Biodegradable Composites Applied to the Automotive Industry: The Development of a Loudspeaker Front

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Campos ◽  
António M. Cunha ◽  
Alberto Tielas ◽  
António Mateos
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Electron Microscopies ◽  
Biodegradable Composites ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Moulding Machine ◽  
Matrix Reinforcement

The interest of the automotive industry on biodegradable and green composites is increasing dramatically due two environmental legislation that obliges automakers to reduce the disposal of waste from vehicles [1]. As an answer to this recent demand several research groups are working on the development of these composites. This work shows the development of a loudspeaker front made of two different biodegradable composites: PLA (polylactic acid) and SCA (blend of starch and cellulose acetate) reinforced with different percentages of cellulose spent fibres. The composites were previously extruded on a counter-rotating twin screw extruder and injection moulded into tensile specimens. The mechanical properties of the produced tensile specimens were assessed with an Instron Universal Testing Machine as well as the morphological aspects of the materials, studied with optical and scanning electron microscopies. After these preliminary set of tests, the best composites were chosen to produce the final parts (loudspeaker front). These parts were injection moulded on a Ferromatik Milacron K85 injection moulding machine (850 kN clamping force) and subjected to a wide set of automotive tests to evaluate their performance. The best materials for this application proved to be the PLA reinforced composites, although there is still a large window for improvement of properties, based on the engineering of the matrix/reinforcement interface and also on the improvement of the thermal properties of the PLA material.

scholarly journals Obtaining and characterizing biodegradable composites from agroenergetic residues

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-13
Author(s):  
Hélida Cristina Noronha Figueiredo ◽  
Juan Carlos Valdés Serra ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Ribeiro e Souza
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Biodegradable Composites ◽  
Biodegradable Composite ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Reinforcement

The study aimed to produce biodegradable composite materials from sugar cane straw and castor oil-based resin. The fibers were used in two sizes: 0 <fibers ≤4.27mm and 4.27 <fibers <10mm; resin in the proportion of 10%, 15% and 20%. The preparation method was carried out according to NBR 14810-2: 2018, using the compression molding technique at room temperature. Physical assays were carried out: moisture and swelling; mechanical assays: static bending and compression. The morphological assay was evaluated: scanning electron microscopy; and the composite biodegradability assay, over a three-month period. In order to validate the results, the statistic graphic was performed with significance at 5% by the F test, compared to the means by the Scott-knott test of the physical and mechanical treatments. The results showed that the values of the physical assays have met the minimum limits established by the standard, resulting in 8.72% swelling of the composite material. In the mechanical assay, the composite with less fiber and 20% resin was more resistant in the bend test with a capacity of 3.69 N/mm², and in the compression assay with 2.98 N/mm². The morphological analysis showed a wide interaction at the matrix/reinforcement interface. The biodegradation assay showed that over the months the composites started to lose weight, which shows the improvement of the degradation. Therefore, the composite produced has great potential in the market, it is considered biodegradable and of low cost compared to composites produced from synthetic fibers.

Determination of the phase structure of polymerblends by electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 492-493
Author(s):  
Dr. G. Kaemof
Keyword(s):  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.

The Effects of Hydrothermal Ageing on the Crushing Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Composite Pipes

2015 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
S.N. Fitriah ◽  
M.S. Abdul Majid ◽  
R. Daud ◽  
M. Afendi ◽  
Z.S. Nazirah
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Hydrothermal Condition ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Failure Region ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Crushing Behavior ◽  
Composite Pipes

The paper discusses the crushing behavior of glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes under hydrothermal ageing condition. This study determines the behavior of the GRE pipes when subjected to different ageing periods and temperatures. Hydrothermal ageing has been found to cause degradation between resin and fibre interface thus causing the reduction in the strength of composite laminates. The pipes were subjected to hydrothermal condition to simulate and precipitate ageing by immersing the pipe samples in water at 80°C for 250, 500, and 1000 hours. Compression tests were carried out using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for virgin condition and aged samples in accordance with ASTM D695 standard. The maximum force at the initial failure region is observed for each of the conditioned pipes. The results show that the strength of the matrix systems was considerably degraded due to the plasticization of the matrix system.

