Characterizing Chicken Eggshell Reinforced Polypropylene (PP)

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 871-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivarao ◽  
Mohd Rizal Salleh ◽  
A. Kamely ◽  
A. Tajul ◽  
Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Chicken Eggshell ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Creep Modulus ◽  
Flexural Tests

Chicken eggshell (ES) is an industrial by product containing 95% calcium carbonate and its disposal constitutes a serious environmental hazard. ES contains about 95% calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and 5% organic materials such as type X collagen, sulfated polysaccharides, and other proteins. Although there have been several attempts to use eggshell components for different applications, its chemical composition and availability makes eggshell a potential source of filler for PP composites. In this research work, different proportions of chicken eggshell as bio-filler for polypropylene (PP) composite were compared with different operating temperature by creep test, hardness test and SEM photomicrographs. The eggshell had been prepared by blending and sieving them into granule size of less than 160μm. The granules were then mixed with polypropylene into four weight ratios, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively using fine extruder, where silane was used as the coupling agent. From the result, it was learnt that, the ES filler had improved Creep Strain and Creep Modulus for the operating temperatures of 34°C and 80°C. Tensile and flexural tests were also performed to study the pattern and behaviour of the chicken egg shell particulated polypropylene. In general, the findings can be concluded that not all ratios of particulation yielded positive as expected, but there were also conditions where virgin polypropylene yields better result depending on the test type and composite matrices.

Mechanical Properties Modification of Polyethylene (PE) for CaCO3 Particulated Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 880-887
Author(s):  
Sivarao ◽  
Mohd Rizal Salleh ◽  
A. Kamely ◽  
A. Tajul ◽  
Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Tensile Creep ◽  
Polyethylene Matrix ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Chicken Eggshell ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
Natural Composite ◽  
Performance Behavior

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the most useful and versatile materials known to man. In this research, eggshell as a natural composite bioceramics was used to modify and improve the mechanical properties of an existing polyethylene which is widely used to manufacture daily goods by small medium industries in Malaysia. Chicken eggshell containing 95% Calcium Carbonate is highly potential to be used as bio-filler to improve poly-based matrix in improving their performance behavior. PE was chosen for this project to modify its virgin mechanical properties by reinforcing eggshell/calcium carbonate and later investigate its character to improve the current product’s performance. Tensile, creep and flexural tests were carried out to characterize the developed PE-CaCO3 composites. Eggshells which were prepared into hundreds of microns and furnace dried at 90oC continuously for eight hours to improve the bonding capability. They were then particulated into polyethylene matrix accordingly as per the designed weight ratios, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. From the result, it was learnt that the ES filler has improved mechanical properties of virgin PE as far as 5% to 9% depending on the filler weight ratio. Therefore, ES which was a burden for disposal and being environmental threat can now be used for the betterment of PE product performance.

Effect of Weld Line Formation on Morphology and Mechanical Properties for 3D-MID Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 659-665
Author(s):  
Supakit Chuaping ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
Rapeephun Dangtungee ◽  
Suchart Siengchin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Weld Line ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Flexural Tests

The topic of this research work was to demonstrate the feasibility of a 3D-MID concept using injection molding technique and investigate the effects of two weld line types on the structure and mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural strength and morphology. In order to obtain more understanding of the bonds between polymer and metals, two different polymer bases of polyphthalamide (PPA) with the same type and amount of filler content were produced by injection molding at the different processing conditions. A mold was designed in such a way that weld and meld line can be produced with different angles by changing as insert inside of the mold. The mechanical properties such as stiffness, tensile strength and flexural strength were determined in tensile and flexural tests, respectively. The results showed in line with the expectation of high reduction on mechanical properties in area where weld/meld lines occurred. The result of tensile test was clearly seen that weld and meld line showed a considerable influence on mechanical properties. The reduction in tensile strength was approximately 58% according to weld line types, whereas in flexural strength was approximately 62%. On the other hand, the effect of the injection times and mold temperatures on the tensile strength were marginal.

