crop plants is the most essential physiological condition influencing quality and quantity performance of grain yield. In a 12-year experimental series of winter wheat agronomic trials run at the Nagygombos experimental site (Hungary) the effect of water availability has been studied. The location represents the typical average lowland conditions of the country, the annual precipitation of the experimental site belonging to the 550–600 mm belt of the Northern edges of the Great Hungarian Plain, while the average depth of groundwater varies between 2 to 3 metres. Crop years with various precipitation patterns have had different impacts on crop yield quality and quantity. Yield figures were in positive correlation with annual precipitation in general. Water availability had diverse influence on quality manifestation. Good water supply has often resulted in poorer grain quality, especially wet gluten and Hagberg values have been affected by that. Drought reduced the amount of yield in general, but contributed to a better quality manifestation in some of the crop years.

scholarly journals Afforestation of Degraded Croplands as a Water-Saving Option in Irrigated Region of the Aral Sea Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Navneet Kumar ◽  
Asia Khamzina ◽  
Patrick Knöfel ◽  
John P. A. Lamers ◽  
Bernhard Tischbein
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Trade Offs

Climate change is likely to decrease surface water availability in Central Asia, thereby necessitating land use adaptations in irrigated regions. The introduction of trees to marginally productive croplands with shallow groundwater was suggested for irrigation water-saving and improving the land’s productivity. Considering the possible trade-offs with water availability in large-scale afforestation, our study predicted the impacts on water balance components in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River to facilitate afforestation planning using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The land-use scenarios used for modeling analysis considered the afforestation of 62% and 100% of marginally productive croplands under average and low irrigation water supply identified from historical land-use maps. The results indicate a dramatic decrease in the examined water balance components in all afforestation scenarios based largely on the reduced irrigation demand of trees compared to the main crops. Specifically, replacing current crops (mostly cotton) with trees on all marginal land (approximately 663 km2) in the study region with an average water availability would save 1037 mln m3 of gross irrigation input within the study region and lower the annual drainage discharge by 504 mln m3. These effects have a considerable potential to support irrigation water management and enhance drainage functions in adapting to future water supply limitations.

scholarly journals Relationship (or its lack) between population and a water and sanitation service: a study of users' perception in Vitória (ES) Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ramos da Silva ◽  
Léo Heller ◽  
Jorge de Campos Valadares ◽  
Sandy Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Health Authority ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Public Health Authority ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge

The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse the perception of groups of dwellers of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, regarding their relationship with the water and sanitation service and aspects of water handling. Participants living in four distinct urban districts of the capital city were interviewed in their own houses and the Discourse of the Collective Subject approach was employed to order the data so obtained. The testimonies revealed the health risk to which individuals were exposed by virtue of: (i) inadequate knowledge concerning the water supply offered, (ii) lack of stimulus to exert their citizens' rights and obligations in relation to the water provided for their consumption and (iii) poor channels of communication between the community, the water and sanitation service and the local public health authority. The study concluded that there is a need to rethink the forms of information provided to the population that are presently adopted by these institutions.

Organics and its Control in Reclaimed Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Chao Xiang ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Ya Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Some forms of organic matter existing in the water have direct or indirect effects on microbial growth. By the investigation data over drinking water and reclaimed water, we summarized organic limiting factors that may affect the growth of microorganisms and factors affecting these water qualities in the reclaimed water supply network, such as a variety of treatment process and the residual disinfectants. Through its comprehensive study, we want to make a contribution of opinion to control the growth of microorganisms in reclaimed water supply network.

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