An Application of Fuzzy Clustering to Customer Portfolio Analysis in Automotive Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Hiziroglu ◽  
Umit Dursun Senbas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Portfolio Analysis ◽  
Matrix Form ◽  
Automotive Supplier ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
The Matrix

Having achieved an optimized customer portfolio has been of significant importance for companies. The literature provides several portfolio models and vast majority of them are in matrix form where several descriptors are used as dimensions of the matrix. These dimensions are characterized in ambiguity and require specific methods to tackle with it. The aim of this paper is to utilize fuzzy clustering in customer portfolio analysis to reduce this uncertainty and to make a comparison with a traditional customer portfolio model. A dataset of 130 customers of an automotive supplier in Turkey is used to perform the analyses and the results are compared with a conventional customer portfolio matrix. By making use of substantiality and balance of portfolio parameters, a qualitative and quantitative assessment of categorization generated by both approaches are evaluated. The use of fuzzy clustering gives more substantial clusters and a more balanced customer portfolio compared to the traditional matrix form of portfolio. Marketing managers can understand their overall customer portfolio better and reduce the effect of descriptive indicators via benefiting the fuzzy clustering results.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Mechanical, Microstructures and Wear Behaviours of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with Mussel Shell Powder for Automobile Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Idawu Yakubu Suleiman ◽  
Auwal Kasim ◽  
Abdullahi Tanko Mohammed ◽  
Munir Zubairu Sirajo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Mussel Shell ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shell Powder

This paper aims to investigate the mechanical (tensile, hardness, impact, elongation), microstructure and wear behaviours of aluminium alloy reinforced with mussel shell powder (MSP) at different weight percentages (0 wt. % to 15 wt. %) at 3 wt. % interval. The mussel shell powder was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The matrix and the composites’ morphology were studied using a scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive spectroscopy for the distribution of mussel shell powder particles within the matrix. The wear behaviour of the alloy and composites produced at various reinforcements were carried out using a Taber abrasion wear-testing machine. The XRF showed the compositions of MSP to contain calcium oxide (95.70 %), silica (0.83 %) and others. Mechanical properties showed that tensile values increase with increases in MSP, hardness value increases from 6 wt. % to 15 wt. % of MSP. The impact energy decreased from 42.6 J at 3 wt. % to 22.6 J at 15 wt. %; the percentage elongation also decreased from 37.4 % at 3 wt. % to 20.5 % at 15 wt. % MSP, respectively. The bending stress results increase with increases in the percentage of reinforcement. The morphologies revealed that uniform distribution of MSP within the matrix resulted to improvement in mechanical properties. The wear resistance of the composites increases with increase in the applied load and decreases with increases in the weight percentage of MSP and can be used in the production of brake pads and insulators in the automobile industry.

Thermal and Tensile Properties of PP Nanocomposite Blends

2008 ◽  
Vol 47-50 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
C. Rosales ◽  
V. Contreras ◽  
M. Matos ◽  
R. Perera ◽  
N. Villarreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Dispersed Phase ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Binary Blend ◽  
Polyethylene Blends ◽  
Metallocene Polyethylene ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Layered Clay

Polypropylene/polyamide-6 and polypropylene/metallocene polyethylene blends containing 2.5 phr of organophilic modified montmorillonite were prepared in a twin-screw extruder followed by injection molding. In order to compare, blends without layered clay were also made. Styreneethylene- butylene-styrene copolymer and polypropylene grafted with anhydride maleic were used as compatibilizers in the ternary blends and in the PP nanocomposite preparation, respectively. The presence of tactoids, intercalated and exfoliated structures was observed by TEM in some of the samples containing layered clay and modified PP materials. Results showed that the compatibilized blends prepared without clay are tougher than those prepared with the nanocomposite of PP as the matrix phase and no significant changes in tensile moduli were observed between them. However, the binary blend with a nanocomposite of PP as matrix and metallocene polyethylene exhibited better tensile toughness and lower tensile modulus, than those prepared with a nanocomposite of PP and polyamide-6 as dispersed phase. These results are related to the degree of clay dispersion in the PP and to the type of morphology developed in the different blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that blends with a finer and homogeneously dispersed morphology determined by SEM, the PA component exhibited fractionated crystallization exotherms in the temperature range of 159-185°C. Also, nucleation of the PP component by PA phase and/or the layered clay was observed in the blends with PA as dispersed phase.