Studies of the Egg of Bacillus libanicus (Orthoptera, Phasmidae)

1950 ◽  
Vol s3-91 (14) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
A. MOSCONA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Initial Mineral

1. Weight, moisture content, and mineral content of freshly laid and of fully developed eggs of Bacillus libanicus (Uv.) were studied. During development of the embryo the egg-shell loses 19 per cent, of its initial mineral content, while the weight of mineral materials in the embryo increases correspondingly. 2. These changes can be explained only as resulting from transfer of minerals from the shell to the embryo. The mineral materials are derived from the calcium carbonate layer of the shell, which, owing to this loss, becomes thinner during embryonic development. 3. It is suggested that the mechanism of this transfer is based on the production of bicarbonate by the reaction of water and carbon dioxide, given off by the embryo, with the calcium carbonate of the shell. 4. Experimental calcium deficiency in the egg-shells results in a marked lowering of the viability of the embryos; although embryogenesis may sometimes proceed till the hatching stage, the few emerging nymphs survive only for a short time. 5. The possible occurrence of mineral transfer in other phasmid eggs is indicated.

Radiographic Studies on the Formation of the Hen'S Egg Shell

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
J. R. G. BRADFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Shell Deposition ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Pointed End

1. Radiographic methods have been used to study the rate of deposition of the hen's egg shell and the changes in volume and orientation undergone by the egg in the shell gland. 2. Shell deposition commences about 5 hr. after the yolk is ovulated and several series of radiographs were obtained tracing the process from these earliest stages through to the fully calcined shell. 3. From radiographs of calcium carbonate-gelatin mixtures it was found that, for a series of comparable objects differing only in calcium carbonate content, the densitometer readings on their radiographs were directly proportional to the density of calcium carbonate traversed by the X-rays in each object. 4. Hence, densitometer measurements on the periphery of the shell in each of a series of radiographs taken during the development of a single egg shell give values which are proportional to the density (or thickness) of calcium carbonate traversed by the tangential rays. It is shown that the radial thickness is closely proportional to the square of these values. 5. Plotting these squared densitometer readings against time indicates that the rate of deposition of mineral matter in the shell follows an S-shaped curve, with a marked acceleration in shell deposition 5-6 hr. after its onset. 6. During its first few hours in the shell gland, the egg undergoes a 25% osmotic increase in volume. This swelling is brought to a fairly abrupt halt by the increase in the rate of shell deposition and the consequent increase in the impermeability and rigidity of the shell. 7. Throughout all but the last hour or two of its 20 hr. stay in the shell gland, the egg lies with its pointed end caudal. Shortly before it is laid, however, it usually undergoes a 180° rotation in a horizontal plane. Thus the blunt end finally becomes caudal and emerges first when the egg is laid. During the rotation, the egg sinks to a more ventral position. This is necessary because, in most hens, the length of the egg plus the thickness of the walls of the shell gland is greater than the width of the pelvis. 8. The possible significance of the S-shaped curve of shell deposition is discussed. The volume, shape and orientation of the egg are considered in relation to the needs of the chick embryo and to the characteristic structure of the bird's oviduct and pelvis.

scholarly journals Utilization of rapid prototyping technology for the fabrication of an orthopedic shoe inserts for foot pain reprieve using thermo-softening viscoelastic polymers: A novel experimental approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Shubham Sharma ◽  
Jujhar Singh ◽  
Harish Kumar ◽  
Abhinav Sharma ◽  
Vivek Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Foot Orthosis ◽  
Orthotic Insoles

