The Water Footprint of Wool Scouring

2015 ◽  
Vol 671 ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Li Wang ◽  
Xue Mei Ding ◽  
Xiong Ying Wu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Scouring Process ◽  
High Oxygen Demand ◽  
Resource Shortage ◽  
Very High

Raw wool contains high percentage by weight of natural contaminants. It is usually treated by a scouring process in the first stage of textile processing. Wool scouring process consumes large quantities of fresh water and produces concentrated effluent with very high oxygen demand, aggravating the water resource shortage and environmental impacts. Water footprint (WF) is a multidimensional indicator that shows water consumption volumes by source and polluted volumes by type of pollution. This study discusses the environmental impacts assessment of wool scouring process based on the WF theory. Through cases study, it was found that chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific original grey WF (WFori, grey), while NH3-N was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific residuary grey WF (WFres, grey). The average WFori, greyof wool scouring process was 51878 m3/d, approximately 291 times of blue WF (WFblue). After treatment of the scouring effluent through floatation reflux-biological contact oxidizing technology, the WFori, greyreduced to 558 m3/d. Refluxing and regulating, oil removal were two important processes that contributed largely to effluent treatment as they reduced WFori, greyby 28537 m3/d and 23171 m3/d, respectively.

Carbon footprint and water footprint assessment of virgin and recycled polyester textiles

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110062
Author(s):  
Weiran Qian ◽  
Xiang Ji ◽  
Pinghua Xu ◽  
Laili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Fabric Production ◽  
Water Eutrophication

Recycled polyester textile fibers stemming from waste polyester material have been applied in the textile industry in recent years. However, there are few studies focusing on the evaluation and comparison of the environmental impacts caused by the production of virgin polyester textiles and recycled polyester textiles. In this study, the carbon footprint and water footprint of virgin polyester textiles and recycled polyester textiles were calculated and compared. The results showed that the carbon footprint of the virgin polyester textiles production was 119.59 kgCO2/100 kg. Terephthalic acid production process occupied the largest proportion, accounting for 45.83%, followed by polyester fabric production process, ethylene production process, paraxylene production process, ethylene glycol production process and polyester fiber production process. The total carbon footprint of waste polyester recycling was 1154.15 kgCO2/100 kg, approximately ten times that of virgin polyester textiles production. As for the water footprint, it showed that virgin polyester fabric production and recycled polyester fabric production both had great impact on water eutrophication and water scarcity. Chemical oxygen demand caused the largest water eutrophication footprint, followed by ammonia-nitrogen and five-day biochemical oxygen demand. The water scarcity footprint of virgin polyester fabric production and recycled polyester fabric production was 5.98 m3 H2Oeq/100 kg and 1.90 m3 H2Oeq/100 kg, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation of carbon footprint and water footprint with the life cycle assessment polygon method indicated that the polyester fabric production process exhibited greater environmental impacts both for virgin polyester and recycled polyester.

scholarly journals Investigation of Waste Water Quality Parameters Discharged from Textile Manufacturing Industries of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ahasanur Rabbi ◽  
Jewel Hossen ◽  
Md. Mirja Sarwar ◽  
Pijush Kanti Roy ◽  
Sharmin Binte Shaheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Textile Processing ◽  
Textile Manufacturing ◽  
Ph Values

Textile manufacturing sector is the strongest root of the economy of Bangladesh while pollution by inappropriate management of waste water from textile dyeing industries is one of the major environmental problems. Textile processing employs an assortment of chemicals, contingent upon the idea of the crude materials and items. Environmental problems caused by the the textile industry are mainly the discharges of waste water. The wellspring of waste water contamination are the wet handling steps which incorporate measuring, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, coloring, printing etc. The present study was aimed at physico-chemical evaluation of waste water discharged by some garments industries. While in some waste water high pH values have been recorded, the pH values of the waste water before and after treatments were found in between the standard range. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) values for waste water before treatment were found to be much higher than the permissible limits. For some industries the BOD, COD, TDS and TSS values of the outlet water from effluent treatment plant (ETP) were also found beyond the standard limits.

scholarly journals Optimization of Crude Oil and PAHs Degradation by Stenotrophomonas rhizophila KX082814 Strain through Response Surface Methodology Using Box-Behnken Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Siddalingappa Virupakshappa ◽  
Manjunatha Bukkambudhi Krishnaswamy ◽  
Gaurav Mishra ◽  
Mohammed Ameenuddin Mehkri
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Rhizophila ◽  
Crude Oil Removal

The present paper describes the process optimization study for crude oil degradation which is a continuation of our earlier work on hydrocarbon degradation study of the isolate Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (PM-1) with GenBank accession number KX082814. Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the process wherein temperature, pH, salinity, and inoculum size (at three levels) were used as independent variables and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand of crude oil and PAHs as dependent variables (response). The statistical analysis, via ANOVA, showed coefficient of determination R2 as 0.7678 with statistically significant P value 0.0163 fitting in second-order quadratic regression model for crude oil removal. The predicted optimum parameters, namely, temperature, pH, salinity, and inoculum size, were found to be 32.5°C, 9, 12.5, and 12.5 mL, respectively. At this optimum condition, the observed and predicted PAHs and crude oil removal were found to be 71.82% and 79.53% in validation experiments, respectively. The % TPH results correlate with GC/MS studies, BOD, COD, and TPC. The validation of numerical optimization was done through GC/MS studies and   % removal of crude oil.

