scholarly journals Effect of dietary fat level and source on performance and immune system response of turkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e46775
Author(s):  
Shahryar Omidi ◽  
Ardeshir Mohit ◽  
Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
System Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fat Level

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of different levels and sources of fats in diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune response of turkeys during four periods (0-21, 22 to 42, 43 to 63 and 64 to 70 days of age). A completely randomized design with five treatments, six replicates and eight B.U.T.6 turkey chickens per replicate was used. Treatments included: Control diet, diet containing 2.5% of soybean oil, diet containing 2.5% fat supplement, diet containing 5% soybean oil, diet containing 5% fat supplement. The results showed that using 5% of soybean oil increased average daily gain of turkeys (89.04 g) throughout the experimental period (0-70 days) compared with the control group (81.11 g; p < 0.05). Treatments containing 2.5 and 5% soybean oil improved feed conversion ratio compared to control group (p < 0.05). Soybean oil at the levels of 2.5 and 5% was led to higher spleen and bursa percentages compared to other treatments, respectively (p < 0.05). The level and source of dietary fat had not significant effect on antibody titer against Newcastle virus vaccine on 42 and 70 days of age (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that supplementing diet with 5% soybean oil improved the performance of turkeys.

Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elbaz ◽  
Said El-sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on broiler performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period with probiotics. Results: Chickens fed on probiotic or antibiotic diets had linear improvement in live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control group, while the best LBW and FCR were in the AP group. An improvement in the nutrient digestibility was observed in the probiotic added groups (PRO and AP). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents decreased when antimicrobial (probiotic or antibiotic) supplementations were used, while there was an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, serum total protein, and albumin levels. Among all groups, cecum Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli counts decreased; however, there was an increase in Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. In probiotic supplemented groups (PRO and AP), a significant (P<0.05) improvement in ilea architecture. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using probiotic after initial treatment with an antibiotic in broiler diets had a positive effect on broiler growth performance, gut health (improved cecum microbial populations and ileum histomorphology), and nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Effect of colistin and tylosin used as feed additives on the performance, diarrhea incidence, and immune response of nursery pigs

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Mazutti ◽  
Leandro Batista Costa ◽  
Lígia Valéria Nascimento ◽  
Tobias Fernandes Filho ◽  
Breno Castello Branco Beirão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence

For the last several decades, antimicrobial compounds have been used as feed additives to promote piglet growth at weaning, through the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease. However, few studies have assessed the influence of these antibiotics on the immune response of nursery pigs, as well as the relation between performance, health, and immunity of animals that receive feed additives. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of colistin and tylosin when used as feed additives on the performance, incidence of diarrhea, and immune response of nursery pigs. In this study, 72 weaned pigs (average age, 28 days) were allotted into one of three treatment groups: a control group (feed with no antibiotics), tylosin group (feed containing 22 ppm tylosin), and colistin group (feed containing 20 ppm colistin). Weekly, during a five week period, the average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of the pigs were evaluated. Stools were scored daily, in accordance with a fecal texture scale. Blood samples were collected on the day of housing (d0) and on d7, d21, d28, and d35 for immune cell phenotyping. The results of this study showed that piglets in both the colistin and tylosin groups exhibited a significantly higher average daily feed intake, resulting in a higher body weight at the end of the experimental period (d35) when compared with piglets from the control group. Colistin and tylosin also significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea. Colistin and tylosin modulated the piglets’ immune responses, particularly on d28, by changing the percentage of circulating B lymphocytes, CD4+CD8+ T cells, and the CD4:CD8 ratio.

scholarly journals Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava )

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Torres NOBRE ◽  
Roberto Germano COSTA ◽  
Neila Lidiany RIBEIRO ◽  
Francisco Fernando Ramos de CARVALHO ◽  
George Rodrigo Beltrão da CRUZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Santa Inês

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

scholarly journals Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying fatty acid profiles in diets of feedlot-finished Bos indicus bulls: impacts on intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass and meat characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe A Nascimento ◽  
Naiara C Silva ◽  
Laura F Prados ◽  
Rodrigo D L Pacheco ◽  
Bradley J Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Carcass Parameters

