Electronic Commerce Reality in Tunisia

2009 ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Jameleddine Ziadi ◽  
Abderrazzak Ben Salah
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Post Office ◽  
The Real ◽  
Electronic Payments

This chapter has as an aim the identification of the present reality of the e-commerce activity in Tunisia and the challenges its faces. After giving an overview on the e-commerce birth in the country, it focuses on two distinct experiences: First, the e-commerce transactions via the Tunisian Post Office (known as the ONP) and secondly the e-commerce operations via the Banking Association (known as the SMT). While exploring the general scheme of the two different techniques notably concerning the relation with the merchants’ commercial Websites (CWS), it gives statistics related to the evolution of transactions in this field. We depart from that point to discuss the general situation of the Tunisian e-commerce activity, to explore the problems it faces and to give potential solutions for its real expansion and development in the country. In this regard, we believe that the spread of use of bank cards and other forms of electronic payments would make citizens used to those forms and would constitute therefore the real takeoff point of the e-commerce activity.

17. Electronic payments and cryptocurrency

2019 ◽  
pp. 438-452
Author(s):  
Andrew Murray
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Electronic Money ◽  
Electronic Payments ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Online Payment

This chapter examines online payment methods, including the use of tokens, in electronic commerce. It first provides an overview of token payments before looking at alternative electronic payment systems including debt substitution, payment by credit cards, and fund transfer. The chapter reviews the failure of the European Commission’s Electronic Money Directive 2000 and examines whether the current law, found in the 2009 Electronic Money Directive, is likely to provide a better legal environment for electronic money to flourish. It spends considerable time looking at the development of cryptocurrencies, including bitcoin and how blockchain is used to establish trust in cryptocurrency transactions, before concluding with an analysis of the law in relation to cryptocurrency.

scholarly journals Dot-Gone: Fate Of A Dot-Com Enterprise

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Doris Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Real ◽  
Technical Management ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Dot Com

This case describes the start?up challenges confronted by an enterprising young entrepreneur in creating a home?based electronic commerce store. In contrast to all the get rich quick hype we have heard about, the value of this example lies in the fact that it identifies some of the real challenges--technical, management and marketing-- faced by new web-based ventures. It also gives a glimpse of some of the potential benefits and pitfalls of a web-based retailing enterprise. The beginnings of a start-up, creation and maintenance of a web based business, and then the ultimate shutdown of the company are discussed.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS USING IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
Vladyslavа Lisniak
Keyword(s):  
General Scheme ◽  
The State ◽  
Electronic Payment ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Electronic Payments ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Development

Introduction. In the course of this research attention was paid to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of the development of electronic payment systems in the world and in Ukraine. The general scheme of electronic payment system work is considered. The dynamics of payments by means of electronic payment systems on the territory of Ukraine is determined. The basic principles of electronic payment systems activity are substantiated. The advantages and disadvantages of electronic payments are considered. The results of the study can be used as practical recommendations for improving the electronic payment activities in Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the development and status of electronic payment systems and their development in Ukraine. Method (methodology). The main tasks of the research are to consider the general theme of the work of electronic payment systems on the territory of Ukraine; analyze the dynamics of electronic settlements in Ukraine; to substantiate the basic principles of the activity of electronic payment systems; to identify the advantages and disadvantages of electronic payments. Results. The use of electronic payment systems is an extremely positive step towards the economic development of the state. After all, the rapid and effective development of electronic payment systems in Ukraine with the use of international advanced information has a number of advantages for the state economy as a whole and for the individual user in particular: reduction of cash circulation, increase of credit resources, development and wide access to the financial system, etc. It should also be noted that one more important advantage of electronic payments is saving time and minimizing fraud risks.

scholarly journals Identification, evaluation, and allotment of critical risk factors (CRFs) in real estate projects: India as a case study

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
MohammedShakil S. Malek ◽  
Saiyed Farhana Mohibali ◽  
Dhiraj Bachwani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Index Method ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Projects