scholarly journals Differences in Dry Sliding Wear Behavior between Al–12Si–CuNiMg Alloy and Its Composite Reinforced with Al2O3 Fibers

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Jie Gu ◽  
Shuo Wei ◽  
Ming Qi
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Matrix Alloy ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Pin On Disk

The dry sliding wear behavior of the Al-12Si-CuNiMg matrix alloy and its composite reinforced with Al2O3 fibers was investigated using a pin-on-disk wear-testing machine. The volume fraction of Al2O3 fibers in the composite was 17 vol.%. Wear tests are conducted under normal loads of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 N, and sliding velocities of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 m/s. Furthermore, the worn surfaces of the matrix alloy and the composite were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the wear resistance of the composite was inferior to that of the matrix alloy, which could be attributed to the high content of reinforcement and casting porosities in the composite. Worn-surface analysis indicates that the dominant wear mechanisms of both materials were abrasive wear and adhesive wear under the present testing conditions.

INNOVATIVE MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBE-LOADED FIBRILLAR POLYMER COMPOSITES

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (15n16) ◽  
pp. 2459-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. T. LIN ◽  
D. BHATTACHARYYA ◽  
S. FAKIROV
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
New Type ◽  
Scanning Electron

The concept of microfibrillar composite (MFC) has been used to create a new type of polymer composites, in which the reinforcing microfibrils are loaded with carbon nanotubes (CNT). Polyamide 66 (PA66) has been melt blended with polypropylene in a twin screw extruder with and without CNT, and thereafter cold drawn to create a fibrillar state as well as to align the CNT in the PA66 microfibrils. The drawn bristles were compression moulded at 180°C to prepare MFC plates. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations indicate near perfect distribution of CNT in the reinforcing PA66 microfibrils. Although the fibrillated PA66 is able to improve the tensile stiffness and strength as expected from the MFC structure, the incorporation of CNT does not exhibit any further enhancing effect. It rather adversely affects the mechanical properties due to poor interface adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcing microfibrils with the presence of CNT, as demonstrated by SEM. However, the resulting highly aligned CNT within the MFC are expected to affect the physical and functional properties of these composites.

scholarly journals Effect of Aluminum, Iron and Chromium Alloying on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of (Ti-Ni)-(Cu-Zr) Crystalline/Amorphous Composite Materials

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Tsarkov ◽  
Vladislav Yu. Zadorozhnyy ◽  
Alexey N. Solonin ◽  
Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Composites Materials ◽  
The Matrix

High-strength crystalline/amorphous composites materials based on (Ti-Ni)-(Cu-Zr) system were developed. The optimal concentrations of additional alloying elements Al, Fe, and Cr were obtained. Structural investigations were carried out using X-ray diffraction equipment (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray module (EDX). It was found that additives of aluminum and chromium up to 5 at% dissolve well into the solid matrix solution of the NiTi phase. At a concentration of 5 at%, the precipitation of the unfavorable NiTi2 phase occurs, which, as a result, leads to a dramatic decrease in ductility. Iron dissolves very well in the solid solution of the matrix phase due to chemical affinity with nickel. The addition of iron does not cause the precipitation of the NiTi2 phase in the concentration range of 0–8 at%, but with an increase in concentration, this leads to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the alloy. The mechanical behavior of alloys was studied in compression test conditions on a universal testing machine. The developed alloys have a good combination of strength and ductility due to their dual-phase structure. It was shown that additional alloying elements lead to a complete suppression of the martensitic transformation in the alloys.

The Effect of Glass Chemistry on the Microstructub and Properties of Self Reinforced Silicon Nitride

1992 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander J. Pyzik ◽  
Daniel F. Carroll ◽  
C. James Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Glassy Phase ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Flexure Strength ◽  
Maximum Flexure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Reinforcement

ABSTRACTThe advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chemistry of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphology of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix - reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For maximum flexure strength and fracture toughness an optimized glass matrix is required.

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