Improving Calorific Value and Reducing Corrosiveness of Biological Oils

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Ying Mei Xu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Zhao Xia Song ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Oil Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Bio Oil

In order to improve the calorific value of biological oils and reduce its corrosiveness, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide are added as reactants and carboxylic acid used to induce separation. This paper investigates the effects of using different magnesium oxide/calcium oxide molar ratios on the calorific value of bio-oil. Analysis of the results show that adding magnesia alone improves the quality of the water phase and the calorific value of the bio-oil. A MgO/CaO mole ratio of 9:1 improves the pH of the bio-oil from 2.5 to 6.5 and achieves a phase separation of m (oil phase) / m (water phase) = 75:25, as well as increasing the heating value of the oil by 19.29% from 16.819 MJ/kg to 20.063 MJ/kg. Note that MgO/CaO mole ratios with calcium oxide ratios greater than 9:1, only slightly increase the heating value of bio-oil overt the raw non-separated oil.

scholarly journals Optimasi Kebutuhan Batubara dalam Pembakaran Batu Gamping Di Desa Cempaka Mekar

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
Sriyanti Sriyanti ◽  
Dudi Nasrudin Usman ◽  
Rudi Intan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Maximum Heating Temperature ◽  
Maximum Heating

Abstract. PT Damwoo Indo has limestone quality requirements (CaCO3 grades) that will be burned with a minimum of CaCO3 grades by 50%. As for the calcium oxide products produced also have standards from consumers, namely the minimum CaO grades that will be accepted by consumers, which is 80%. The average coal calorific value is 6.294,70 kcal / kg. Products produced from the combustion process have several types, namely: a). gaso, b). jogso, c). miso, and d). saso. Products with gaso and jogso quality will be marketed because they have been burned completely, but for the quality of the miso product will be burned again because the product has not been completely burned. Whereas products with saso quality will be waste and disposed of because the product is overburned. Maximum heating temperature to get quicklime products with CaO grades >80% at the lowest 1.1350C and highest at 1.1700C. The maximum heating temperature was achieved using coal with the lowest heating value of 4.804,13 kcal / kg and the highest was 6.197,52 kcal / kg. From the results of the calculation of coal requirements needed in the limestone combustion process, the percentage of coal needs is an average of 12,26%. This means that it takes 12,26% of coal from calcium oxide products (CaO) produced from the combustion process.Abstrak. PT Damwoo Indo memiliki syarat kualitas batugamping (kadar CaCO3) yang akan dibakar yaitu minimal kadar CaCO3 sebesar 50%. Sedangkan untuk produk kapur tohor yang dihasilkan juga memiliki standar dari konsumen yaitu kadar CaO minimal yang akan diterima oleh konsumen yaitu sebesar 80%. Nilai kalor batubara rata-rata adalah sebesar 6.294,70 kkal/kg. Produk yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran memiliki beberapa jenis yaitu : a). gaso, b). jogso, c). miso, dan d). saso. Produk dengan kualitas gaso dan jogso akan dipasarkan karena sudah terbakar secara sempurna, namun untuk kualitas produk miso akan dilakukan pembakaran kembali dikarenakan produk belum terbakar sempurna. Sedangkan untuk produk dengan kualitas saso akan menjadi limbah dan dibuang dikarenakan produk tersebut overburned. Suhu pemanasan maksimal untuk mendapatkan produk kapur tohor dengan kadar CaO >80% paling rendah 1.1350C dan paling tinggi 1.1700C. Suhu pemanasan maksimal dicapai menggunakan batubara dengan nilai kalor paling rendah 4.804,13 kkal/kg dan paling tinggi 6.197,52 kkal/kg. Dari hasil perhitungan kebutuhan batubara yang dibutuhkan dalam proses pembakaran batugamping, diperoleh persentase kebutuhan batubara rata-rata sebesar 12,26%. Hal tersebut berarti dibutuhkan 12,26% batubara dari produk kapur tohor (CaO) yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran. 

scholarly journals Quality Analysis of Briquettes based on Waterding with Variation of Pressure and Pellet Geometry to Water Content and Value of Calories

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Lintang Pratama ◽  
Dwi Pangga ◽  
Dwi Sabda Budi Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Tapioca Starch ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Value Range

