Mathematical Model for the Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reaction of Carbonates Dissociation in the Process of Roasting in the Presence of Temperatures Gradients in Phosphate Raw Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 610-618
Author(s):  
V.I. Bobkov ◽  
M.I. Dli ◽  
A.S. Fedulov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Phase Surface

The paper deals with the investigation of the parameters for the structural and kinetic rate equation of the carbonates dissociation reaction, in accordance with the obtained results of the nonisothermic experiment, in the conditions of gradient temperature presence in the investigated samples. The most significant is the study of physicochemical transformations kinetic laws, which degree of completeness effects the quality of intermediate products directly, that is decarbonization and sintering. The main part of the process, when phosphorites are heated, takes place in a solid phase. The feature of topochemical reactions is their localization in the aria between a solid phase surface of the initial substance and the reaction products. This surface is formed and changed, as a result of chemical and power technological process for roasting, determining the dependence of the reaction rate on time. The method of thermal analytical experiments is used. The reverse kinetic problem is solved in the temperatures range of the chemical–technological process for roasting phosphate raw materials on conveyor indurating machines. The authors propose a method of approximate calculation for the parameters of kinetic equations which allows to reduce errors, caused by the heat exchange processes in a measuring cell, significantly. The obtained results and their accuracy are suitable for the practical application.

scholarly journals Determination of pesticide residues by chromatographic methods for food safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Tereshchenko ◽  
◽  
O. Yu. Kursenko ◽  
O. I. Khyzhan ◽  
O. I. Khyzhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivatives ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Selective Solvents

The paper presents the methodology of preparation of samples of oilseeds, lettuce, apples for research by chromatographic control of xenobiotics of the following chemical groups of pesticides: benzimidazole derivatives, anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives. The implementation of the following processes is considered: homogenization of the sample, purification of the extract by solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction, obtaining a plant extract, obtaining an extract of analytes. For fine-grained homogenized samples of sunflower seeds, the optimal ratio of raw material -extragent is 1:20, for pasty homogenized samples of apple fruit - 1:10, for liquid samples of homogenized lettuce - 1: 5. Analysis of the distribution of xenobiotics in the system octane/water, the dipole moment of solvents allowed to determine the extractants that are able to dissolve and remove xenobiotics from raw materials. It was found that a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (4: 1) should be used to remove benzimidazole derivatives and anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives are best extracted with methanolic trifluoroacetic acid (9.5: 0.5). Quantitative analysis of xenobiotics content in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched with xenobiotics was performed. The most complete xenobiotics were removed from samples of plant products containing traces of fat. The most difficult process of sample preparation is the process of obtaining sunflower seed extract. The content of xenobiotics in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched in analytes is influenced by the temperature at which the process takes place and the duration of extraction. Based on the chemical composition of the sample matrix and the list of analytes, the conditions of the variable component of the methodology are proposed: obtaining plant extract under the action of selective solvents, homogenized raw material-solvent with constant stirring of the extraction system at 180-200 rpm, or under the action of ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 37 kHz from 4°C to 25°C for 5-25 minutes. The control of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the studied plant extracts and analyte extracts was investigated by the methods of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography (liquid and gas) with mass-selective detectors.

TECHNOLOGY OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING WITH PLEUROTUS STRAINS FOR FEED PRODUCTS PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 405-414
Author(s):  
Veronika Valentinovna Tarnopol’skaya ◽  
Tat'yana Vasil'yevna Ryazanova ◽  
Natal'ya Yur'yevna Demidenko ◽  
Oksana Nikolayevna Eryomenko
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Seed Stock ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Pure Cultures

A technology for pilot production of feed products via microbiological conversion of plant raw materials (mixed substrate of pine sawdust and vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke) by Plerotus ostreatus PO-4.1 and Pleurotus djamor PD-3.2 strains is developed. The technology includes hydrodynamic activation of substrate at the seed stock production stage. The overall technology includes three key stages: submerged fermentation of pure cultures of production strains; submerged-solid phase fermentation of hydrodynamicly activated plant raw materials for seed stock production; solid-state fermentation of mechanically ground plant substrate for feed products production. A successful approbation of submerged-solid state fermentation of production strains on media containing 3% of hydrodynamicly activated raw materials allowed for obtaining seed stock with 14.5 g/l yield of submerged mycelium biomass fully adopted for this type of substrate. Further use of this seed stock biomass at the solid state fermentation stage makes the overall process duration three times shorter compared to existing technologies for direct wood waste bioconversion. The pilot plant results show valuable practicability of plant raw material hydrodynamic activation with the purpose of enhancing its bioaccessibility with consequent increase in degree of microbiological conversion. The product of bioconversion contains 14–16% of protein, biofiber, vitamins and minerals and could be considered for successful use as feed by agricultural enterprises.

