A Novel Process for Lowering the Cost of Titanium

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorgees Adam ◽  
De Liang Zhang ◽  
Jing Liang ◽  
I. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
High Corrosion Resistance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Aluminum Iron ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University

Titanium and titanium alloys are the materials of choice for many industrial applications because of their attractive combination of low density, good mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance, and titanium is the fourth most abundant metal in the earth crust (0.86 % by weight) behind aluminum, iron, and magnesium. However, titanium and titanium alloys are not widely. The reason for this is the high cost of titanium and titanium alloys! The cost gap for titanium and titanium alloys widens when they are used for fabricating components and structures. Consequently, much effort has been expended to reduce the cost of titanium and titanium alloys. In conjunction with the University of Waikato, Titanox Development Limited-New Zealand has been successful in creating a modified novel process to produce TiAl based alloy powders with different particle sizes and compositions at low cost. The process offers several benefits to the titanium industry the most significant one of which is that it displays the potential to significantly reduce the commercial production costs of Ti-Al based alloys. This paper describes the Titanox Development Limited technology in brief, and shows how it can economically produce titanium alloy powders for different industrial applications and making titanium alloys affordable. The process has been disclosed in a PCT (Patent Corporation Treaty) application which was approved in 2004 [1], and the related patent applications either have been approved or are being filed in different countries.

Phase Constitution and Heat Treatment Behavior of Low Cost Ti-Mn System Alloys

2013 ◽  
Vol 551 ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Ikeda ◽  
Masato Ueda ◽  
Kaoru Imaizumi ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Constitution ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
The Cost

This paper is a review of results for Ti-Mn [1], Ti-Mn-Al [2] and Ti-Mn-Fe [3] alloys that have been previously published. Titanium alloys, especially beta-type titanium alloys, have high specific strength, excellent corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. Unfortunately, applications of titanium alloys are limited by their relatively higher cost. One reason is the use of rare and expensive metallic elements, such as vanadium and molybdenum, as a beta stabilizer. In order to reduce the cost, inexpensive and abundantly available metallic elements should be used as beta stabilizers. Manganese was adopted as a beta stabilizer because it is an abundant metallic element in the Earth’s crust and is relatively low in cost. The heat treatment behavior of Ti-Mn, Ti-Mn-Al and Ti-Mn-Fe alloys was investigated through electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction measurements to identify phase constitution, and observations using a light microscope [1], [2] and [3].

Approaches to the Design and Processing of Novel Titanium Alloys

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Colleen J. Bettles ◽  
Rimma Lapovok ◽  
H.P. Ng ◽  
Dacian Tomus ◽  
Barry C. Muddle
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Powder Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Shape Processing ◽  
New Processing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques

The range of commercial titanium alloys available is currently extremely restricted, with one alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and derivatives of it, accounting for a very large proportion of all applications. High performance alloys are costly to fabricate and limited to low-volume applications that can sustain the cost. With the emergence of new processing technologies that promise to reduce significantly the cost of production of titanium metal, especially in powder form, there is an emerging imperative for cost-effective near net shape powder processing techniques to permit the benefit of reduced metal cost to be passed on to higher-volume applications. Equally, there is a need for the design and development of new alloys that are intrinsically low-cost and lend themselves to fabrication by novel cost-effective net shape processing. The approaches that might be used to select, design and process both conventional alloys and novel alloy systems will be reviewed, with a focus on innovation in design of low-cost alloys amenable to new processing paths and increasingly tolerant of variability in composition.

scholarly journals The MENA Saga

ICR Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-451
Author(s):  
Anis H. Bajrektarevic
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Cost

