scholarly journals Sward structure, light interception and herbage accumulation in forage peanut cv. Belmonte subjected to strategies of intermittent grazing management

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Bauab Brunetti ◽  
Lucas Da Rocha Carvalho ◽  
Marília Barbosa Chiavegato ◽  
Sila Carneiro da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
Leaf Accumulation ◽  
Structure Light ◽  
Interesting Alternative

Nitrogen fertilization ensures productivity and persistency of pastures, but may be expensive. Perennial forage peanut, becomes an interesting alternative for N supply. Little is known about its use under grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate regrowth process of forage peanut using an experimental protocol analogous to tropical forage grasses under rotational grazing. Treatments corresponded to two pre- (95% and maximum canopy light interception – LI95% and LIMax) and two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 40 and 60% of pre-grazing height) conditions, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (n = 4). Targets of LI pre-grazing affected  pre-grazing height and LI post-grazing. The residual sward LAI did not vary, resulting in similar grazing interval. Greater rates and total herbage accumulation were recorded for LIMax target, consequence of the greater accumulation of stolons at the lower strata of the swards. Greater percentage of leaflets was recorded for the LI95% target. Given the stoloniferous growth habit of forage peanut, stolon accumulation in the lower strata of the sward do not represent a limitation to leaf accumulation and morphological composition. The greater pre-grazing sward height associated with the LIMax target facilitate herbage prehension and intake, further investigation is needed.   

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Sulfur Interaction Influences Net Photosynthesis and Vegetative Growth of Pecan

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hening Hu ◽  
Darrell Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
N Supply ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
S Application ◽  
Leaf N

Seedlings of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] grown in perlite culture were treated with N and S in a 5 × 5 factorial in a randomized complete block design to determine the effect of N, S, and N × S interaction on vegetative growth and photosynthesis. Nitrogen and S deficiency symptoms occurred when leaf N and S were < 25 and 1.4 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis was reduced when combined leaf N and S exceeded 35 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively; growth was reduced when leaf N and S were > 34 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis and growth increased with N supply, but depended on leaf N: S ratio. In plants without visible N or S deficiency, a N: S ratio of ≈9. is proposed to be near the optimum for maximum growth. Comparison of leaf N, S, and the N: S ratio with similar analyses in selected orchards suggests that pecan productivity will increase from S application under field conditions. We conclude that the interaction” of N and S imposes stringent controls on leaf N and S, photosynthesis, and growth.

scholarly journals Environmental Resource Consumption in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Bean (Vicia faba) Intercropping: Comparison of Nutrient Uptake and Light Interception

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdollah ESKANDARI ◽  
Ahmad GHANBARI
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Complementarity Effect ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and bean (Vicia faba L.) sole crops and their mixture in three planting pattern (M1: alternate-row intercrop, M2: within-row intercrop, M3: mixed intercrop) were used to investigate the amount of resource consumption in terms of PAR interception and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that intercropping systems had a significant effect on environmental resources consumption, where intercropping systems had more nutrient uptake and light interception compared to sole crops, suggesting the complementarity effect of intercropping components in resources consumption. The ability of wheat and bean was different in intercropping systems in absorbing nutrients because of their differences in root morphology and cation exchange capacity.

The effect of spring turnout date on weight gain by cattle on native pasture

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-585
Author(s):  
R. W. Jannasch ◽  
E. Charmley ◽  
A. V. Rodd
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Feeder Cattle ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Grazing Period