Synthesis of NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw material

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anar Kareeva ◽  
Uilesbek Besterekov ◽  
Perizat Abdurazova ◽  
Ulzhalgas Nazarbek ◽  
Irina Pochitalkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract The article presents the results of studies of the process of obtaining NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw materials with P2O5 of about 18%. Phosphate raw materials were leached with a mixture of nitric-phosphoric acids with the addition of potassium carbonate, which serves as a source of potassium in the final product. The main parameters determined were the content of the main nutrients P2O5:N:K2O, temperature and time of the leaching process. According to the graphical method, the “apparent” activation energy of the heterogeneous process is found, which is equal to 3.8 kJ/mol indicates the intradiffusion nature of the process. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis were used for a comprehensive study of raw materials and final products.

scholarly journals Investigation of the process of extraction of a highly starchy fraction of rye flour by air classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-906
Author(s):  
N. R. Andreev ◽  
V. G. Goldstein ◽  
V. A. Kovalenok ◽  
L. P. Nosovskaya ◽  
L. V. Adikaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Heavy Fraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Air Classification ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Rye Flour ◽  
Number Of Cycles

The article provides an overview of the current state of the application of solid-phase methods for separating the structure of grain and leguminous raw material into constituent components, as one of the most relevant areas of environmental protection and reducing the amount of wastewater from enterprises processing agricultural raw materials. The main direction of research on the production of protein concentrates from leguminous raw materials (peas, beans, chickpeas, lupine) by the method of air classification is noted. Among grain crops, rye stands out as having a more balanced amino acid composition compared to wheat and the largest starch grains up to 60 microns, which improves the aero-dynamic separation of grain flour into protein and starch fractions. Тherefore, rye flour was the object of research in this work. The research area included the development of a method for determining the starch content in the heavy fraction of rye flour from the yield of its light protein fraction and its starch content using an installation with variable parameters of a two-chamber disperser and a vortex classifier. The results of experiments on the separation of the mass of the initial rye flour into heavy starch and light protein fractions with a given ratio of starch and protein are theoretically justified and experimentally confirmed. The dependences of the starch content in the heavy fraction on the number of cycles of its recycling are established. With variable parameters of grinding rye flour, determined by the speed of the working bodies of the dispersant from 70 to 100 m/s, the time of grinding and recirculation of the heavy fraction of 30 s and the tangential speed of the classifier rotor of 15 m/s, stable results were obtained for the separation of starch and protein. Тhe yield of the heavy fraction of 72 % with a starch content of 85 % and the yield of the light fraction of 28 % with a mass fraction of protein of at least 26 %.

Mechanochemical technology for obtaining an effective filler based on gaize for cement binders

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
E. A. Shoshin ◽  
◽  
V. V. Strokova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanochemical Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Composite Binder ◽  
Dry Grinding ◽  
Mineral Additive ◽  
Calcium Silicates

The article presents a study to establish the possibility of obtaining polymodal silicate dispersions (SCD) based on common natural silicacontaining raw materials (gaize) and of using such dispersions as fillers and additives for cement compositions and assesses their effectiveness. Gaize, construction quicklime, and sucrose were used as modifying carbohydrates and silica-containing raw materials for the mechanochemical synthesis. The SCD technology includes the stages of raw material dosing, combination, and wet grinding in a ball mill, separation of the solid phase of the suspension by filtration (in drum or pressure filters) and its thermolysis in a thermolysis chamber, followed by short-term dry grinding of the thermolysis products in batch or continuous mills. The results are presented for the analysis of silicate-calcium dispersions with various ratios of the initial components. The efficiency of using SCD as a component in a composite binder or a finely dispersed mineral additive in cement-sand composites is demonstrated, which introduces mechanochemical synthesis of calcium silicates as a promising technology for processing gaize into effective fillers and additives for construction purposes. The study was carried out under the grant issued by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-19-00263).