Abstract We hypothesized that the inclusion of calcium salts of fatty acid (CSFA) into the diets and the fatty acid (FA) profile of the supplements would impact performance and meat characteristics of Bos indicus bulls. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the effects of CSFA profiles on intake, body weight (BW), carcass, and meat characteristics of feedlot-finished B indicus bulls. Fifty-three Nellore bulls [initial BW 315 ± 5.9 kg and 20 ± 2 mo] were used. At the beginning, 6 bulls were randomly chosen and slaughtered for determination of their BW composition, and the remaining 47 bulls were evaluated during a 140-d experimental period. The bulls were placed in individual pens, blocked according to initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 following treatments: (1) control diet containing sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and mineral–vitamin mix (CON), (2) CON with the addition of 3.3% of CSFA from soybean oil (CSO), or (3) CON with the addition of a mixture of 3.3% of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oils (CPSCO). Diets were offered ad libitum and formulated to be isonitrogenous. Bulls supplemented with CSFA had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) final BW, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and FA intake vs. CON. Among carcass parameters, CSFA-supplemented bulls had greater (P &lt; 0.01) carcass ether extract concentration vs. CON bulls. When the CSFA profile was evaluated (CSO vs. CPSCO), CPSCO bulls had a better (P ≤ 0.03) FE, carcass ADG, and hot carcass weight (HCW) vs. CSO bulls. The FA intakes differed among CSFA treatments, as the total saturated, palmitic, and oleic FA intakes were greater for CPSCO (P &lt; 0.01), whereas lower intakes of total unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA (P &lt; 0.01) were observed for CPSCO vs. CSO. Samples from the Longissimus muscle contained greater palmitoleic (P = 0.01) and reduced linoleic (P = 0.02) FA concentrations in CSFA-supplemented bulls vs. CON bulls. In agreement with the FA intakes, CPSCO-supplemented bulls had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) unsaturated FA concentration vs. CSO in Longissimus muscle. In summary, CSFA supplementation improved the performance of finishing B. indicus bulls vs. CON. Moreover, the inclusion of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil benefited the FE, carcass ADG, and HCW compared with the inclusion of CSFA from soybean oil, demonstrating the potential of specific FA for improving the performance and meat quality of B. indicus bulls.

scholarly journals Evaluation of effect of supplementation of extruded rice as a substitute for dried whey in the diet of weanling pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 675-682
Author(s):  
S. Mohana Devi ◽  
SC Kim ◽  
IH Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
E Coli

A total of 120 weanling pigs [(Landrace &times; Yorkshire) &times; Duroc], 21 days of age with an average initial body weight (BW) of 6.52 &plusmn; 0.22 (SE) kg were selected to investigate the effects of extruded rice product as a replacement for dried whey on growth performance, coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CATTD), blood profiles, faecal shedding of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli (the microbial counts of digesta were expressed as log<sub>10</sub> colony forming units per gram), and faecal scores of weanling pigs. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments, with six replicates per treatment and five pigs per pen. Pigs in the control group were fed a diet based on corn, soybean, and 20% dried whey. Experimental groups received the same diet as the control group, but dried whey was replaced by 3%, 6%, and 9% extruded rice. Throughout the experimental period (six weeks), no differences were observed in the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain/feed ratio. Pigs fed 6% and 9% extruded rice had a lower (P &lt; 0.05) CATTD than pigs fed the control diet on Day 14. The blood creatinine concentration of pigs fed 9% extruded rice was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of pigs in the control group on Day 14. Pigs fed the diets containing 6% and 9% extruded rice had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) faecal E. coli counts on Day 14 compared with pigs fed the control diet. The current results indicate that feeding extruded rice can decrease faecal E. coli counts without negative effects on growth performance in weanling pigs.

Feed intake, growth rate and some anatomical characteristics of broilers fed commercial diets supplemented with green feeds

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Etela ◽  
G.A. Kalio ◽  
A. Monsi ◽  
E.V. Ezieshi
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Broiler Diet