This study is a research on water hyacinth-based briquettes which shows the calorific value of each form of briquettes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of water hyacinth briquettes with variations in pressure and pellet geometry. The quality analyzed includes moisture content and calorific value. The method of making briquettes starts from charcoal, pounding, then mixing with tapioca starch adhesive. The composition of the mixture used is 90% water hyacinth charcoal with 10% tapioca starch adhesive. 4 geometric variations are used, namely, solid box, hollow box, solid tube and hollow tube with 3 pressure variations, namely, 10 PSI, 20 PSI and 30 PSI. Test results and analysis,briquettes at a pressure of 20 PSI produces a calorific value range of 91.15 - 150.14 cal / gram. The resulting calorific value is higher than the briquettes at a pressure of 10 PSI and 30 PSI with a heating value range of 93.84 - 148.79 cal / gram and 89.81 - 135.39 cal / gram. Hollow briquettes produce a calorific value range of 107.24 - 150.14 cal / gram higher than solid geometric briquettes which produce a heating value range of 89.81 - 148.79 cal / gram. So that the contribution of the results of this research is that the community makes briquettes with shape and pressure with good results shown in this study.

scholarly journals Torrefaction Treatment on Fuel Properties of Bambusa Vulgaris and Gigantochloa Scorthecinii

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 492-494
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fast Growth Rate

There is a great potential for bamboo to be applied as a biofuel for the future due to its good fuel properties with low alkali index and fast growth rate. Torrefaction treatment can increase the fuel quality of biomass in terms of the calorific value, energy density and storability. The aim of this research was to explore the effect of torrefaction temperature and reaction time on the fuel properties of B. vulgaris and G. scorthecinii. The bamboos were treated at various torrefaction temperatures (200, 250 and 300˚C) and reaction time (15, 30, 45 mins). In overall, the highest higher heating value was obtained from bamboos torrefied at 300ºC for 45 mins. In general, the temperature used in torrefaction has a relatively stronger effect on the higher heating value while the impact of the residence time was considerably lesser.

Characteristics of Hydrochars Derived from Glucose, Protein, and Cellulose by Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Peiru Zhu ◽  
Jiayang Liu ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Lian Li ◽  
Xueying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Carbon Microspheres ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Absolute Advantage

With hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment, wet biomass can be rapidly converted into hydrochar product with high-carbon content and calorific value. The current study employed glucose, protein, and cellulose as raw materials to investigate the effects of reaction temperature and residence time on characteristics of hydrochars. Results showed that the optimal reaction temperatures for glucose, protein, and cellulose were 240 °C, 190 °C and 220 °C, respectively. The optimal residence times were 4 h, 3 h and 4 h respectively, under which carbon microspheres with smooth surface and uniform particle size tended to form. The increased temperature promoted decomposition of bio-oil in the hydrothermal system and improved the quality of carbon microspheres, but much higher temperature deformed the surface of the carbon microspheres. Appropriate residence time ensured full growth of carbon microspheres but excessive residence time made the formed carbon microspheres to crosslink with each other, causing roughness to the surface. In addition, comparison of the specific surface area showed that the cellulose carbon microspheres exhibited an absolute advantage.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH LUMPUR IPAL KAWASAN INDUSTRI DAN SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU MENJADI BRIKET

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sissar Eka Bimantara ◽  
Euis Nurul Hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Wood Sawdust ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Heat Value

