Lipids Extraction from Wet and Unbroken Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Using Subcritical Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Zullaikah ◽  
Maria Christy P. Jessinia ◽  
Rinaldi ◽  
Medina Yasmin ◽  
M. Rachimoellah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Water ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Polarity Index

Lipids extraction from wet and unbroken microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) using subcritical water with aid of co-solvents has been investigated. Lipids extraction from wet and unbroken microalgae has a crucial role in order to eliminate dewatering and drying steps. Subcritical water is able to extract lipids from feedstock with high water content. This work was conducted to study several factors affecting in subcritical water extraction (SWE) from wet and unbroken microalgae. In this study, effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) under subcritical water (microalgae = 5g (dry weight), moisture content= 94.12%, T= 160°C, P = 80 bar, t= 30 min), extraction time (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h), and temperature (160o C, 180o C and 200o C) on yield of lipids were investigated orderly. Yield of lipids obtained without co-solvent (water polarity index = 10.2) and with co-solvents of methanol (PI=5.1), ethanol (PI=5.2), chloroform (PI=4.1), ethyl acetate (PI=4.4), and n-hexane (PI=0.1) were 38.73%, 26.47%, 26.12%, 51.93%, 53.40%, and 25.59%, respectively compared to the yield of lipids extracted using Bligh and Dyer method. Ethyl acetate is solvent with moderate PI, therefore can extract more lipids that is also have moderate polarity. Ethyl acetate shows a good performance to extract lipids from wet and unbroken microalgae because ethyl acetate can extract broader range of lipids including neutral and polar lipids. This study also found that increasing of extraction time and temperature to extract lipids in subcritical water condition can increase yield of lipids.

scholarly journals Subcritical water extraction of polyphenols from endemic Algerian plants with medicinal properties

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Abdelmoumen Benmerzoug ◽  
Jaroslava Svarc-Gajic ◽  
Natasa Nastic ◽  
Sofiane Guettaf ◽  
Daoud Harzallah
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Pharmacological Potential

Ephedra alata, Ononis angustissima, and Genista saharae are endemic Algerian plants with pharmacological potential, used for centuries in traditional medicine. Herein the efficiency of subcritical water extraction (SWE) of phenols and flavonoids from these plants was evaluated by spectrophotometric assays. The most important operational parameters of the technique (temperature, pressure, time) were optimized for each plant based on phenols yield. At defined optimal extraction conditions (140?C for E. alata, 155?C for O. angustissima and G. saharae, 50 bars, 15min), maximum contents of phenols in the extracts were 16.13, 18.33, and 21.12 mg GAE/g dry weight, for E. alata, O. angustissima, and G. saharae, respectively. Considering the safety of the used solvent, excellent yields of phenols and short extraction time, subcritical water extraction can efficiently be used in exploitation of pharmacological potentials of the studied plants.

scholarly journals A Model for the Spacing of Quicklime Pile to Treat High Water Content Loess

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hong Guo ◽  
Yalin Nan ◽  
Rui Guo ◽  
Jiangtao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
New Model ◽  
Pile Spacing ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Foundation Treatment

There has been a long history for foundation treatment by quicklime pile, but as for establishing a more precise model formula used by actual construction, further research is needed to be done at present. Therefore, how to quantitate the factors affecting pile spacing is of great reference value for both actual constructions and theoretical studies. Based on the reference formula for handling weak foundation by lime pile and the practical problems in the western region, mathematical model analysis method is used to get a new model for high water content loess foundation treatment after considering the factors such as pile expanding, construction method, piles arrangement, and calcium oxide content. In this model, pile spacing coefficient is created and the model formula for different construction methods and different pile arrangements is also given. As a result, the reference formula used in high water content loess is somewhat conservative. The new model is also verified to be rational by the actual works at the end of the paper.

Enhanced Biodiesel and Ethyl Levulinate Production from Rice Bran through Non Catalytic In Situ Transesterification under Subcritical Water Ethanol Mixture

2019 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Siti Zullaikah ◽  
Sri Utami ◽  
Rifky Putra Herminanto ◽  
M. Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethanol Mixture ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Polarity Index ◽  
Transesterification Method

