Analysis of Developing of Renewable Energy Sector in Europe and 2020 Targets

Minerals, coal, oil and gas are all examples of nonrenewable resources and most of these pollute the environment when used. Most alternatives to fossil fuels use renewable resources (resources that can be replenished rapidly by nature), which are usually pollute the environment less. There are many forms of alternative fuels that are being utilized today: classic solar, nuclear, wind, hydro, geothermal and Tidal power generators. Many efforts have been madeto develop the ways how to generate power from reusable sources of energy, that have enabled significant progress made towards of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing security of supply and improving competitiveness.The analysis of developing of Renewable Energy sector in Europe (EU-28) since 1970 and 2020 targets presented.

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The use of renewable resources is an opportunity and an obligation

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/55/1902 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 13-17

Author(s):

Zoltán Balla

Keyword(s):

Solar Wind ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Energy Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Rational Utilization ◽

Security Of Supply ◽

Harmful Substances

The renewable energy sources could be used in energy production, while no or only very slightly emit harmful substances to the environment. The solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and heat rational utilization of land contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.Renewable energy sources also reduces the dependence on fossil fuels, thus contributing to increase security of supply. The creation of local jobs to strengthen the area's population retaining ability.

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Energy and Environment

Texas vs. California ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190077365.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 185-206

Author(s):

Kenneth P. Miller

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Global Economy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Environmental Policies ◽

Federal Law ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Energy And Environment

This chapter examines the deep Texas-California divide over energy and environmental policies. The modern Texas economy was built on energy, and the state remains the nation’s leading producer. The state’s development of fracking has revolutionized the oil and gas industry and has helped the nation break its dependence on foreign oil. Texas has also increased its production of renewable energy, but believes the global economy will rely for the foreseeable future on fossil fuels and resists restrictions on these resources. California, by contrast, has become a global leader in the fight against climate change. It has aggressively regulated carbon emissions and mandated a massive switch to renewable energy sources. California is the only state that can impose emissions regulations more strict than federal standards. As power has shifted in Washington, California has alternated between translating its environmental policies into federal law and defending its policies from federal challenge.

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ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR THE EAST ASIA/PACIFIC REGION: IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTRALIAN OIL AND GAS EXPLORERS AND PRODUCERS

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj96055 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 722

Author(s):

N.G. Grollman

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Value Added ◽

Petroleum Exploration ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Power Generators ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

Resource Limitations

The oil and gas reserves of Australia and the East Asian region fall well short of the region's long-term requirements, even for a scenario that phases out all fossil fuels by the end of the 21st century. There is, therefore, no contradiction between vigorous exploration for oil and gas and the process of transition to renewable energy sources. However, to be an independent player in environmental policy-making, the Australian petroleum exploration industry should focus on its particular role within the energy sector as a whole, whose nature will change radically over the next several decades. This role will combine concerns over long term oil supply security with, in particular, the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from oil and gas consumption to levels commensurate with Australia's international obligations. The role extends to Australian involvement in the region as a whole through the accrual of emissions credits from projects implemented jointly with developing countries. It also envisages that Australian explorers, especially those focussed on gas, will form alliances with downstream companies, power generators, appliance manufacturers and energy marketers as links in an integrated chain of operations with value added and emissions reduced at each stage. This re-orientation should lead the industry to question the extent to which its interests correspond with those of the coal and mineral industries, which do not face the same resource limitations.

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Biofuels: the next generation

Microbiology Australia ◽

10.1071/ma10079 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grant A Stanley ◽

Geoff J Dumsday

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Security ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Renewable Fuel ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Substantial Investment ◽

Continued Use ◽

Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations

There are many issues with the continued use of fossil fuels for energy, including finite supply, energy security and their contribution to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change, leading to substantial, increased interest in the research and development of renewable energy. In 2006, renewable energy provided only 2.5% of global energy needs, which is well short of the national renewable energy targets of many countries for the period 2020-2030, including Australia. For these reasons there is substantial investment in the development of renewable fuel technologies. Bioethanol and biodiesel derived from biomass are alternative fuels for which production capacity and demand is rapidly increasing.

