Combined Surface Treatment of Electron Beam Alloying and PVD Hard Coating for Al Alloys

2014 ◽  
Vol 794-796 ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Buchwalder ◽  
Rolf Zenker ◽  
Erik Zaulig ◽  
Jürgen Liebich ◽  
Dietmar Leuteritz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Wear Protection ◽  
Wide Range

Due to their typically high hardness, excellent resistance against wear, and their low coefficient of friction, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) hard coatings are used on steels for a wide range of tools and components. Currently, however, the potential for wear protection of Al alloy components cannot be exploited. The thin PVD layers tend to collapse and disintegrate due to plastic deformation of the soft base material. Present research is focused on electron beam (EB) surface alloying, using Co-based additives to increase the surface hardness of the Al base material, producing an improved supporting effect for PVD coatings. The influence of different beam deflection techniques and EB parameters on the microstructure and hardness of alloyed layers was investigated. The properties of the duplex composite layers produced are strongly dependent on the thermal stability of the EB alloyed layers (type and amount of intermetallic compounds, coarsening effects) which are affected by the temperature-time cycle of the PVD process. This will be discussed by means of SEM and EDX investigations in correlation with XRD analysis. Measurements using scratch test with increasing load result in critical load values for the combined treatment that are 3 to 5 times higher when compared to only PVD-coated base material.

Ionic Distribution in Plasma for the Process of Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

2014 ◽  
Vol 597 ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
Ching Yen Ho ◽  
Wen Chieh Wu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Ion Density ◽  
Ionic Distribution ◽  
Coating Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coating Method

This paper investigates ionic distribution generated by electron beam (EB) during Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). EB-PVD has a wide range of applications in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) due to favorable characteristics compared with other coating processes. EB-PVD is an important material coating method that utilizes electron beams as heat sources to evaporate materials, which are then deposited on a substrate. Therefore EB-induced ionic distribution dominates the quality and thickness of the final coating on the substrate. Assuming the EB-generated plasma to be only a function of radial direction, the steady-state equations of continuity and motion combined with Posson’s equation were utilized to analyze the plasma distributions along the radial direction. The available experimental data are also used to validate the model. The results show that the coating efficiency can be improved by decreasing the ratio of the electron thermal energy to the initial ion energy and increasing the ratio of the initial ion density to the initial electron density. The uniformity of coating can be achieved by reducing the initial ion density.

scholarly journals The Mechanical Properties of a Poly(methyl methacrylate) Denture Base Material Modified with Dimethyl Itaconate and Di-n-butyl Itaconate

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavle Spasojevic ◽  
Milorad Zrilic ◽  
Vesna Panic ◽  
Dragoslav Stamenkovic ◽  
Sanja Seslija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Denture Base ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Wide Range

This study investigates a wide range of clinically relevant mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base materials modified with di-methyl itaconate (DMI) and di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI) in order to compare them to a commercial PMMA denture base material. The commercial denture base formulation was modified with DMI and DBI by replacing up to 10 wt% of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer. The specimens were prepared by standard bath curing process. The influence of the itaconate content on hardness, impact strength, tensile, and thermal and dynamic mechanical properties was investigated. It is found that the addition of di-n-alkyl itaconates gives homogenous blends that show decreased glass transition temperature, as well as decrease in storage modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and impact fracture resistance with increase in the itaconate content. The mean values of surface hardness show no significant change with the addition of itaconates. The magnitude of the measured values indicates that the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) denture base material modified with itaconates could be developed into a less toxic, more environmentally and patient friendly product than commercial pure PMMA denture base material.

A Multi-Method Analysis of Carburized Materials: Accurately Measuring the Carbon Gradient and Comparisons to Physical Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen C. Metz ◽  
Dave B. Coulston ◽  
Andrew P. Storey ◽  
Lloyd A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Glow Discharge ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Material Composition ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Glow Discharge Spectroscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hardened Case ◽  
Complementary Techniques

Abstract Carburization is a common method of hardening steel surfaces to be wear-resistant for a wide range of mechanical processes. One critical characteristic of the carburization process is the increase in carbon content that leads to the formation of martensite in the surface layer. Combustion and spark-OES are two common methods for determination of carbon in steels. However, these techniques do not effectively separate carbon from near surface contaminants, carburized layers, and base material composition. Careful consideration of glow discharge spectroscopy as a method of precisely characterizing carbon concentration in surface layers as part of a production process should be evaluated in terms of how the resulting data align with other common analytical and metallurgical measurements. When used together, glow discharge spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and microhardness testing are all useful, complementary techniques for characterizing the elemental composition, visually observable changes in material composition, and changes in surface hardness throughout the hardened case, respectively. Close agreement between related measurements can be used to support the use of each of these techniques as part of a strong quality program for heat treatment facilities.

A Quick and Accurate Method to Determine Submicron Size Coating Thickness Using Micro-Indentation along with a Mathematical Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 ◽  
pp. 286-293
Author(s):  
Irfan Nadeem ◽  
Aamir Nusair Khan ◽  
Anjum Tauqir
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Nickel Layer ◽  
Submicron Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Micro Indentation ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hard and adherent wear-resistant thin surface coatings are synthesized on an aerospace alloy AA2219-T6 alloy using plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition. Submicron size TiN coatings with Ti interlayers are deposited and evaluated as a function of different deposition temperatures varying from 100 °C to 200 °C. Features of deposited surface layers are evaluated using different techniques; these include field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Mathematical models developed by Yu. A. Bykov and S. Hogmark are considered to estimate the coating thickness using the Composite Hardness measurements. The values predicted by Bykov’s model grossly underestimated the thickness values and thus a correction factor is proposed. The actual coating thickness is measured by sandwiching the thin coating between the substrate and electrolytically deposited nickel layer; the observations are made using field emission scanning electron microscope. The present study successfully used corrected Bykov’s Model along with micro-indentation proved to be an easy, quick and accurate method to estimate the coating thicknesses of thin hard coatings on the soft substrate over a wide range coating thicknesses.