scholarly journals The main ecological aspects of the complex processing of natural phosphate raw material

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Kochetkov S.P. ◽  
Bryl S.V.
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Decomposition

In the Russian Federation a unique phenomenon of nature as the reserves of phosphate raw materials and reserves of associated components are Apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny Deposit, located in the Central part of the Kola Peninsula. The main consumer of this raw material are the plants basic chemistry, processing of Apatite in a wet-process phosphoric acid sulfuric acid decomposition (the city of Cherepovets, Balakovo, the resurrection, etc.). This gives a dihydrate or hemihydrate wet-process phosphoric acid, and piecework output of dry phosphogypsum is 4 to 6 t per 1 t Apatite, depending on the ratio therein of CaO/P2O5 and the method of obtaining. The problem of disposing of chemical wastes are illustrated by various examples. Provides a conclusion on the feasibility of processing into fertilizer of phosphate raw materials, and scarce Apatite – to obtain construction materials. First developed a fundamentally new, environmentally friendly technology to produce phosphoric and complex fertilizers on the basis of wet mechanical activation of the phosphate. Methods have been pilot tested in the experimental shop at Moscow Production Association «Phosphate» (Voskresensk) using (0.3 t/h) and industry – to Estimate povorotniki (Aksai) (1.0 t/h) on the basis of vibrating mills. The implementation of methods obtained new types of fertilizers: granular and suspended mechanically activated phosphates and ammophosphate. It is concluded that from the point of view of environmental safety and economic feasibility of fertilizer phosphate should be recycled raw materials, and scarce Apatite should be directed to the production of construction materials oncooking phosphate with the simultaneous extraction and recovery of rare earth elements.

scholarly journals A POSSIBILITY OF SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-ALUMINA CEMENTS FROM DIFFERENT RAW MATERIALS

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragica Lazić ◽  
Dragana Kešelj ◽  
Jelena Penavin Škundrić ◽  
Ljubica Vasiljević ◽  
Janko Mikić
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sodium Aluminate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Al2o3 Content ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Aluminate Solution ◽  
Tricalcium Aluminate ◽  
Materials Used

Calcium aluminate cements with high Al2O3 content are synthesized from different raw materials. Raw materials used in the synthesis include: lime, tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate, aluminum hydroxide and sodium aluminate solution. The preparation of raw material mixture for sintering was performed in two ways: the first method of preparation of a raw material mixture was by mixing powdered components (Al(OH)3 and CaO, Al(OH)3 and 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O), another method included stirring into the liquid phase (NaAlO2, CaO and Al (OH)3) for a certain period of time at the temperature of 90°C, whereby the obtained solid phase was used as raw material for sintering. Chemical and mineralogical analysis (XRD) were performed on the cements obtained in synthesis. Based on chemical analysis it was concluded that the cements obtained were CAC 70 and CAC 80, as the Al2O3 content in these cements ranged from 70 to 75.37% for the first type, while the second type had a range of 77-79%. XRD analysis showed that the dominated minerals in cement CAC 70 were CaO• Al2O3 and CaO • 2Al2O3, and in cement CAC 80, mineral CaO • 2Al2O3, which is consistent with the findings published on these cements.

scholarly journals Optimization of Decomposition Process of Karatau Phosphorites

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
B. Myrzakhmetova ◽  
U. Besterekov ◽  
I. Petropavlovsky ◽  
S. Ahnazarova ◽  
V. Kiselev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Variance Estimate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Temperature Time

Phosphorous-acid process of Karatau phosphorites’ decomposition has been studied. The impact of temperature, time and acid rate on decomposition process of phosphate raw material, the conditions ensuring maximum degree of phosphorite decomposition have been identified. Variance estimate of experiment results’ reproducibility has been carried out by mathematical statistics method; the coefficients of regression equations have been set. The significance of regression equation coefficients has been checked up by Student’s criterion, and the adequacy of regression equation to experiment has been checked up by Fisher's criterion. With the use of utopian point method the parameters of studied raw materials’ decomposition have been optimized.

