scholarly journals Interregional differences of life expectancy in rural Russia - Assessment of socio-economic, demographic, behavioural and ecological factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Blinova ◽  
Svetlana Bylina ◽  
Viсtor Rusanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Impact

The article is aimed at studying the effects of social, economic, demographic, behavioural and environmental factors on the life expectancy of rural people in different types of regions. Using cluster analysis, we identified four relatively homogeneous groups of Russian regions in terms of life expectancy. The impact of socio-economic, demographic and environmental indicators on life expectancy of the rural population was assessed using regression models. We identified regions with low life expectancy for the rural population, and factors that have negative effect on life expectancy at birth. The main ones were alcohol abuse, high unemployment and emissions of pollutants into the air. The regression analysis showed that investments aimed at the development of health care, provision of social services and improvement of residential premises contributed to an increase in life expectancy. Significant factors in regions with high life expectancy were a lower number of recorded crimes per 100,000 of the population and a decrease in high unemployment, as well as an increase in educational expenses. In the group of regions where life expectancy of the rural population was approaching the average level in Russia, an important factor was also an increase in the level of education. We conclude that a regionally differentiated approach is necessary when introducing social policy changes, and measures aimed at increasing the life expectancy of the rural population should take into account the distinctive differences in socioeconomic development of the various regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Waste Management Systems’ Impact on Health and Environment in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Abarca Guerrero ◽  
V. Rudin Valverde ◽  
Ger Maas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Impact

There is a large body of literature produced in developed countries on the potential adverse health effects of different waste management options but hardly studied in developing countries. On the contrary, the relations between economic issues and the impact of waste management systems on the environment have been studied by different scholars from developing countries. This paper aims to explain associations between some parameters that describe waste management systems at a city level and country parameters in relation to public health and environmental pollution in developing countries. This work reviews waste management systems from more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents It describes partly their waste management as answers to 122 questions that include information of public sources and general country characteristics. A combination of methods was used in order to assess the impact of waste management system on health and the environment. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic methods in order to draw conclusions. The outcomes were unable to provide convincing evidence of an association of waste management and the impact on health. On the contrary, the results show that some of the waste management practices have a negative influence in the environment. The study didn’t consider epidemiological evidences concerning public health, economy and pollution of the studied cities due to nonexistence or unreliable reliable information. Instead, data on country performance indicators for public health (perinatal mortality, adult mortality, life expectancy at birth and healthy life expectancy, an economic indicator (Gross Domestic Product/capita) and environmental indicators (ecological footprint / capita and  CO2-emission/capita were used. In addition, some other country characterization parameters were chosen (persons/km2, % urban population).

scholarly journals The decomposition of life expectancy for age and cause of death in Tuscany, Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Nante ◽  
L Kundisova ◽  
F Gori ◽  
A Martini ◽  
F Battisti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Reduction Of Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Changing of life expectancy at birth (LE) over time reflects variations of mortality rates of a certain population. Italy is amongst the countries with the highest LE, Tuscany ranks fifth at the national level. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of various causes of death in different age groups on the change in LE in the Tuscany region (Italy) during period 1987-2015. Material and methods Mortality data relative to residents that died during the period between 1987/1989 and 2013/2015 were provided by the Tuscan Regional Mortality Registry. The causes of death taken into consideration were cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RESP) and infective (INF) diseases and cancer (TUM). The decomposition of LE gain was realized with software Epidat, using the Pollard’s method. Results The overall LE gain during the period between two three-years periods was 6.7 years for males, with a major gain between 65-89, and 4.5 years for females, mainly improved between 75-89, <1 year for both sexes. The major gain (2.6 years) was attributable to the reduction of mortality for CVS, followed by TUM (1.76 in males and 0.83 in females) and RESP (0.4 in males; 0.1 in females). The major loss of years of LE was attributable to INF (-0.15 in females; -0.07 in males) and lung cancer in females (-0.13), for which the opposite result was observed for males (gain of 0.62 years of LE). Conclusions During the study period (1987-2015) the gain in LE was major for males. To the reduction of mortality for CVS have contributed to the tempestuous treatment of acute CVS events and secondary CVS prevention. For TUM the result is attributable to the adherence of population to oncologic screening programmes. The excess of mortality for INF that lead to the loss of LE can be attributed to the passage from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in 2003 (higher sensibility of ICD-10) and to the diffusion of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which lead to elevated mortality in these years. Key messages The gain in LE during the period the 1987-2015 was higher in males. The major contribution to gain in LE was due to a reduction of mortality for CVS diseases.