AbstractA study was conducted on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria to evaluate the nutritional suitability of four treatments, namely a commercial type broiler diet as compared with the commercial diet supplemented with either fresh centrosema (Centrosema molle), pueraria (Pueraria phaseoloides), or waterleaf (Talinium triangulare) leaves. These diets were fed to 120 day-old chicks (Lohmann Brown) over a 62-day period with treatments arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). Chemical composition of broiler basal diets differed significantly from the three green foliage supplements. Dry matter (DM) of leaf meals ranged from 97.8 to 227.0 g kg−1 which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of broiler basal diets which averaged 900 g kg−1. Crude protein (CP) of leaf meals, however, ranged from 182.0 to 244.0 g kg−1 which was generally higher than basal diets (130–153 g kg−1). Similarly, crude fiber (CF) was highest for centrosema and pueraria leaves (330–342 g kg−1) and lowest in basal diets (164–222 g kg−1). However, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were significantly higher in broiler basal diets. Broiler daily and total feed intake over 62 days were similar between treatments and the control, averaging 112 g d−1, while diets containing waterleaf were slightly (2.5%) lower. Total and daily bodyweight (BW) gains (2110 g and 34 g d−1) were also similar between treatments and the control, except that gains where the broiler diet was supplemented with centrosema foliage were 2.9% higher. A higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) and lower protein efficiency ratio (PER) for the diet supplemented with pueraria indicates a higher feed efficiency and better protein efficiency in the commercial control diet. Carcass characteristics with the commercial control diet included greater (P<0.05) intestinal length and gizzard and spleen weights than with green foliage supplements. However, broiler carcass weight was generally lowest (P<0.05) in the control group (64.3 g/100 g BW) and highest in the waterleaf group (71.3 g/100 g BW). Small differences in carcass weight among the treatments tested reduces the effectiveness of green feeds for practical and economic intensive broiler production. However, increased effectiveness of green feed supplementation for broiler production might likely be observed where broilers are managed on fenced rangelands planted to selected green feeds or in integrated systems where other livestock (rabbits, sheep, goats, etc.) are jointly reared. These results support the recommendation that leaf meals of green feeds should be incorporated into broiler diets in future studies.

scholarly journals Evaluación De Tres Niveles De Mananos Oligosacáridos (Sacharomices Cerevisae) En Los Parámetros Productivos Y Salud Intestinal En Pollos De Engorde En El Cantón Babahoyo, Provincia De Los Ríos, Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ricardo Zambrano Moreira ◽  
Juan Carlos Gómez Villalva ◽  
Johns Rodríguez Álava ◽  
Hugo Alvarado Álvarez ◽  
Luis Quezada Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this research was to evaluate different levels of mannans oligosaccharides (MOs) in productive parameters and intestinal health in broilers. Two hundred and forty one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 line) were used during a 6-week experimental period. A completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates was used. The evaluated levels were 0.0 kg t-1 (T0); 0.5 kg t-1 (T 1); 1 kg t-1 (T2) and 1.5 kg t-1 (T3). For the mean comparisons, a Tukey test (P≤0.05) was used. The source of oligosaccharide mannans derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and it was added to the commercial balanced feed. Productive parameters, intestinal villi and economic performance (costbenefit) were evaluated. The data was analyzed with the statistical program SAS V9 (2012). At 42 days of the test, T2 reached the highest average weight of 2455.48 g. For feed consumption, the mean average for T0, T1, T3 and T2 were 4342.63 g, 4304.5 g, 4254.32 g and 4216.80 g respectively. T2 had higher weight gain compare to the control group, 535.70 and 388.84 g, respectively. Feed conversion was higher for T2 (1.71) compared to the control group (1.85). T1 obtained had a carcass yield of 75.89%. Mortality did not show significant differences (P≥ 0.05). Length and width (μm) of the intestinal villi were different (P≤0.05) among treatments, at 21 days of, T3 showed the longest (1939.74 μm) and widest (326.03 μm) measures at the duodenum site. The economic analysis, all the treatments were profitable results, although T1 had the highest cost-benefits ($ 1.30).

Dietary Laminaria japonica Polysaccharide Regulates Systemic Defence Property of Weaned Piglets Improving Growth Performance under High Temperature Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.W. Wang ◽  
Y. Jiang ◽  
W.N. Chen ◽  
Q. Liu ◽  
X.F. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Laminaria Japonica ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Heat Stress Resistance ◽  
High Temperature Condition