In-situ transesterification method without catalysts to produce biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEE) from rice bran using subcritical water ethanol mixture has been investigated. This method was found to be efficient since the rice bran oil (RBO) extraction and reaction of RBO into FAEE occur simultaneously. In this process other chemical (ethyl levulinate, EL) was also formed along with FAEE. EL can be used to improve the biodiesel quality by improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel. In this study effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane) and water ethanol ratio (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%, v/v) on the content and yield of FAEE and EL at subcritical water ethanol mixture (T= 160°C, P= 80 bar, and t= 2 h) were investigated systematically. The content and yield of FAEE and EL obtained was found to be affected by the type of co-solvent. The content of FAEE and EL obtained without co-solvent (ethanol and water polarity index were PI=5.2 and PI=10.2, respectively) and with co-solvent of ethyl acetate (PI= 4.4), chloroform (PI= 4.1) and n-hexane (PI= 0.1) were 55.80% and 3.92%, 68.63% and 1.15%, 65.56% and 2.14%, and 62.00% and 0.93%, respectively. Higher polarity index of co-solvent extracted more RBO, as consequent the yield of FAEE (79.79%) obtained was higher using ethyl acetate as co-solvent. This data also suggested that RBO contains more free fatty acids (FFA= 63.59%) rather than of triglycerides (TG= 24.94%).The content and yield of FAEE and EL decreased with increasing water ethanol ratio. The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.

Enhanced Biodiesel and Ethyl Levulinate Production from Rice Bran through Non Catalytic In Situ Transesterification under Subcritical Water Ethanol Mixture

2019 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Siti Zullaikah ◽  
Sri Utami ◽  
Rifky Putra Herminanto ◽  
M. Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethanol Mixture ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Polarity Index ◽  
Transesterification Method

In-situ transesterification method without catalysts to produce biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEE) from rice bran using subcritical water ethanol mixture has been investigated. This method was found to be efficient since the rice bran oil (RBO) extraction and reaction of RBO into FAEE occur simultaneously. In this process other chemical (ethyl levulinate, EL) was also formed along with FAEE. EL can be used to improve the biodiesel quality by improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel. In this study effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane) and water ethanol ratio (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%, v/v) on the content and yield of FAEE and EL at subcritical water ethanol mixture (T= 160°C, P= 80 bar, and t= 2 h) were investigated systematically. The content and yield of FAEE and EL obtained was found to be affected by the type of co-solvent. The content of FAEE and EL obtained without co-solvent (ethanol and water polarity index were PI=5.2 and PI=10.2, respectively) and with co-solvent of ethyl acetate (PI= 4.4), chloroform (PI= 4.1) and n-hexane (PI= 0.1) were 55.80% and 3.92%, 68.63% and 1.15%, 65.56% and 2.14%, and 62.00% and 0.93%, respectively. Higher polarity index of co-solvent extracted more RBO, as consequent the yield of FAEE (79.79%) obtained was higher using ethyl acetate as co-solvent. This data also suggested that RBO contains more free fatty acids (FFA= 63.59%) rather than of triglycerides (TG= 24.94%). The content and yield of FAEE and EL decreased with increasing water ethanol ratio. The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.

Study on Subcritical Water Extraction of Flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalenses

2013 ◽  
Vol 662 ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Cheng ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Chang An Liu
Keyword(s):  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Conventional Extraction ◽  
Total Extraction

The extraction of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin and wogonoside from Scutellaria Baicalenses was performed using subcritical water. The effects of key operation conditions by varying the temperature (110-160 °C), extraction time (10-90 min), water loadings (2.0-4.0 mL)and particle sizes (>20- <100 mesh) were evaluated. The highest extraction yields of baicalin and wogonoside were obtained at extraction temperature of 160 °C, extraction time of 60 min, water loadings of 4.0 mL and 60-100 mesh. The highest extraction yields of baicalein and wogonin were obtained at extraction temperature of 110 °C, extraction time of 10 min, water loadings of 4.0 mL and 60-100 mesh. The subcritical water extraction was compared with the conventional extraction method. The total extraction yield by SCWE was higher than those obtained using ethanol as the solvent.

scholarly journals Valorization of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) By-Product through Application of Subcritical Water Extraction

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1878
Author(s):  
Jelena Vladić ◽  
Martina Jakovljević ◽  
Maja Molnar ◽  
Senka Vidović ◽  
Milan Tomić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
By Products

In the present study, valorization of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) by-product from the filter tea industry was investigated through the application of subcritical water for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The influence of different process parameters (temperature 120–200 °C, extraction time 10–30 min, and HCl concentration in extraction solvent 0–1.5%) on extract quality in terms of content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was investigated. Optimal conditions of the extraction process (temperature 198 °C, extraction time 16.5 min, and without acidifer) were determined and, when applied, the most efficient exploitation of by-products is achieved, that is, attainment of extracts rich in total phenols and flavonoids and high antioxidant activity. In addition, by applying the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, the content of chlorogenic acid was determined as well as the hydroxymethylfurfural content in obtained extracts. The results demonstrated that subcritical water can be successfully used for utilization of yarrow by-products for obtaining extracts rich in antioxidants.

scholarly journals Subcritical Water Technology for Enhanced Extraction of Biochemical Compounds fromChlorella vulgaris

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Awaluddin ◽  
Selvakumar Thiruvenkadam ◽  
Shamsul Izhar ◽  
Yoshida Hiroyuki ◽  
Michael K. Danquah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Microalgal Biomass