This research work has been completed by concentrating on the structure of inserts for foot orthosis fabricated by utilizing rapid prototyping technology. Thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane are the most commonly used materials that are being used in customized three-dimensional printed orthotic insoles, which are comfortable and prevent the user in many foot disorders. Thermo-softening viscoelastic polymers, explicitly Filaflex and Ninjaflex, have been printed by utilizing Flash Forge three-dimensional printers to evaluate the mechanical properties of specimens with alterations of the percentage rate fill-up design replicas. The results are compared on the basis of hardness test, flexural/bending test, and tensile test using Durometer and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It has also been observed that the most significant effecting factor is infill density.

scholarly journals Evaluation of admixture effect on strength and durability properties of concrete - a critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Mahesh V ◽  
Hemalatha Chemalapati ◽  
Vani A ◽  
Sreenivasulu Dandagala
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Durability Properties ◽  
Stone Dust ◽  
The World ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Strength And Durability

The present paper is focused on the study of admixture effect on strength and durability properties of concrete. In this study selected admixtures bentonite clay, coconut shell, cow dung ash, crushed rubber, egg shell, glass powder, groundnut shells, rich husk, stone dust, sugar bagasse etc., research papers has been reviewed. Inspite of several usage of waste, presently millions of tons are produced every year and remain unused all around the world and causes serious environment problems. Utilization of waste products all over the world has become challenging task for civil engineers. High costs of cements are not economical for all the types of construction works. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the locally available materials for improving the properties of concrete in the field of construction industry. The usage of different waste material for the improvement of concrete properties has drawn much attention to the researchers. Moreover, several researchers were made an investigation on laboratory tests on partial and fully replacement of cement, sand, aggregate in concrete and various properties like workability, compressive strength, and density are studied. Based on the research work carried out several researchers we can conclude that the utilization of different usage of waste material as resources and prevents environmental pollution. It is also observed that waste materials can be used as an alternate material for the better improvement of strength and durability properties of concrete.

scholarly journals Strong stabilization of liquid amorphous calcium carbonate by polymers and proteins

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C594-C594
Author(s):  
Filipe Natalio ◽  
Tomas Corrales ◽  
Michael Dietzsch ◽  
Ingo Lieberwirth ◽  
Enrico Mugnaioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
The Self ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Liquid Precursor ◽  
Strong Stabilization ◽  
Egg Shell

We have studied the effect of bio-inspired polymers and proteins like ovalbumin, lysozyme and silicatein, which are present in the first stage of egg shell formation or in the formation of siliceous spicules of sponges, on the homogeneous formation of the liquid-amorphous calcium carbonate (LACC) precursor, by a combination of complementary methods like in situ WAXS, light scattering, TEM and cryo-TEM. Lysozyme destabilizes the LACC emulsion, whereas ovalbumin extends the lifetime of the emulsified state. We demonstrate that ovalbumin acts as a stabilizer for a polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP) process. We propose that the liquid amorphous calcium carbonate is affected by polymers by depletion stabilization and de-emulsification rather than induced by acidic proteins and polymers during a polymer-induced liquid precursor process. Thus, the original PILP coating effect appears to be a result of a de-emulsification process of a stabilized LACC phase. Silicatein-α is responsible for the biomineralization of silica in sponges guides the self-assembly of calcite "spicules" similar to the spicules of the calcareous sponge Sycon. The self-assembled spicules, 10-300 µm in length and 5-10 µm in diameter, are composed of aligned calcite nanocrystals. The spicules are initially amorphous but transform into calcite within months, exhibiting unusual growth along [100]. While natural spicules evidence brittle failure, the synthetic spicules show an elastic response which greatly enhances bending strength. Later stages of nucleation have been studied by "trapping" nuclei from solution by shock-freezing of droplets in liquid ethane (cryo-TEM). This yields snapshots of the structure formation process at given point. In a first step the full determination of the structure of vaterite, one of the common CaCO3 polymorphs, was solved on nanometer-sized crystallites by electron crystallography. These results demonstrate that crystals that are too small for single-crystal X-ray diffraction and too difficult to solve by powder diffraction may nevertheless be amenable to accurate structure determination by electron crystallography.