scholarly journals Reductions in US life expectancy from COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Noreen Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Population ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Black And Latino

COVID-19 had a huge mortality impact in the US in 2020 and accounted for the majority of the 1.5-year reduction in 2020 life expectancy at birth. There were also substantial racial/ethnic disparities in the mortality impact of COVID-19 in 2020, with the Black and Latino populations experiencing reductions in life expectancy at birth over twice the reduction experienced by the White population. Despite continued vulnerability of the Black and Latino populations, the hope was that widespread distribution of effective vaccines would mitigate the overall impact and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in 2021. In this study, we use cause-deleted life table methods to estimate the impact of COVID-19 mortality on 2021 US period life expectancy. Our partial-year estimates, based on provisional COVID-19 deaths for January-early October 2021 suggest that racial/ethnic disparities have persisted and that life expectancy at birth in 2021 has already declined by 1.2 years from pre-pandemic levels. Our projected full-year estimates, based on projections of COVID-19 deaths through the end of 2021 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, suggest a 1.8-year reduction in US life expectancy at birth from pre-pandemic levels, a steeper decline than the estimates produced for 2020. The reductions in life expectancy at birth estimated for the Black and Latino populations are 1.6-2.4 times the impact for the White population.

Health Care Public Sector Share and the U.S. Life Expectancy Lag: A Country-level Longitudinal Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Political ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Political Economy Of Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Growing research on the political economy of health has begun to emphasize sociopolitical influences on cross-national differences in population health above and beyond economic growth. While this research investigates the impact of overall public health spending as a share of GDP (“health care effort”), it has for the most part overlooked the distribution of health care spending across the public and private spheres (“public sector share”). I evaluate the relative contributions of health care effort, public sector share, and GDP to the large and growing disadvantage in U.S. life expectancy at birth relative to peer nations. I do so using fixed effects models with data from 16 wealthy democratic nations between 1960 and 2010. Results indicate that public sector share has a beneficial effect on longevity net of the effect of health care effort and that this effect is nonlinear, decreasing in magnitude as levels rise. Moreover, public sector share is a more powerful predictor of life expectancy at birth than GDP per capita. This study contributes to discussions around the political economy of health, the growth consensus, and the American lag in life expectancy. Policy implications vis-à-vis the U.S. Affordable Care Act are discussed.

scholarly journals How do ethnicity and deprivation impact on life expectancy at birth in people with serious mental illness? Observational study in the UK

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jayati Das-Munshi ◽  
Chin-Kuo Chang ◽  
Alex Dregan ◽  
Stephani L. Hatch ◽  
Craig Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deprived Areas

Abstract Background Across international contexts, people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) experience marked reductions in life expectancy at birth. The intersection of ethnicity and social deprivation on life expectancy in SMI is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ethnicity and area-level deprivation on life expectancy at birth in SMI, defined as schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, using data from London, UK. Methods Abridged life tables to calculate life expectancy at birth, in a cohort with clinician-ascribed ICD-10 schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders or depression, managed in secondary mental healthcare. Life expectancy in the study population with SMI was compared with life expectancy in the general population and with those residing in the most deprived areas in England. Results Irrespective of ethnicity, people with SMI experienced marked reductions in life expectancy at birth compared with the general population; from 14.5 years loss in men with schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar disorders, to 13.2 years in women. Similar reductions were noted for people with depression. Across all diagnoses, life expectancy at birth in people with SMI was lower than the general population residing in the most deprived areas in England. Conclusions Irrespective of ethnicity, reductions in life expectancy at birth among people with SMI are worse than the general population residing in the most deprived areas in England. This trend in people with SMI is similar to groups who experience extreme social exclusion and marginalisation. Evidence-based interventions to tackle this mortality gap need to take this into account.