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Investments in Unsettled Maritime Boundary Contexts: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties in Delivering Certainty

ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal ◽

10.1093/icsidreview/siz019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 666-696

Author(s):

Kathryn Khamsi

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽

Maritime Boundary ◽

Investment Treaties ◽

Oil And Gas Sector ◽

Inter State

Abstract Interest in offshore investment is growing: the oil and gas sector has been developing offshore reserves for some time; more recently, the renewable energy sector has also been investing offshore. In that context, this paper considers the legal uncertainties that overlapping sovereign claims in offshore areas create for investments. It then canvasses the commitments that States can accord to address these legal uncertainties, whether unilaterally or through inter-State authorities that jointly regulate areas subject to overlapping claims. This paper is then principally devoted to considering the role of bilateral investment treaties in enforcing such commitments, and otherwise addressing the legal uncertainties generated by overlapping maritime claims. By way of conclusion, this paper considers analogies to other situations where investments are subject to the sovereign rights of more than one State.

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US financial sector may be sound, but not safe

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db199251 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Productivity Growth ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Financial Sector ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Too Big To Fail ◽

Carbon Pricing ◽

Content Type ◽

Bank For International Settlements ◽

Oil Gas

Subject The implications of a large US financial sector. Significance The largest US banks have posted strong first-quarter earnings amid attacks by Senator Elizabeth Warren, who has presented programmes to scale back the size and influence of too-big-to-fail (TBTF) banks. However, a recent Bank for International Settlements (BIS) paper argues that the growth of large financial sectors stymies wider productivity, growth and innovation. This case could motivate policymakers of both parties to take a renewed look at the industry. Impacts Consolidation in the financial sector may be leaving the industry vulnerable to future shocks. The energy sector could be the next bubble, as renewable energy and carbon pricing could drive oil, gas and coal companies into bankruptcy. This would imperil the 6 trillion dollars of global investment into fossil fuels since 2007.

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URGENSI PENGATURAN PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN SEBAGAI WUJUD MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN ENERGI NASIONAL

Ensiklopedia Sosial Review ◽

10.33559/esr.v3i1.675 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Faisal Faisal

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Security ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Needs ◽

National Energy Security ◽

Catch Up ◽

The Government ◽

Oil And Gas Sector

Energy sovereignty in Indonesia is experiencing problems with a decline in national energy security. Indonesia's energy system is currently facing serious challenges. The imbalance in the condition of energy supplies with national energy needs, especially the oil and gas sector and efforts to fulfill national energy needs in a sustainable manner are the main problems of this nation in the energy sector. It is absolutely necessary to have strategic efforts in the field of creating new and renewable energy. Although the government has issued various policies to catch up, but to realize national energy security, it is necessary to urgently regulate the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security. As for the formulation of the problems raised in this study are: support national energy security in Indonesia? 2) what is the urgency of regulating the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security? This research will use normative juridical research and supported by empirical juridical research so that it will be able to see the conditions of developing renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security in Indonesia. To realize this, it is necessary to urgently regulate the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOFUELS WITH A FEEDSTOCK FUEL COMPLEX.

THE BULLETIN ◽

10.32014/2021.2518-1467.109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (391) ◽

pp. 122-127

Author(s):