Lumpur IPAL pada Kawasan Industri sampai saat ini belum dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik, pemanfaatan lumpur IPAL menjadi briket merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan limbah lumpur IPAL. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui lumpur IPAL dengan campuran serbuk gergaji kayu dapat dijadikan bahan bakar alternatif berupa briket, mengetahui pengaruh variasi lumpur IPAL dan serbuk gergaji kayu terhadap mutu briket berupa kadar abu, nilai kalor, kadar air , dan mengetahui komposisi terbaik antara lumpur IPAL dan serbuk gergaji kayu untuk menghasilkan nilai kalor optimum pada briket. Metodologi penelitian meliputi pengeringan bahan, karbonisasi bahan, penghalusan dan penyaringan bahan 20 mesh (841 µm), 40 mesh (420µm), dan 60 mesh (250 µm), pencetakan dan pengepresan briket, serta pengeringan briket. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji mutu briket, hasil analisis pada briket terbaik terdapat pada perbandingan 20 : 80 dengan menggunakan ayakan 60 mesh, memiliki nilai kalor 4366,8 kal/g, kadar air 1,26% dan kadar abu 1,32%. Nilai kalor pada briket masih belum memenuhi baku mutu dari SNI 4931 Tahun 2010, Minimnya nilai kalor yang dihasilkan bisa juga karena variabel perlakuan, dengan perbandingan yang dilakukan terhadap lumpur dan serbuk gergaji serta menggunakan ukuran ayakan yang berbeda. Kata Kunci : briket, lumpur IPAL, serbuk gergaji kayu. IPAL sludge in the Ngoro Persada Industry has yet to be utilized properly, utilizing IPAL sludge into briquettes is one of the efforts to solve this problem. The aim of this research was to determine the IPAL sludge with a mixture of wood sawdust can be used as an alternative fuel in the form of briquettes, to determine the effect of variations in IPAL sludge and wood sawdust on the quality of briquettes in the form of heat value, ash content and moisture content as well as knowing the best composition between IPAL sludge and wood sawdust to produce briquettes with the best heating value. The research methodology included material drying, carbonization of materials, refining and filtering of 20 mesh (841 μm), 40 mesh (420μm), and 60 mesh (250 μm), printing and pressing briquettes, and briquette drying. Furthermore, briquette quality testing was conducted, the results showed that the best briquettes were at a ratio of 20: 80 using 60 mesh sleve, having a heating value of 4366.8 cal / g, 1.26% moisture content and 1.32% ash content. The calorific value of briquettes still does not meet the quality standards of SNI 4931 of 2010, the lack of heat value produced can also be due to treatment variables, with the comparison carried out on sludge and wood sawdust and using different sieve sizes. Keywords: briquettes, IPAL sludge, wood sawdust.

scholarly journals Modification of Energy Parameters in Wood Pellets with the Use of Waste Cooking Oil

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6486
Author(s):  
Aneta Saletnik ◽  
Bogdan Saletnik ◽  
Czesław Puchalski
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Wood Pellet ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Cooking Oil

Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. It is expected that in the coming decades, biomass will play a major role in replacing fossil fuels. The most commonly used biofuels include wood pellet, which is a cost-effective, uniform and easy-to-use material. In view of the growing interest in this type of resource, novel methods are being investigated to improve the quality of pellet. This article presents the results of a laboratory study focusing on wood pellets refined with waste sunflower cooking oil applied by spraying. In this work, authors attempted to modify the energy parameters of wood pellets with the use of waste cooking oil. Addition of waste cooking oil, applied at the rates of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% relative to the weight of pellets, increased the calorific value of the pellets without decreasing their durability. The highest dose of the modifier (12%) on average led to a 12–16% increase in calorific value. In each case, the addition of sunflower oil resulted in decreased contents of ash in the pellets; on average a decrease of 16–38% was observed in the samples treated with the highest dose of the modifier. The treatment led to a higher content of elements affecting the heating value, i.e., carbon and hydrogen, which on average increased by 7.5–12%, and 7.0–10.0%, respectively. The presented method seems to be a promising way of increasing the calorific value of pellets. Further research on refining the method and the possibility of using it in industry is necessary.

scholarly journals Ni-Ru/CeO2 Catalytic Hydrothermal Upgrading of Water-Insoluble Biocrude from Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghai Xu ◽  
Shuwei Guo ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Hui Hua ◽  
Yang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Elemental Component ◽  
Group Compositions ◽  
First Time

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae is a promising crude bio-oil (biocrude) production technology, which can convert wet algae into water-insoluble biocrude and other coproducts. In this work, algae HTL at 350°C and 20 min was conducted to obtain water-insoluble biocrude (B1), which was then hydrothermally upgraded at 450°C, 60 min, or with added H2 and/or homemade catalyst (i.e., Ni-Ru/CeO2 or Ni/CeO2) for the first time. The characteristics (e.g., yield, elemental component, energy recovery, and molecular and functional group compositions) of upgraded water-insoluble biocrude (B2) as well as light biocrude thereof were analyzed comprehensively. The results show that Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 led to the highest yield and HHV (higher heating value), the best elemental compositions quality of B2, and the largest fraction and the best light of light biocrude in B2. Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 had good catalytic desulfurization effect and could transform high-molecular-weight compounds into low-molecular-weight compounds in B1 upgrading. At the condition above, 46.2% of chemical energy in the initial algae could be recovered by B2, while average 54.9% of chemical energy in B2 was distributed in its light biocrude (hexane-soluble) portion. On the whole, Ni-Ru/CeO2+H2 can be considered as the optimal additive in all tested cases.