scholarly journals Mechanical characterization of jute fiber based biocomposite to manufacture automotive components

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-491
Author(s):  
Jorge Antonio Velasco Parra ◽  
Bladimir A Ramón Valencia ◽  
William Javier Mora Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Static Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Operating Stress ◽  
Work Samples ◽  
Flexural Tests

In this research work, samples of the biocomposite were manufactured using the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique, whose matrix is a polyester resin and the reinforcement is a biaxial fabric (90°) made with jute fiber. Then, tensile and flexural tests were carried out on standardized specimens under ASTM standards, in order to mechanically characterize the jute-polyester biocomposite. In both destructive tests, the results showed a linear-elastic behavior with brittle fracture and greater strength of the jute-polyester biocomposite, with respect to the thermosetting matrix’s properties. Subsequently, a finite element based static analysis was performed, with the help of the ANSYS software, to determine the mechanical behavior of interior opening handle for a car door. In it, a model sensitivity study was run to determine the influence of the mesh type and identify the convergence of mesh. Later, the static analysis results were obtained: critical zone, maximum operating stress and safety factors. The results obtained computationally validate the use of jute-polyester biocomposite, as a substitute for the manufacture of an interior opening handle for a car door. Finally, a scale model of the piece made with jute-polyester biocomposite was manufactured.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterizations of Hydroxyapatite using Precursor Extracted from Chicken Egg Shell Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5663-5671
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Eggshell Waste

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is considered to be one of the most important members of bio-ceramic materials. HAP is widely investigated for the development of biomaterials because of having remarkable chemical similarity to the mineral component, which comprises the bone and hard tissues. The focus of research is to make the whole process eco-friendly, economical, and minimal waste generating. HAP is one of the biomaterials that can be synthesized using naturally occurring wastes such as chicken eggshells, fish scales, etc. The purpose of this research work is to synthesize HAP from Eggshell waste (ESW). The method of preparation used in the current study is the Conventional chemical precipitation method followed by calcination at diverse temperatures. Characterizations of the Eggshell waste extracted from natural HAP powder were carried out using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis showed the formation of HAP and gave a characteristic apatite peak at 31.8 to 32.5 for 2θ values. The peaks of FTIR spectrum displays carbonate (CO32-), phosphate (PO43-), and hydroxyl (OH-) groups in the powder sample, which confirms the synthesis of that HAP. EDX validates the elemental composition of HAP by giving the Ca/P ratio, which comes out to be 1.64 for the uncalcined HAP powder. This obtained HAP is the nearest to the pure HAP, which has a Calcium to Phosphate ratio of 1.67. The HAP derived from ESW was synthesized and validated from the results.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanical Behaviour of Al2O3, TiO2, and Cu Reinforced Al 7068 Nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sathiyarasu ◽  
D. Jeyasimman ◽  
L. Chandra Sekaran
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanocomposite Powders

This present research work aims at fabrication of AA7068 metal matrix composite reinforced with a different weight percentage of Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu (0 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 4 wt.%) nanopowders through mechanical alloying of 30 hrs which is produced using powder metallurgy route. The consolidation pressure of 500 MPa was applied for compaction of the composite and sintered at a temperature of 600°C for two hrs in the presence of argon gas flow. An XRD result reveals that there are no intermetallic compounds formed in the milled powder after 30 hr of mechanical alloying. The reinforcement particles were well embedded and uniformly distributed in matrix composites was confirmed by bright-field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) image and selected area diffraction (SAD) ring pattern. From the DSC curve of AA 7068–2.0 wt. % Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu nanocomposite powders after 30 hrs of mechanical alloying., the endothermic peak at 536.85°C corresponds to the melting of aluminium which was followed by a steady-state exothermic reaction at 579.51°C was obtained. The green density and sintered density of prepared nanocomposites were calculated and compared. Brinell hardness test has been conducted and the maximum value of 192 BHN was obtained by adding a weight percentage of 2 wt. % of Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu particles.

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