The effect of early turnout on pasture quality and weight gain by beef cattle was assessed with 32 Hereford feeder cattle which were turned out on pasture on four separate dates in each of 2 yr in a randomized complete block design with two replications. In 1998, steers were allocated to four treatments numbered consecutively T1 to T4 according to turnout date: 6 May [110 growing degree days above 5°C (GDD)], 13 May (152 GDD), 20 May (195 GDD) and 27 May (255 GDD). Steers grazed separate 0.4-ha paddocks continuously for 28 d. In 1999, turnout dates were 11 May (124 GDD), 18 May (156 GDD), 26 May (226 GDD) and 2 June (304 GDD), with 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3 ha of pasture allocated to each treatment (two steers, two heifers), respectively. Soil resistance to penetration, sward height, herbage mass and chemical composition, and animal liveweight gain were recorded. Early turnout did not increase soil compaction. Herbage mass at turnout for T1 to T4 was 532, 780, 1370 and 1299 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1, respectively, in 1998, and 901, 983, 1324 and 1719 kg ha-1, respectively, in 1999. Herbage mass increased by 273 kg ha-1per week as turnout was delayed in 1998 and 256 kg ha-1in 1999. Crude protein concentration declined from approximately 200 g kg-1 DM at T1 to less than 175 g kg-1 DM at T4 in both years. Fibre concentration, as indicated by ADF and NDF, increased 1 wk after turnout. Forage quality declined as turnout was delayed, but grazing did not improve forage quality relative to ungrazed swards. In 1998, cattle in T1 to T4 lost 4.7, 4.0, 1.2 and 4.2% of BW, respectively, in the week after turnout, whereas in 1999, T1 to T4 lost 1.2, 4, 0.5 and 1.5% of BW, respectively. In 1998 over the 28-d period, steers in T1 and T2 lost 0.52 and 0.21 kg d-1, respectively, whereas steers in T3 and T4 gained 0.60 and 0.51 kg d-1. In 1999, over the 28-d period, cattle in T1 to T4 gained 1.1, 0.64, 1.1 and 0.61 kg d-1, respectively, with cattle in T1 gaining significantly more weight (P < 0.014) than those in T4. The results suggest a weight gain of 0.5 to 1.0 kg d-1 can be achieved in a 28 day grazing period with early turnout on native pasture provided herbage mass ranges between 900 and 1300 kg DM ha-1 and approximately 130 kg forage DM head-1 is initially on offer. Key words: Native pasture, grazing, steer performance

scholarly journals New Fertilizer Strategies Combining Manure and Urea for Improved Rice Growth in Mozambique

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Fátima Ismael ◽  
Alexis Ndayiragije ◽  
David Fangueiro
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The cost of chemical fertilizers is increasing and becoming unaffordable for smallholders in Africa. The present study aimed to assess the impact of combined fertilization strategies using urea and animal manure (beef cattle manure and poultry litter manure) on rice yield and nutrient uptake. For this, a field experiment was carried out on a loam sandy soil in the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme. We set seven treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), namely: T0: no fertilizer, T1: 100% urea, T2: 100% beef cattle manure, T3: 100% poultry litter, T4: 50% urea + 50% beef cattle manure, T5: 50% urea + 50% poultry litter and T6: 40% urea + 30% beef cattle manure + 30% poultry litter, replicated four times each. All treatments, except T0, received an amount of nitrogen (N) equivalent to 100 kgN·ha−1. Results revealed that the highest yield grain (425 g·m−2), plant height (115 cm), number of tillers (18) and thousand-grain weight (34g) were observed in treatments combining urea with manure (T4, T5 and T6) indicating that N supply in the mixture (urea + manure) is more efficient than in isolated applications of N (T1, T2 and T3). The data obtained in this study suggest that a combination of fertilizers (T6) lead to competitive yields and is thus recommended for best soil management practices.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

2017 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Berta Ratilla ◽  
Loreme Cagande ◽  
Othello Capuno
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Ammar Hameed Madi ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Four Levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

Growth and Branching Responses of Portulaca grandiflora to Foliar Applications of Chemical Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447c-447
Author(s):  
T.J. Banko ◽  
M.A. Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Portulaca Grandiflora ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
Secondary Shoot