scholarly journals Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Residence Time on Bio-char Obtained from Pyrolysis of Shredded Cotton Stalk

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
J. M. Makavana ◽  
P. N. Sarsavadia ◽  
P. M. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value

Bio-char is carbon-rich product generated from biomass through batch type slow pyrolysis. In this study, the effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the yield and properties of bio-chars obtained from shredded cotton stalks were investigated. Safely said that the quality of bio-char of shredded cotton stalk obtained at 500°C temperature and 240 min is best out of the all experimental levels of variables of temperature and residence time. At this temperature and residence time, the quality of bio-char in terms higher heating value (8101.3cal /g or 33.89 MJ/kg), nitrogen (1.56%), Carbon (79.30%), and C/N ratio (50.83) respectively. The quality of bio-char for various applications is discussed along with different quality parameters. The bio-char could be used for the production of activated carbon, in fuel applications, and water purification processes. Average bulk density of whole cotton stalk and shredded cotton stalk was found as 29.90 kg/m3 and 147.02 kg/m3 respectively. Thus density was increased by 3.91 times. The value of pH, EC and CEC of shredded cotton stalk biomass was found as 5.59, 0.03 dS/m and 38.84 cmol/kg respectively. Minimum and maximum values pH, EC and CEC of its bio-char was found as 5.85 to9.86, 0.04 to 0.10 dS/m and 38.02 to 24.39 cmol/kg at 200°C and 60 min and; 500°C and 240 min temperature and residence time respectively. Moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of shredded cotton stalk biomass were found as, 12.5, 5.27, 80.22, and 14.51 (%, d.b) respectively. The minimum and maximum value of bio-char in terms of ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of bio-char were found as 5.5 to 15.56, 48.02 to 79.48 and 15.02 to 36.40 (%, d.b) respectively. Calorific value of cotton stalk biomass was found as 3685.3 cal /g. The minimum and maximum higher heating value of its bio-char was found as 4622.0 cal/ g and 8101.3 cal/g at 200°C and 60 min and; 500˚C and 240 min temperature and residence time.

scholarly journals Characterizations of Biomasses for Subsequent Thermochemical Conversion: A Comparative Study of Pine Sawdust and Acacia Tortilis

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Gratitude Charis ◽  
Gwiranai Danha ◽  
Edison Muzenda
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Bulk Energy ◽  
Compressed Wood

The bioenergy production potential from biomasses is dependent on their characteristics. This study characterized pine sawdust samples from Zimbabwe and acacia tortilis samples from Botswana using conventional and spectrometry techniques. The ultimate analysis results for pine were 45.76% carbon (C), 5.54% hydrogen (H), 0.039% nitrogen (N), 0% sulphur (S) and 48.66% oxygen (O) and, for acacia, were 41.47% C, 5.15% H, 1.23% N, 0% S and 52.15% O. Due to the low N and S in the biomasses, they promise to provide cleaner energy than fossil-based sources. Proximate analysis results, on a dry basis, for acacia were 3.90% ash, 15.59% fixed carbon and 76.51% volatiles matter and 0.83%, 20% and 79.16%, respectively, for pine. A calorific value of 17.57 MJ/kg was obtained for pine, compared with 17.27 MJ/kg for acacia, suggesting they are good thermochemical feedstocks. Acacia’s bulk energy density is five times that of pine, making it excellent for compressed wood applications. Though the ash content in acacia was much higher than in pine, it fell below the fouling and slagging limit of 6%. In pyrolysis, however, high ash contents lead to reduced yields or the quality of bio-oil through catalytic reactions. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry indicated the presence of multiple functional groups, as expected for a biomass and its derivatives.

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