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology has been used for the extraction of active compounds from different biomass materials with low process cost, mild operating conditions, short process times, and environmental sustainability. With the limited application of the technology to microalgal biomass, this work investigates parametrically the potential of subcritical water for high-yield extraction of biochemicals such as carbohydrates and proteins from microalgal biomass. The SWE process was optimized using central composite design (CCD) under varying process conditions of temperature (180–374°C), extraction time (1–20 min), biomass particulate size (38–250 μm), and microalgal biomass loading (5–40 wt.%).Chlorella vulgarisused in this study shows high volatile matter (83.5 wt.%) and carbon content (47.11 wt.%), giving advantage as a feedstock for biofuel production. The results showed maximum total carbohydrate content and protein yields of 14.2 g/100 g and 31.2 g/100 g, respectively, achieved under the process conditions of 277°C, 5% of microalgal biomass loading, and 5 min extraction time. Statistical analysis revealed that, of all the parameters investigated, temperature is the most critical during SWE of microalgal biomass for protein and carbohydrate production.

A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 702-710
Author(s):  
Guoying Zhang ◽  
Xiaofeng Chi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Subcritical Water Extraction ◽  
Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine ◽  
Anthraquinone Glycosides ◽  
Rheum Tanguticum

AbstractRheum tanguticum is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which contains abundant anthraquinones. In this study, anthraquinones were efficiently extracted from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water extraction (SWE). The parameters of extraction time (33–67 min), temperature (100–200°C), and SW flow rate (1.4–4.6 mL/min) were optimized so as to achieve a high yield of the target product. A high yield of the total anthraquinones was achieved under the optimized SWE conditions of extraction time 54 min, extraction temperature 170°C, and the flow rate 2.0 mL/min. The comparison between the SWE and traditional extraction techniques implied that the SWE is an efficient and green alternative method for the extraction of anthraquinones. Four anthraquinone glycosides were purified from the SWE extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography and identified as emodin-1-O-β-D-glucoside, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, chrysophanol-1-O-β-D-glucoside, and chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucoside.

scholarly journals Study of Nutrition Content Food Drop in Deer in PT. Gunung Madu Plantations

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Jumayanti Boru Hombing ◽  
Bainah Sari Dewi ◽  
Syahrio Tantalo ◽  
Sugeng Prayitno Harianto
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Good Nutrition

Increasing the number of individual deer in captivity indicates an increase in the deer population. One of the factors affecting the increase in the deer population is a drop in the quality of feed and nutritional value adequate for deer. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the type of feed and feed nutrient content in captive deer drop in PT Gunung Madu Plantations (GMP). Nutrient content of feed drop in deer obtained through the proximate analysis by taking a sample of 100 grams per sample feed. This type of feed given drop in manager consists of the main feed forage consisting of grass and leaves, in the form of rice bran concentrate feed, and feed the tubers were given every month. Based on proximate analysis that has been made known that the feed drop-in provided by the organizer captivity contains good nutrition, as seen in the high water content, extract ingredients without nitrogen (BETN) high, protein and fibers that do not differ greatly in value and fat content is not excessive. Keywords: Drop in Feed Nutrition, Feeding Deer, Captive Deer PT. GMP

Changes in Dry-Weight and Water Content in the Hibernating Larva of Pseudohermenias clausthaliana (Sax.) in Denmark (Lep. Tortricidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Mikael Münster-Swendsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Free Water Content ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Original Water

AbstractPseudohermenias clausthaliana overwinters in the 3rd or 4th larval instar in a hollowed needle of Norway Spruce, roughly from October ist till April Ist. Within the geographical distribution of the species the larva is exposed to temperatures as low as - 30° C during this period. After emptying of the gut in September, the length of the larva is 5.3 mm ± 0.2, but hereafter it starts diminishing until the length is just 3.2 mm ± 0.2. During the first part of hibernation total weight decreases from 0.89 mg ± 0.06 to 0.68 mg ± 0.08; this drop is due to a loss of 29.5 % of the original water content. Dry-weight increases by as much as about 27.7 %, probably due to binding of about 7 % of the original "free" water content. Dry-weight, expressed as a percentage of the total weight, is I9.6 % ± 2.8 in the autumn and 33.3 % ± 2.5 in the winter. It has been suggested that the increase in dry-weight is caused by hydrolysis of certain organic compounds. Larvae exposed to I00 % R.H. and I8° C for 8 days without food at the beginning of March did not regain the original water content, while active larvae, feeding in the field in April, had regained the original high water content. Larvae at 85 % R.H. and I8° C for 8 days in March lost a little water but survived well, and they probably achieved an equilibrium with the surrounding air. Thus the critical equilibrium humidity seems to be less than 85 % R.H.

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