During container production of portulaca, growth of long, prostrate, sparsely branched stems makes handling of plants difficult, and reduces their commercial appeal. Growers prefer to minimize shoot elongation while increasing branching to provide a full, compact plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth regulators for promotion of branching and inhibition of stem elongation. Container-grown plants ≈21 cm in diameter were treated with sprays of ProShear (benzylaminopurine) at 62.4, 125, and 250 ppm; Promalin (benzyaminopurine + gibberellins 4+7) at 125, 250, and 500 ppm; Atrimmec (dikegulac) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm; and Florel (ethephon) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm. These treatments were compared with untreated controls in a randomized complete-block design. Main shoot lengths were measured at 16, 31, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). Numbers of new shoot breaks were counted 16 DAT. The growth habit, that is, tendency to grow upright or prostrate, was also evaluated 16 DAT. The most-effective material for retarding primary shoot elongation and for stimulating secondary shoot development was ProShear. At 16 DAT, 250 ppm ProShear reduced shoot elongation by 25% compared to control plants. This treatment also increased the number of secondary shoot breaks by 143%. Promalin increased the number of new shoot breaks, but it also increased the lengths of all shoots. High rates of Florel and Promalin caused shoots to grow predominantly upright rather then prostrate. ProShear, however, caused more prostrate growth as rate increased.

Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium on Three Zoysiagrasses

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 516b-516
Author(s):  
James N. McCrimmon
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Color Quality ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Color Density ◽  
Minimal Research ◽  
Micronutrient Fertilizer

Zoysiagrass has great potential for use in the Gulf Coast states as a turfgrass. There has been minimal research on the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertility response of zoysiagrass and the effect on turf color, quality, and nutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N and K fertility on zoysiagrass. A study was conducted on three zoysiagrasses: Zoysia japonica × Z. tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin. (`Emerald'); Z. japonica Steud. (`Meyer'); and Z. matrella. The N and K treatment combinations consisted of high (H) and low (L) rates of N and K at the following levels: N levels of 454 and 227 g N/92.9 m2 per month and K levels of 454 and 227 g N/92.9 m2 per month. The treatment combinations were (N and K): HH, HL, LH, and LL and were applied in two split applications monthly from July through November. The study was a randomized complete-block design with three replications. All plots received two applications of a micronutrient fertilizer (late June and August), were irrigated as needed, and maintained at a height of 3.8 cm. Color, density, texture, uniformity, and quality were determined visually for each month. Plant tissue samples were collected (September) and analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient contents. There were significant differences for color, density, and quality in the following months: September (color and density); October (quality); and November (color and quality). There were differences in leaf texture for all months. There were significant differences for N, magnesium (Mg), and K contents but there were no differences for any micronutrient. This study indicated that all three zoysiagrasses provided acceptable color and quality during the summer and fall, and that N and K rates affected N, K, and Mg contents in the plant.

scholarly journals SOYBEAN CULTIVATION IN A CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM WITH Azospirillum brasilense INOCULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
MARCOS DA SILVA BRUM ◽  
THOMAS NEWTON MARTIN ◽  
VINÍCIUS SANTOS DA CUNHA ◽  
LUIZ FERNANDO TELEKEN GRANDO ◽  
ALEX TAGLIAPIETRA SCHONELL
Keyword(s):  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Livestock System

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomorphological parameters of soybean in a crop-livestock system inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Brazil, for two agricultural years (2 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. 012/2013 and 2013/2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the winter, the black oat and ryegrass pasture was managed with sheep under different grazing systems: (I) - a conventional grazing (CG) system, where the animals remained in the pasture throughout the experimental period without any pasture height control; (II, III, and IV) - systems with post-grazing pasture heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively; and (NG) - one control without grazing. All treatments received two nitrogen doses (50 and 100 kg ha-1) and inoculation or no inoculation (A. brasilense). The soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR was sown using no-tillage on 16 November 2012 and 1 December 2013. In each plot, seven rows of plants with spacing of 0.45 m were used, and in four rows, the seeds were inoculated with the bacterium A. brasilense. The phytomorphological variables and grain productivity were evaluated. In a croplivestock system, soybean has better productivity when established on black oat and ryegrass pasture managed with post-grazing pasture heights of between 20 and 30 cm. Areas under conventional grazing in the winter led to smaller soybean plants with lower first and last pod heights. Inoculation with A. brasilense should not be used alone in soybean cultivation.

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