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary LJP supplementation on growth performance, heat stress resistance and immune status of weaned piglets raised in a high-temperature environment (34 ± 3°C).Methods: A total of 72 Barkshire × Licha Black crossbred piglets were weaned at 30 days of age (BW, 5.88 ± 0.16 kg) and fed either without or with 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg LJP in a completely randomized design, with 3 pens per diet (6 pigs per pen). On day 21, a total of 12 piglets were selected to collect blood samples.Result: The results showed that 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP supplementation decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of piglets compared to the control group (P = 0.037) and dietary LJP linearly increased average daily gain and decreased FCR of piglets (P = 0.037 and 0.011, respectively). In addition, adding 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP reduced the serum HSP70 content compared to the control group (P = 0.019) and dietary LJP linearly and quadratically decreased the serum HSP70 content of piglets (P = 0.030 and 0.011, respectively). Moreover, supplementation of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg LJP increased the serum (NO) and nitric oxide acid phosphatase (ACP) content compared to the control group (P = 0.019; P = 0.003) and dietary LJP linearly increased the serum lysozyme, NO and ACP contents (P = 0.039; P = 0.005; P = 0.001). In conclusion, dietary LJP has potential to regulate systemic defence property of weaned piglets raised in a high temperature condition, accompanied by increased growth performance.

scholarly journals Influence of lecithin emulsifier on the utilisation of nutrients and growth of piglets after weaning

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Daněk ◽  
A. Paseka ◽  
J. Smola ◽  
J. Ondráček ◽  
R. Bečková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Experimental Group

The influence of supplementation of a lecithin emulsifier (0.1%) to the feed mixture for piglets after weaning was studied. 16 piglets in the control group (C &ndash; without lecithin) and 16 piglets in an experimental (E) group were monitored in three replications in a 28-day experimental period. We observed higher digestibility of monitored nutrients in the experimental group (crude fat: C = 66.28 &plusmn; 12.11, E = 69.75 &plusmn; 9.85%, crude protein: C = 78.72 &plusmn; 5.47, E = 82.17 &plusmn; 2.23%, crude fibre: C = 56.70 &plusmn; 12.85, E = 59.10 &plusmn; 12.04%, nitrogen free extract: C&nbsp;=&nbsp;86.67 &plusmn; 3.32, E = 87.75 &plusmn; 3.00%, ash: C = 63.63 &plusmn; 11.59, E = 65.73 &plusmn; 10.35%). Statistically insignificantly higher daily average gain (C = 374.1 &plusmn; 107.0, E = 399.1 &plusmn; 104.7 g) of experimental groups and a lower feed conversion ratio (C = 2.285 &plusmn; 0.416, E = 1.768 &plusmn; 0.048 kg/kg) were found out. It was also confirmed in an additional field experiment (C = 279, E = 312 piglets from birth to 71 days of age) where average daily gain weight was 270 g in control and 290 g in experimental group. The influence of lecithin on the occurrence of haemolytic strains of Escherichia coli was not proved. This experiment confirmed a positive effect of the lecithin emulsifier supplement on the efficiency of piglets. &nbsp;

PSIII-20 Inclusion of a Live Yeast to Mixed Cereal Diets Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
Laura A Merriman ◽  
Gustavo Cordero ◽  
Pete Wilcock ◽  
Joaquin Morales
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Yeast Product ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Live Yeast

Abstract As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving health and performance of piglets. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a high concentrated live yeast product (20 billion CFU/g) supplemented in post-weaning piglet diets without antibiotics. A total of 144 pigs Pietrain × [LW×Landrace] (average initial BW = 8.55 ± 1.5 kg) weaned at 28 days of life were used for a 6-week growth study to determine post-weaning performance. Pigs were assigned to 2 treatments; 0 (Control group; CT) and 1 g of live yeast/kg (Yeast Supplemented group; YS) feed to 12 replicate pens of 6 pigs (3 barrows; 3 gilts). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated in pre-starter (days 0–14), starter (days 14–42) and in the whole nursery (days 0–42) periods. Data were analysed with ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS according to the completely randomized design. The model included initial BW as a covariant. Differences were deemed statistically significant when P ≤ 0.050 using a one tailed t-test. Live yeast supplementation improved ADG in starter (5.8%; P = 0.034) and in the whole nursery periods (7.0%; P = 0.045) compared with the CT group. Consequently, final BW was also higher in supplemented animals than in the CT (4.5%; P = 0.034). Differences in ADG were associated with differences in ADFI, higher in YS than in the CT group, both in starter (6.4%; P = 0.023) and in the whole nursery period (6.5%; P = 0.030). No differences were observed for FCR, mortality rate, and health incidences between dietary treatment groups. Therefore, supplementation of a live yeast to post-weaned piglets improved growth performance, confirming this product as an alternative to reduce antibiotic usage in nursery piglets.

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