The MENA theatre is situated in one of the most fascinating locations of the world, the Middle East and North Africa. It represents, along with the Balkans-Caucasus, the only existing land corridor that connects three continents. It also holds over a half of the world’s proven oil-gas reserves (56 percent - oil, 48 percent - gas). Furthermore, the Gulf OPEC states and Libya have by far the lowest costs of oil extraction, thanks to the high crude purity (measured by overall properties such as the state of aggregation, excavation gravity, viscosity, weight, sulfuric content and other contaminants) which simplifies and reduces the cost of the refinement process. These petrol-exporters also enjoy the close proximity to open warm seas for low-cost, fast and convenient overseas shipments. Hence, the costs per barrel of crude for Libya and the Persian Gulf states are under US$ 5; for other OPEC members, below US$ 10. This is in a sharp contrast to countries such as the US, Russia, Norway, Canada and many others that bear production costs of several tens of US$ per barrel, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Therefore, it is an absolute imperative for the external/peripheral powers to dominate such a pivotal geo-economic and geopolitical theatre by simply keeping its centre “soft,” and pre-empting, preventing or hindering any emancipation that might come through any indigenous socio-political modernisation. This is the very same imperative that has remained a dominant rationale of inner European and Asian machtpolitik for centuries.

Multifunction Synchro-to-Digital Conversion on Software Design

2011 ◽  
Vol 225-226 ◽  
pp. 589-592
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Ze Gang Ye
Keyword(s):  
Software Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Digital Conversion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

The current Synchro-to-Digital conversion (S/DC)with high reliability, high accuracy and widely used in the military field, but it has high cost and low tracking speed, not suitable for high speed and low-cost industrial applications. In this work, the principle of synchro and the harmonics of the synchro output signals are investigated. Multifunction S/DC software design using FFT algorithm and IIR digital filter technology is proposed. It Integrated many functions, such as angle position, harmonics analysis and filter, it also improved measurement accuracy and speed, reduced the cost. The simulation results by Matlab show that the method is feasible.

“A Wedding Ceremony Between Industry and the University”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Dorn
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Undergraduate Instruction ◽  
Institutional Prestige ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
University Degree ◽  
The University

This chapter discusses the rising ethos of affluence in higher education, which had profound implications for colleges and universities. Whereas earlier in the century, commercialism had led a growing number of Americans to value higher education as a means by which to achieve professional success, many people now concluded that a university degree was a ticket to the good life. In addition to demonstrating the effects of a social ethos of affluence on students' approaches to higher education, the history of the University of South Florida illustrates how colleges and universities similarly prioritized acquiring wealth during the second half of the twentieth century. Although established as a low-cost institution dedicated to undergraduate instruction, the University of South Florida eventually sought to become an affluent “multiversity” by pursuing lucrative research contracts, establishing technology transfer and patent and licensing offices, and raising revenue by increasing the cost of undergraduate education, all in an effort to generate financial resources and elevate institutional prestige.

Optimal Design of Asymmetric Passive and Semi-Active Dampers

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Eslaminasab ◽  
S. Arzanpour ◽  
M. F. Golnaraghi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Active Systems ◽  
Vibration Isolators ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Damping ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
The Cost

Vibration isolators are essentially used to reduce the magnitude of motion or force transmitted from a vibrating source to vibration recipient bodies. Such recipients might be a foundation, a structure, or even a human’s body. Despite all the advancement in vibration control using active and semi-active systems, passive vibration isolators are still widely used in different industrial applications because of their simplicity and low cost. In this paper we investigate an asymmetric one-degree of freedom vibration isolator. This is very important in practice, because all hydraulic dampers are asymmetric in nature. Due to the non-linearity of this system as a result of asymmetric damping, analytical methods of averaging and numerical simulation are used to analyze its frequency and time response characteristics. Optimal damping and stiffness values for the isolator are obtained by minimizing the cost functions, which are the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the acceleration transmissibility and the relative displacement transmissibility. The effect of the asymmetric damping on the optimal values in passive systems are then analyzed and used to create a design chart for the isolator parameters. In addition, the effect of asymmetry on the conventional semi-active systems is studied and the method to the optimal design of asymmetric semi-active systems is discussed.