Tensile Behavior and Fractography of Ti-TiAl Multi-Layered Foil Prepared by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Hui Hu ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Hong Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Breaking Strain ◽  
Delayed Fracture ◽  
Plastic Deformation Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vapor Deposition Technique ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition Technique

Ti-TiAl multi-layered materials have been prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition technique. The tensile behavior of samples at room temperature and high temperature was tested, and then the deformation mechanism at different temperature was analyzed according to the fracture surface. The results show that the tensile curves hot-pressed samples have a broad step during the plastic deformation process, and the breaking strain of the sample has been increased for a wide-range. The presence of Ti layers have led to the cracks stagger along the inter-laminar interface or the layer due to which micro laminate expresses a good characteristic of delayed fracture. With the increase of temperature, the bulk modulus and yield strength of multi-layered Ti-TiAl have been increased abnormally due to the anomalous yield strengthening behavior of TiAl intermetallic.

Effects of Ti Target Poisoning to Titanium Nitride Coating Fabricated by a Physical Vapor Deposition Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 889 ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Dinh Nguyen ◽  
Quang Do Phan ◽  
Đuc Quy Tran ◽  
Duc Cuong Pham
Keyword(s):  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Tin Coating ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vapor Deposition Technique ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition Technique

The DC magnetron sputtering is often used for fabricating thin hard coatings for a wide range of industrial applications. The technique allows using DC power for deposition low or non-conductive films from metal target without using expensive RF power for insulation target. However, the performance of DC reactive sputtering is affected significantly by a phenomenon namely target poisoning. When the target poisoning occurs, coating is formed not only on substrate surface but also on target surface, which results in the reduction of deposition rate and coating properties. This paper presents a study on poisoning of Ti target during TiN coating deposition in the Ar + N2atmosphere. Results showed that the target poisoning state is impressed dramatically by partial pressure and flow rate of nitrogen gas. In poisoning mode, the deposition rate was reduced significantly compared to that in the metal mode. In addition, the formed TiN coating exhibited a non-stoichiometric and low adhesion to the substrate.

A Color Coded STEM/SEM Image Storage System

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
W. H. Hardy ◽  
J. Dance ◽  
K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Backscattered Electrons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scanning Electron

A color coded digital image processing is accomplished by using JEM100CX TEM SCAN and ORTEC’s LSI-11 computer based multi-channel analyzer (EEDS-II-System III) for image analysis and display. Color coding of the recorded image enables enhanced visualization of the image using mathematical techniques such as compression, gray scale expansion, gamma-processing, filtering, etc., without subjecting the sample to further electron beam irradiation once images have been stored in the memory.The powerful combination between a scanning electron microscope and computer is starting to be widely used 1) - 4) for the purpose of image processing and particle analysis. Especially, in scanning electron microscopy it is possible to get all information resulting from the interactions between the electron beam and specimen materials, by using different detectors for signals such as secondary electron, backscattered electrons, elastic scattered electrons, inelastic scattered electrons, un-scattered electrons, X-rays, etc., each of which contains specific information arising from their physical origin, study of a wide range of effects becomes possible.

scholarly journals Microstructure, Hardness, and Elastic Modulus of a Multibeam-Sputtered Nanocrystalline Co-Cr-Fe-Ni Compositional Complex Alloy Film

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3357
Author(s):  
Péter Nagy ◽  
Nadia Rohbeck ◽  
Zoltán Hegedűs ◽  
Johann Michler ◽  
László Pethö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Lattice Defect ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Line Profile Analysis ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Complex Alloy ◽  
Wide Range

A nanocrystalline Co-Cr-Ni-Fe compositional complex alloy (CCA) film with a thickness of about 1 micron was produced by a multiple-beam-sputtering physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The main advantage of this novel method is that it does not require alloy targets, but rather uses commercially pure metal sources. Another benefit of the application of this technique is that it produces compositional gradient samples on a disk surface with a wide range of elemental concentrations, enabling combinatorial analysis of CCA films. In this study, the variation of the phase composition, the microstructure (crystallite size and defect density), and the mechanical performance (hardness and elastic modulus) as a function of the chemical composition was studied in a combinatorial Co-Cr-Ni-Fe thin film sample that was produced on a surface of a disk with a diameter of about 10 cm. The spatial variation of the crystallite size and the density of lattice defects (e.g., dislocations and twin faults) were investigated by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis performed on the patterns taken by synchrotron radiation. The hardness and the elastic modulus were measured by the nanoindentation technique. It was found that a single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc) structure was formed for a wide range of chemical compositions. The microstructure was nanocrystalline with a crystallite size of 10–27 nm and contained a high lattice defect density. The hardness and the elastic modulus values measured for very different compositions were in the ranges of 8.4–11.8 and 182–239 GPa, respectively.

scholarly journals Enhanced Polymerization and Surface Hardness of Colloidal Siloxane Films via Electron Beam Irradiation

ACS Omega ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfei Ma ◽  
Ji-Hyeon Kim ◽  
Jaehun Na ◽  
Junki Min ◽  
Ga-Hyun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Beam Irradiation
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