Effect of Different Mediators on Bio-Energy Generation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment in an Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell-Adsorption System

2021 ◽  
Vol 411 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Ivy Ai Wei Tan ◽  
J.R. Selvanathan ◽  
M.O. Abdullah ◽  
N. Abdul Wahab ◽  
D. Kanakaraju
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cell ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Adsorption System ◽  
Air Cathode ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged without treatment into watercourses can pollute the water source. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has gained high attention as a green technology of converting organic wastewater into bio-energy. As an approach to overcome the limitations of the existing POME treatment methods, air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system is introduced as an innovative technology to treat POME and generate bio-electricity simultaneously. However, the use of conventional MFC with proton exchange membrane in large scale applications is restricted by the high cost and low power generation. Addition of mediator in MFC is essential in order to increase the electron transfer efficiency, hence enhancing the system performance. This study therefore aims to investigate the effect of different type of mediators i.e. congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) on the performance of an affordable air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system made from earthen pot with POME as the substrate. The addition of different mediators altered the pH of the MFC-Adsorption system, in which more alkaline system showed better performance. The voltage generated in the system with CR, CV and MB mediator was 120.58 mV, 168.63 mV and 189.25 mV whereas the current generated was 2.41 mA, 3.37 mA and 3.79 mA, respectively. The power density of 290.79 mW/m3, 568.72 mW/m3 and 716.31 mW/m3 was produced in the MFC-Adsorption system with CR, CV and MB mediator, respectively. The highest POME treatment efficiency was achieved in MFC-Adsorption system with MB mediator, which resulted in biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, turbidity and ammoniacal nitrogen removal of 75.3%, 84.8%, 91.5%, 86.1% and 23.31%, respectively. Overall, the air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system with addition of MB mediator was feasible for POME treatment and simultaneous bio-energy generation.

Comparison of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) taxocenes of permanent and intermittent Central European small streams via species traits

Biologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavla Řezníčková ◽  
Tomáš Soldán ◽  
Petr Pařil ◽  
Světlana Zahrádková
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
High Oxygen Demand ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe recurrent drying out of small streams in past decades has shown an urgent need to pay attention to the impact of global climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the effect of drying out on the composition of the mayfly taxocene and evaluate the relevance of individual species traits for survival of mayflies to drying out. The mayfly taxocenes of two model localities, one at an intermittent and one at a permanent brook, were investigated in 2002, 2003 and 2005. Compared with the permanent stream, the taxocene of the intermittent stream was short of nine species, foremost rheobionts and high oxygen demand species. To explain further differences between both stream types in survival and recolonisation ability, 15 species traits were evaluated. These included so-called “ecological traits” (e.g., habitat and substrate range, density, distribution, current velocity adaptation) and “biological traits” connected with life cycle and larval/adult adaptations. Species showing the highest number of advantageous traits (with only exception of Electrogena sp. cf. ujhelyii — species of taxonomically unclear status) were able to successfully survive under the unfavourable conditions of the intermittent brook. Biological traits considered more important in many respects seem to be good predictors for assessing sensitivity to extreme temperature changes, hydrological regime fluctuations and the survival/recolonisation ability of species in exposed habitats.

scholarly journals Removal of nutrients from aquaculture residual water: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jéssica Mendonça Ribeiro Cargnin ◽  
Jair Juarez João
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Aquaculture Wastewater ◽  
Protein Rich

Aquaculture plays an important role in providing protein-rich foods, meeting the growing demand for fish. However, aquaculture is a potentially polluting activity, especially with regard to water pollution, due to the improper disposal of wastewater from the production process. Aquaculture wastewater is rich in nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphorus) and organic matter, and is commonly discharged into the environment without proper treatment. This can cause a series of environmental impacts and aggravate the current water crisis. Due to the importance and need to reduce environmental impacts, plan the use of water resources and achieve an efficient and sustainable production process, many researchers have focused their studies on effluent treatment techniques designed to remove these nutrients. This article therefore presents an updated review of the main physicochemical and biological techniques used in the removal of nutrients, which can mitigate environmental problems arising from aquaculture activities and contribute to the sustainability of the activity. Keywords: biological removal, nitrogen compounds, sustainable activity.

scholarly journals Potential of Functionalized-Rice-Husk Ash for Purification of Tannery-yard Liming Effluent

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-381
Author(s):  
M. Abdulla-Al-Mamun ◽  
B. R. Goush
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Cooh Group ◽  
Filtration Process