Globalization and women’s and girls’ health in 192 UN-member countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 692-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Gevrek ◽  
Karen Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Adolescent Fertility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ratification of the United Nations’ (UN’s) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and women’s and girls’ health outcomes using a unique longitudinal data set of 192 UN-member countries that encompasses the years from 1980 to 2011. Design/methodology/approach – The authors focus on the impact of CEDAW ratification, number of reports submitted after ratification, years passed since ratification, and the dynamic impact of CEDAW ratification by utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel fixed effects methods. The study investigates the following women’s and girls’ health outcomes: total fertility rate, adolescent fertility rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, neonatal mortality rate, female life expectancy at birth (FLEB), and female to male life expectancy at birth. Findings – The OLS and panel country and year fixed effects models provide evidence that the impact of CEDAW ratification on women’s and girls’ health outcomes varies by global regions. While the authors find no significant gains in health outcomes in European and North-American countries, the countries in the Northern Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Africa, Caribbean and Central America, South America, Middle-East, Eastern Asia, and Oceania regions experienced the biggest gains from CEDAW ratification, exhibiting reductions in total fertility, adolescent fertility, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and neonatal mortality while also showing improvements in FLEB. The results provide evidence that both early commitment to CEDAW as measured by the total number of years of engagement after the UN’s 1980 ratification and the timely submission of mandatory CEDAW reports have positive impacts on women’ and girls’ health outcomes. Several sensitivity tests confirm the robustness of main findings. Originality/value – This study is the first comprehensive attempt to explore the multifaceted relationships between CEDAW ratification and female health outcomes. The study significantly expands on the methods of earlier research and presents novel methods and findings on the relationship between CEDAW ratification and women’s health outcomes. The findings suggest that the impact of CEDAW ratification significantly depends on the country’s region. Furthermore, stronger engagement with CEDAW (as indicated by the total number of years following country ratification) and the submission of the required CEDAW reports (as outlined in the Convention’s guidelines) have positive impacts on women’s and girls’ health outcomes.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Health Status: A Cross-Country Analysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 745-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui ◽  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
General Level ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact

An analysis of health status is an important aspect of human resource development. Improvements in health do not only improve the productivity of the labour force, but they also help to improve the impact of other forms of human capital formation, e.g. education. In most developing countries health status is difficult to determine as the question arises as to what measures should be used as indicators of health status. At a general level most of the demand or production function considerations are obtained by aggregating over the micro factors. I However, in the case of health status micro and macro measures may not be perfectly correlated; In most cross-country studies life expectancy at birth or the infant mortality rate are taken as indicators of health status. Other measures which can be used to indicate such improvements in health status are age and diseasespecifrc mortality or morbidity and life expectancy. However, the improvement in health status can be observed most obviously from increases in life expectancy which is a better measure for cross country comparison than age and diseasespecific mortality or morbidity, which are more difficult to compare at the international level.

scholarly journals Regional health inequalities explained: empirical evidence from Czechia

Geografie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-383
Author(s):  
Aleš Bělohradský ◽  
Daniela Glocker
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Environmental Causes ◽  
The Impact

Health outcomes in Central and Eastern Europe have been generally improving over the last two decades. However, in Czechia, similar to other countries, the outcomes vary significantly across the regional dimension. In 2016, life expectancy at birth ranged from between 75.5 to 80 years – across 77 districts. This article empirically analyses the determinants of these differences using a wide range of explanatory variables that are available on a district level. Applying factor analysis, our findings indicate that the socio-economic situation within a district is the main driver – explaining a difference of up to four years in life expectancy at birth. Further, controlling for gender specific variables, the results suggest that for men alcohol consumption significantly reduces life expectancy. Both factors capturing the socio-economic situation and alcohol consumption exceed the impact of health care accessibility or environmental causes on life expectancy. The results remain robust when using more disaggregated information on 206 administrative districts – per geographic scale.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy in Madrid (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mortality Surveillance ◽  
Annual Mortality

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing substantial increases in mortality across populations, potentially causing stagnation or decline in life expectancy. We explored this idea by examining the impact of excess mortality linked to the COVID-19 crisis on life expectancy in the region of Madrid (Spain). Using data from the Daily Mortality Surveillance System (MoMo), we calculated excess mortality (death counts) for the weeks 10th to 14th in 2020 using data on expected and observed mortality, assuming no further excess mortality during the rest of the year. The expected annual mortality variation was +6%, +21% and +25% among men aged under 65, between 65 and 74 and over 75, respectively, and +5%, +13%, and 18% for women, respectively. This excess mortality during weeks 10th to 14th resulted in a life expectancy at birth decline of 1.6 years among men and 1.1 years among women. These estimates confirm that Madrid and other severely hit regions in the world may face substantial life expectancy declines.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH OF THE RURAL POPULATION IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Blinova ◽  
Svetlana Bylina ◽  
Victor Rusanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth
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