Cost Analysis of Solar Reflective Hard-Coat Materials Deposited by Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Kennedy ◽  
R. L. Swisher
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Thin Glass ◽  
The Cost

Commercialization of concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies require the development of advanced reflector materials that are low cost and maintain high specular reflectance for extended lifetimes under severe outdoor environments. During the past 9 years, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has funded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in McLean, Virginia, to develop a promising low-cost advanced solar reflective material (ASRM) combining the best of both thin-glass and silvered-polymer reflectors. The alumina (Al2O3) coating is deposited by ion-beam-assisted physical vapor deposition (IBAD). Materials undergoing testing demonstrate excellent durability under accelerated and outdoor weathering. To help commercialize the technology, NREL had a cost analysis performed incorporating realistic web coating assumptions and the technical improvements made in the ASRM. The biggest process cost items are the alumina and machine burden (which collects the cost of the building and office staff). The switch from a polyethylene terethaphalate (PET) to a steel substrate for the ASRM is a significant contributor to the cost. The cost of high-purity alumina should drop from $400/kg to $200/kg when purchased in 20-kg quantities. Alumina deposition rate then becomes the critical cost driver. In a previous study, deposition rates above 100 nm/s were not examined, but deposition rates greater than 100 nm/s are being used routinely for thin alumina coatings deposited on commercial web-coaters as barrier coatings. In addition, multiple (2–3) Al2O3 IBAD zones can be used in one roll-coating machine to deposit thicker alumina at a lower web speed. This means that with increasing deposition rate and/or multiple zones, the total production cost of the SAIC ASRM with 1-μm thick Al2O3 on PET will meet both the 1992 cost goal of $10.76/m2 ($1/ft2) and the equivalent cost goal of $13.79/m2 ($1.31/ft2) when the 1992 cost goal is corrected for inflation. There is a minimum deposition rate needed to reach the cost goal and a maximum deposition rate related to the number of zones after which no significant cost gains are observed. These asymptotic total production costs are $8.06/m2 ($7.39/m2 excluding substrate) for a large commercial web-coating company and $7.62/m2 ($6.94/m2 excluding substrate) for a smaller company. As can be seen by these numbers, the $10.76/m2 cost goal can be reached, but the cost of the substrate is still a major consideration. In addition, the width of the web was increased from 600 to 1200 mm, which decreased the asymptotic total production costs. The results of the cost analysis will be described.

scholarly journals The Molds in Injection Process for the Achievement of Business Objectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio César Acosta-Prado ◽  
Ricardo Prada Ospina
Keyword(s):  
Gray Cast Iron ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Plastic Injection

The injection molding is a process that has been emerging in the industry, due to the technical and economic benefits obtained with reference to other processing of materials. Currently, parts with specific requirements found in this process the best solution, displacing traditional materials (bronze, aluminum, gray cast iron or steel, etc.) in industrial applications. The level of complexity, the quality of materials and the number of cavities affect the cost of the mold. In order to establish an appropriate relationship between production costs and the mold must be defined well, figure to be injected, the number of parts and the cost of the mold. This article aims to make an approximation of the theoretical and economic calculations applied to mold plastic injection process. Finally, it was found that the mold, not only has a strong impact to the profitability of the process, but its proper design depends on the competitive position of the plastics factories. La inyección de plásticos es un proceso que se ha venido abriendo paso en la industria, debido a los beneficios técnicos y económicos obtenidos en referencia a otros procesos de transformación de materiales. Actualmente, piezas con requerimientos específicos han encontrado en este proceso la mejor solución, desplazando a materiales tradicionales (bronce, aluminio, fundición de hierro gris o de acero, etc.) en aplicaciones industriales. El nivel de complejidad, la calidad de los materiales y el número de cavidades inciden en el costo del molde. Para poder establecer una relación adecuada entre costos de producción y el molde se deben definir bien, la figura a inyectar, el número de piezas y el costo del molde. Este artículo pretende realizar una aproximación de los cálculos teóricos y económicos aplicados al molde del proceso de inyección de plástico. Finalmente, se encontró que el molde, no solo presenta una fuerte incidencia con la rentabilidad del proceso, sino que de su adecuado diseño depende la posición competitiva de las fábricas de plásticos.Injeção de plástico é um processo que tem vindo a surgir na indústria, devido aos benefícios técnicos e econômicos em referência a outro processamento de materiais. Atualmente, as peças com requisitos específicos encontrados neste processo a melhor solução, deslocando materiais tradicionais (bronze, alumínio, ferro fundido cinzento ou aço, etc.) em aplicações industriais. O nível de complexidade, a qualidade dos materiais e o número de cavidades afetar o custo do molde. A fim de estabelecer uma relação adequada entre os custos de produção e o molde deve ser bem definida, a figura a ser injetado, o número de peças e o custo do molde. Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma aproximação dos cálculos teóricos e econômicas aplicadas para moldar processo de injeção de plástico. Finalmente, verificou-se que o molde, não só tem um forte impacto para a rentabilidade do processo, mas o seu design adequado depende da posição competitiva das fábricas de plástico. 