Preparation of Lacquer Putty Using Polystyrene Foamed Plastics

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 631-634
Author(s):  
Guo De Li ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Shi Wei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Foamed Plastics ◽  
Save Energy

Choosing abandoned polystyrene foamed plastics and actived carclazyte as the main raw materials, mixed with emulsifier, defoaming agent and many kinds of additives made into the excellent performance oily lacquer putty. The technological process of the lacquer putty was simple, using abandoned FPS and carclazyte as the main raw material can save energy and reduce the white pollution, which has the good social and economic benefits. The properties of the product were similar to the same kind of the others. The materials were easily gained and its production cost is lower. The lacquer putty was applied to inlay glass or level up holes and slots.

scholarly journals СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ ИТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЛИНИЯ ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Teterin ◽  
N.N. Gapeeva ◽  
S.V. Mitrofanov ◽  
N.S. Panfyorov ◽  
M.A. Gaybaryan
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Production Technologies

Органоминеральные удобрения, содержащие гуминовые вещества, нашли широкое применение в современном сельскохозяйственном производстве. Их применяют для повышения урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур и качества получаемой продукции, снятия стрессовой нагрузки от обработки пестицидами, повышения плодородия почв и т.д. Эффективность использования удобрений на основе гуминовых кислот во многом определяется технологиями их производства, которые можно разделить на химические, физические и комбинированные. Анализ существующих технологий производства органоминеральных (гуминовых) удобрений показал, что большинство из них имеет ряд недостатков. К ним можно отнести длительность, сложность и многоэтапность технологического процесса, энергетическую и экономическую затратность, сложность аппаратурного оформления, невозможность получения конечного продукта с заданными стабильными характеристиками. В связи с этим разработка эффективных инновационных технологий производства органоминеральных удобрений из органического сырья (торфа, биогумуса, сапропеля и бурого угля) является весьма актуальной. Учеными института был разработан способ производства органоминеральных и комплексных на их основе удобрений, который позволяет повысить эффективность технологического процесса и качественные показатели получаемых удобрений. Согласно предлагаемому способу сырье проходит предварительную подготовку (измельчение, просеивание, гидратация и отделение нерастворимых включений), после чего подвергается щелочной экстракции и кавитационному диспергированию до момента прекращения активного образования солей гуминовых и фульвокислот. Далее суспензия готовых органоминеральных удобрений проходит систему многоступенчатой очистки, а затем, для получения комплексных удобрений, в поток органоминеральных удобрений дифференцированно вводят питательные микроэлементы. Для осуществления данного способа разработана схема технологической линии по получению органоминеральных и на их основе комплексных удобрений, представляющая собой комплекс оборудования, не требующего дополнительной модернизации при переходе с одного вида сырья на другое.Organicmineral fertilizers containing humic substances are widely used in the modern agricultural production. They are used for increasing crops yields and quality of the products, reducing stress effect from pesticide treatment, improving soil fertility, etc. Efficiency of applying fertilizers based on humic acids is highly dependent on the production technologies, which can be subdivided into chemical, physical and combined technologies. An analysis of the existing technologies of producing organicmineral (humic) fertilizers has shown, that the most of them had a number of disadvantages, including long duration, complexity and number of stages of the technological process, high economic and energy costs, need for non-standard equipment, impossibility of producing a final product with required stable characteristics. In this context, development of efficient innovative technologies for producing organicmineral fertilizers from organic raw materials (peat, biohumus, sapropel and brown coal) is highly important. Research workers of the Institute have developed a method for producing organicmineral fertilizers and complex fertilizers on their basis, that facilitates the improvement of efficiency of the technological process and qualitative characteristics of the fertilizers being manufactured. This method involves pretreatment of raw material (grinding, screening, hydratation and extraction of insoluble inclusions) with the following alkaline extraction and cavitational dispersing until termination of active salification of humic and fulvic acids. After that, the suspension of organic-mineral fertilizers passes through multistage treatment system, and then micronutrients are differentially introduced in the flow of organicmineral fertilizers to obtain complex fertilizers. For the application of this method the authors have developed a layout scheme of a process line for producing organicmineral fertilizers and complex fertilizers on their basis:an equipment system, that does not need modification in case of changing raw material.

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