The boom of real estate has been a motivating force for economic growth in India for the past few years. However, the Real Estate (RE) market of India is still in the embryonic phase and juvenile. In the context of the real estate projects, it is a general situation observed that such projects cannot meet the target as the Indian real estate companies are deficient in scientific management technology to confront the risks. The research paper aims to focus mainly on constraints and demurral of Risk Management (RM) in RE firms of India to investigate findings for the same in the Indian Real estate market and further focusing on RE projects of Ahmedabad. The paper is mostly founded on an overview of individuals who are straightforwardly or firmly identified with the administration and the RE business in India. The questionnaire survey shall be targeted over the five prime territories of Ahmedabad. This research further highlights to concerned identified primary critical risk factors (by Criticality Index Method) influencing the residential real estate market and then developing a framework for assessing the factors carrying out the quantitative analysis using various analytical methods of SPSS software, Factor analysis, ANOVA and Post-Hoc Test. The validation of the results has been done through a survey of experienced experts. The critical risks identified based on the questionnaire survey are modeled through the decision tree diagram.

Practical determination of perfect habits of crystals*

1980 ◽  
Vol 151 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Leonyuk ◽  
R. V. Galiulin ◽  
L. I. Al'shinskaya ◽  
B. N. Delone
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
The Real ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Real Forms

AbstractA general scheme for the determination of theoretical habits of crystals on the basis of the works of Wulff and Delone is provided. Satisfactory agreement between the habits determined theoretically and the observed habits is demonstrated for crystals of high temperature anhydrous borates of diverse structure, composition and symmetry. The part played by large cations in forming crystal faces is discussed. For a large group of isostructural crystals of binary borates of trivalent elements an analysis is made of the agreement between the theoretical habits and the real forms, depending on the type of the cation.

scholarly journals Problems and directions of electronic commerce development in the BRICS countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Diana O. Yampolskaya ◽  
Bruno Martarello De Conti ◽  
Sergey N. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Electronic Payments ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
The Russian Federation

E-commerce issues and ways of digital cooperation between the BRICS countries are examined. The BRICS countries, excluding China, were not able to occupy the highest positions in the innovation ratings published by Western research organizations, but they have high development potential. The BRICS countries and their programs for development of the digital economy and trade are studied. The Russian Federation pays great attention to digital cooperation due to existing difficulties in geo-economic situation. The development of e-commerce is a key element in the digitalization of economy. This study examines the stages of development of the digital economy and current state of BRICS e-commerce, as well as highlights its problem areas. It overviews modern e-commerce tools, such as electronic payments, blockchain, chat bots, internet of things, voice assistants, drones, etc. Digital cooperation should be developed precisely in these areas. However, the fact that Russia lacks applied experience in the field of commercialization has become a significant problem. In this regard, the main purpose of the study is to identify areas and ways of digital cooperation for BRICS governments and individual companies.

scholarly journals Planned stagnation? The economic plan vs. reality in the Czechoslovak railway sector of the 1970s and 1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Tomáš Nigrin
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Railway Transportation ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Economic Plan ◽  
The Real ◽  
Late Socialism ◽  
State Railway

Abstract The article deals with the state of the railway sector in a centrally planned economy in Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1980s. It compares the “to-be” position of the Czechoslovak state railway with the real situation in the railway sector. The Czechoslovak railway sector changed a lot during the two analysed decades – it lost its superior position to road transport and showed evident signs of stagnation, even though a big part of economy was dependent on the railway transport. The position of railway transportation had weakened within the two decades and the country lost its stage by stage initiative in modernisation of the railway sector. The railway sector lost its pre-1970s sovereignty in transport and had become more dependent on the general situation of the Czechoslovak economy. It was the reason for stagnation as a result of development of the railway sector in late socialism in Czechoslovakia.

Scanning electron microscopy of human iliac bone by a simple preparation method

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
Toshihiko Takita ◽  
Tomonori Naguro ◽  
Toshio Kameie ◽  
Akihiro Iino ◽  
Kichizo Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Real Surface ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
The Real ◽  
Simple Preparation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Recently with the increase in advanced age population, the osteoporosis becomes the object of public attention in the field of orthopedics. The surface topography of the bone by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most useful means to study the bone metabolism, that is considered to make clear the mechanism of the osteoporosis. Until today many specimen preparation methods for SEM have been reported. They are roughly classified into two; the anorganic preparation and the simple preparation. The former is suitable for observing mineralization, but has the demerit that the real surface of the bone can not be observed and, moreover, the samples prepared by this method are extremely fragile especially in the case of osteoporosis. On the other hand, the latter has the merit that the real information of the bone surface can be obtained, though it is difficult to recognize the functional situation of the bone.

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