scholarly journals Assessment of Electricity-Free Hydroponics in India: A Proof of Concept Field Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Indira Roy ◽  
Yelena Naumova ◽  
A. J. Both
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Deccan Plateau ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

Subsistence and smallholder farmers in the Deccan plateau region of India struggle with a predominantly hot and dry climate and often accumulated debt due to the cost of fertilizer that they need to increase yields for profitability. While a low-cost deep-flow technique hydroponic growing system (DFT) as a supplement to soil-based agriculture could help reduce debt, the cost of electricity needed to operate the DFT makes it inaccessible to these farmers. The objective of this project was to test the viability of electricity-free DFT which would substantially reduce production costs. Two DFT systems were set up in a shade net house and prepared with identical nutrients to grow chili pepper seedlings. Each DFT system was oxygenated for 30 minutes per day, one system using an electrical air pump, and the other system was oxygenated manually. After four weeks of growth, the dry mass of the shoots of the chili pepper seedlings in each system was measured. While the pump-oxygenated DFT system produced more dry matter, the manually-oxygenated system produced a larger number of visually healthier plants. Therefore, we conclude that electricity-free DFT hydroponics may be a viable alternative to pump-oxygenated DFT hydroponics, making hydroponic farming a cost-effective option for poor farmers.

scholarly journals FPGA-Based Architecture for Sensing Power Consumption on Parabolic and Trapezoidal Motion Profiles

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Montalvo ◽  
Adyr A. Estévez-Bén ◽  
Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz ◽  
Gonzalo Macias-Bobadilla ◽  
Jorge D. Mendiola-Santíbañez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Discrete Models ◽  
Graphic User Interface ◽  
Parabolic Velocity Profile

The objective of this work is to design and implement a scalable Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based motion control system for DC servo motors using a parabolic velocity profile for industrial applications. The implementation in this device allows the obtaining of a fast, flexible and low-cost system. The system is divided into control, communication and closed-loop coupling. The work also addresses a comparative analysis of the most used profiles, the trapezoidal and parabolic. The comparison is made considering the energy consumption of both profiles. As a consequence of the comparison made, the velocity profile can be selected to reduce production costs by saving energy and reducing wear on machinery. The discrete models of the velocity profiles are obtained through numerical methods that permit the control blocks to be implemented in an FPGA. To reduce maintenance costs and energy consumption in servo mechanisms, the derivation of the acceleration or jerk of the motor is shown. A Graphic User Interface (GUI) is presented, which allows monitoring the position, velocity and angular acceleration of the motor shaft. In addition, the developed interface supports modification of parameters of the final position and maximum velocity in the motor. The delivered current is compared, evaluating its decrease using a parabolic velocity profile. Finally, the experimental results are illustrated.

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