N.B. Shamuratova ◽

Y.S. Baitilenova ◽

A.N. Narenova ◽

Zh.A. Nazikova ◽

A.A. Kamerova

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

The United States ◽

Active Management ◽

The European Union ◽

The World ◽

The Future

Biofuels are viewed as a possible fuel of the future. Concerning energy for cars there is intense “competition” stemming from electricity and rising in popularity due to modern research is also hydrogen. In general, biofuels are nowadays strongly supported in the European Union as well as in the United States of America and many other regions of the world. Active management in the oil and gas industry needs to take in account knowledge not only about fossil fuels but also various types of alternative fuels like biofuels. This thesis goal is to analyze the economics of producing Bio-Crude oil from a plant called Jatrophae curcadis, (or also known as “purging nut”). It is nowadays growing around subtropical regions of the North American continent, especially in Mexico, and southern Asia, and with lower yield can grow even in arid wastelands of Central Asia (in arid Mali it is grown to hold wildlife from plants). It is the very undemanding plant so the biofuel produced from it can be very cheap compared to other biofuels. The oil produced from this plant is not being traded on commodities markets yet but is viewed as biofuel of the future as currently sold soybean oil and palm oil are according to my analysis more expensive in many areas of the world. Production of the plant seeds (nuts) when pressed leads to bio-crude oil which can be processed to biocrude. Economic analysis showed that given irrigation and good genetic selection of the plants to give higher production of seeds (price of the kg would be determining factor), the biocrude produced from the seeds has the potential to successfully compete with alternative fuels made from soybean or palm oils.

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The Potential for Integration of Wind and Tidal Power in New Zealand

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12051807 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1807 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Navid Majdi Nasab ◽

Jeff Kilby ◽

Leila Bakhtiaryfard

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

New Zealand ◽

Hybrid System ◽

Test Performance ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Tidal Energy ◽

Tidal Power ◽

Suitable Alternative

This research focuses on proposing and evaluating an optimized hybrid system of wind and tidal turbines operating as a renewable energy generating unit in New Zealand. Literature review indicates increasing worldwide investment in offshore renewable energy in recent years. Offshore energy shows a high potential as an alternative energy generation solution to that of fossil fuels. Using the capacities of wind and tidal power in renewable technologies would be a suitable alternative for fossil fuels and would help prevent their detrimental effects on the environment. It is a cost-effective procedure for the power generation sector to maximize these renewables as a hybrid system. At the design phase, turbine types appropriate to environmental conditions for an area with high wind speed and tidal flow need to be considered. When selecting which turbines should be used, horizontal or vertical axis, number and length of blades, and optimized rotational speed are all important to get maximum capacity from either the wind or tidal energy for the hybrid system. Comprehensive simulation models of the hybrid system are now being set up, using several available commercial software packages such as QBlade, Simulink, and RETScreen. Several different parameters will be required for these simulation models to run in order to test performance, capacity and efficiency of the proposed hybrid system. To decide which regions are suitable for the hybrid system, it will be necessary to analyze available wind and tide records from NIWA, and online databases such as GLOBAL ATLAS. This next phase of research will aim to create optimized scenarios for the hybrid model by considering the effect of wind and water speed on performance. After deciding which region and scenarios are suitable, it will also be necessary to evaluate the costs and returns of a hybrid system. This final phase will be performed using the RETScreen simulation model.

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Prospects of ocean-based renewable energy for West Africa’s sustainable energy future

Smart and Sustainable Built Environment ◽

10.1108/sasbe-05-2019-0066 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ayokunle Adesanya ◽

Sanjay Misra ◽

Rytis Maskeliunas ◽

Robertas Damasevicius

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

West Africa ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Ocean Energy ◽

African Region ◽

The West ◽

Content Type

PurposeThe limited supply of fossil fuels, constant rise in the demand of energy and the importance of reducing greenhouse emissions have brought the adoption of renewable energy sources for generation of electrical power. One of these sources that has the potential to supply the world’s energy needs is the ocean. Currently, ocean in West African region is mostly utilized for the extraction of oil and gas from the continental shelf. However, this resource is depleting, and the adaptation of ocean energy could be of major importance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibilities of ocean-based renewable energy (OBRE) and analyze the economic impact of adapting an ocean energy using a thermal gradient (OTEC) approach for energy generation.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is conducted from the perspective of cost, energy security and environmental protection.FindingsThis study shows that adapting ocean energy in the West Africa region can significantly produce the energy needed to match the rising energy demands for sustainable development of Nigeria. Although the transition toward using OBRE will incur high capital cost at the initial stage, eventually, it will lead to a cost-effective generation, transmission, environmental improvement and stable energy supply to match demand when compared with the conventional mode of generation in West Africa.Practical implicationsThis study will be helpful in determining the feasibility, performance, issues and environmental effects related to the generation and transmission of OBRE in the West Africa region.Originality/valueThe study will contribute toward analysis of the opportunities for adopting renewable energy sources and increasing energy sustainability for the West Africa coast regions.

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