The natural rise-husk charcoal was made by burned in a furnace at 230 °C. Carboxylic group (-COOH) was functionalized onto the charcoal by using oxalic acid in situ process. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) demonstrated that the COOH-group was successfully functionalized on the charcoal and the particles were porous. The COOH-activated charcoal was applied for liming effluent treatment through a filtration media. Eight environmental load parameters was determined by the standard method. The results were compared with the standard permissible limits set by Inland Surface Water-Bangladesh Standards (ISW–BDS-ECR, 1997). It has been observed that the rice husk based activated carbons dramatically reduce the pollutants to permissible level. The removal efficiency of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days at 20 °C (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), Total Alkalinity, S2- from liming effluent up to 40.0%, 85.89%, 98.8%, 81.32%, 96.74%, 78.6%, 97.15% and 79.61% respectively. In conclusion, the liming effluent simply recycled by filtration process and can be used for industrial purpose.

scholarly journals Coupled Oxides/LLDPE Composites for Textile Effluent Treatment: Effect of Neem and PVA Stabilization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Norfatehah Basiron ◽  
Srimala Sreekantan ◽  
Lim Jit Kang ◽  
Hazizan Md Akil ◽  
Rabiatul Basria S.M.N. Mydin
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Textile Effluent ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
The One

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and neem extract were grafted onto coupled oxides (3ZT-CO) via reflux process to stabilize the particles to form 3ZT-CO/PVA and 3ZT-CO/Neem. These were then incorporated into LLDPE by melt blending process to give LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA and LLDPE/3ZT-CO/Neem composites. The Neem and PVA stabilized particles showed high zeta potential and dispersed homogeneously in water. The stabilization process altered the shape of the particles due to plane growth along the (002) polar direction. The stabilizers acted as capping agents and initiated the one-dimensional growth. The alkyl chain groups from PVA increased the polarity of the LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA and played a dominant role in the water adsorption process to activate the photocatalytic activity. This was further enhanced by the homogeneous distribution of the particles and low degree of crystallinity (20.87%) of the LLDPE composites. LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA exhibited the highest photodegradation (93.95%), which was better than the non-stabilized particles. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of a polymer composite can be enhanced by grafting PVA and neem onto couple oxides. The LLDPE/3ZT-CO/PVA composite was further used to treat textile effluent. The results showed the composite was able to remove dye color by 93.95% and to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 99.99%.

scholarly journals Tequila Still Distillation Fractioned Residual Streams for Use in Biorefinery

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Edgardo Martinez-Orozco ◽  
Pablo Gortares-Moroyoqui ◽  
Norberto Santiago-Olivares ◽  
Juan Napoles-Armenta ◽  
Ruth Gabriela Ulloa-Mercado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Very High ◽  
Tequila Vinasses

Tequila vinasses is a mixture made from up to six still distillation two-stage process residual effluents. First stage fractions: residual must (60%), heads (0.9%) and tails (20.0%); second stage fractions: non-evaporated (8.0%), heads (0.1%) and tails (1.0%); the result is a more complex effluent for its treatment or biorefining. The objectives of this study were to: (a) characterize the five still distillation volatile streams in the Tequila 100% Agave processing; compounds: methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, sec-butanol, n-propanol, iso-butanol, n-butanol, iso-amyl, n-amyl, and ethyl lactate were detected by gas chromatography; calculated chemical oxygen demand from chemical composition had very high values (53,760–1,239,220 mg/L); measurement of pH (3.24–4.80), color (38.6 UC Pt-Co max), turbidity (46.1 max), electrical conductivity (3.30–172.20 μS/cm), and solid content (0 mg/L) was also made; (b) report an energy analysis (2.02 × 109 KWh) and CO2 production (429 × 106 kg) in the Tequila industry during 2019; (c) up to date residues (365.2 × 106 kg agave bagasse, 1146.1 × 106 kg agave leaves and 3300.0 × 106 L agave vinasse) in 2019; (d) economic analysis, current tequila vinasses treatment price is 16.00 USD/m3 but could reach a considerable fraction value if is bio-refined, a break down component analysis reach for five volatile streams $51.23–$140.00 USD/m3.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment Using Electrocoagulation-Adsorption Hybrid Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 997 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Yong Yin Sia ◽  
Ivy Ai Wei Tan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Hybrid Process ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil processing is a multi-stage operation which generates large amount of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Due to its potential to cause environmental pollution, POME must be treated prior to discharge. Electrocoagulation (EC), adsorption (AD), combined EC and AD, and EC integrated with AD have demonstrated great potential to remove various organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. Up to date, no study has been found on POME treatment using EC-AD hybrid process. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the feasibility of applying EC-AD hybrid process as an alternative treatment for POME. The EC-AD hybrid process achieved higher removal of total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour as compared to EC and AD stand-alone processes. The EC-AD hybrid process reduced 79% of TSS, 44% of COD and 89% of colour from POME. The adsorption kinetics of TSS, COD and colour were best interpreted using pseudo-second-order model, which indicated that the adsorption rate was mainly controlled by chemisorption. Overall, the EC-AD hybrid process could be recommended as an alternative treatment for POME.

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