scholarly journals Impoverishing effect of household healthcare expenditure in semi-rural communities in Yenagoa, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adedotun Daniel Adesina ◽  
Daprim Samuel Ogaji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Health Payment ◽  
Payment Mechanisms

Inequity in the payment mechanism for healthcare systematically affects poorer households more than the rich. This article examines the impoverishing effect of healthcare expenditure on households in Yenagoa. Data was obtained from a crosssectional survey of households in 2 communities in Yenagoa selected by simple random sampling. A pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on household (HH) income, general expenditures and financing for healthcare. Two international poverty lines designed by World Bank were employed to classify households as poor, extremely poor and to determine the impoverishing effects of households’ healthcare expenditures. Responses were received from 525 HHs with 9.2% of HHs falling below poverty line, another 9% pushed deeper into poverty after healthcare spending. A 12.3% and 16% increase in the poverty and extreme poverty gaps respectively were attributable to health payment. A significant percentage of households who were non-poor were pushed into poverty after healthcare spending. There is need for increased public spending and implementation of innovative pre-payment mechanisms and social insurance that assures financialrisk protection and equity in health financing in Yenagoa.

scholarly journals Exploring the Resource Value of Transvaal Red Milk Wood (Mimusops zeyheri) for Food Security and Sustainability: An Appraisal of Existing Evidence

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1486
Author(s):  
Abiodun Olusola Omotayo ◽  
Enioluwa Jonathan Ijatuyi ◽  
Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi ◽  
Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Exotic Fruits

Many African countries are endowed with rich biodiversity with enormous nutritional and economic prospects, but the majority of these resources are not fully harnessed. Exploring these neglected resources, for example, the Transvaal red milkwood tree [(Mimusops zeyheri) Sond. family: Sapotaceae] is of paramount importance for food and nutritional security as well as economic prosperity. This review provides a critical appraisal of the nutritional and health benefits as well as the economic potential of Mimusops zeyheri. The plant is known for its diverse uses among rural communities. In folk medicine, the decoction from the bark and leaves of Mimusops zeyheri are used for treating wounds and ulcers, while the root is used as an infusion taken to treat candidiasis and other health issues. The nutritional profile of the fruit tree is similar to popular exotic fruits and richer in vitamin C when compared to guava and orange. Mimusops zeyheri is a rich source of vitamins, protein, and fatty acids. Based on the rich chemical pool, especially in the fruit and seeds, it has the potential to provide an accessible, readily available, and affordable enriched functional food with valuable health benefits. However, the successful exploration of Mimusopszeyheri for food security and sustainability requires multidisciplinary research. This will help achieve the envisaged food-nutrition security and poverty alleviation potential of the plant, especially among local communities.

scholarly journals Community radio: an instrument for good governance in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 348-361
Author(s):  
‘Rantimi Jays Julius-Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Community Radio ◽  
Radio Stations ◽  
Theatre Arts ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Radio Broadcasting ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Cost

Decree No. 38 of 1992 enacted under the administration of General Ibrahim B. Babangida put a stop to fifty seven years of government’s exclusive ownership and operation of broadcasting in Nigeria. However, with the cost of setting-up, management and obtaining license for media station being prohibitively expensive, the system can only be accessed by the rich and powerful in the society, thereby depriving rural communities’ involvement in the development of the country. As part of the panoply of strategies to ensure rural communities’ participation in democratic governance, there is need for the establishment of rural community radio stations, which is very much different from educational institutions’ type currently being paraded as community radios but rather a training room for communication and theatre arts students. Using historical-analytic method, this article looks at the role community radio could play in making good governance in Nigeria accessible to every segment of society, especially the rural populace. Therefore, it is recommended that Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC) policy should consider the inclusion of community radio as the third in the sector of radio broadcasting in Nigeria after public and commercial ownership. Furthermore, since community radio is essentially non-for-profit, government should make the operation licence free or at a minimal cost to the host community. Keywords: Community radio, NBC, Good governance, People’s participation, Nigeria

scholarly journals Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health: A Global Stocktake

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Wagstaff ◽  
Patrick Eozenou ◽  
Marc Smitz
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Summary Measures ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Catastrophic Expenditures ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures by reviewing the various summary measures and the results of multi-country studies using these measures. The paper presents estimates for 146 countries from all World Bank income groups for all summary measures, along with correlations between the summary measures and macroeconomic and health system indicators. Large differences emerge across countries in per capita out-of-pocket expenditures in 2011 international dollars, driven in large part by differences in per capita income and the share of GDP spent on health. The two measures of dispersion or risk—the coefficient of variation and Q90/Q50—are only weakly correlated across countries and not explained by our macroeconomic and health system indicators. Considerable variation emerges in the out-of-pocket health expenditure budget share, which is highly correlated with the incidence of “catastrophic expenditures”. Out-of-pocket expenditures tend to be regressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the poor when expenditures are assessed relative to income, while expenditures tend to be progressive and catastrophic expenditures tend to be concentrated among the rich when expenditures are assessed relative to consumption. At the extreme poverty line of $1.90-a-day, most impoverishment due to out-of-pocket expenditures occurs among low-income countries.

Implications of HIV/AIDS for Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania: The Example of Rungwe District

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam B. S. Mwakalobo
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Livelihood Security ◽  
Household Livelihood ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract:HIV/AIDS is disrupting household livelihood security in Tanzania's rural communities and contributing to rural impoverishment by claiming the lives of the most productive young adults who make up the bulk of the labor force in those areas. This article presents results of a case study based on a survey of 119 households conducted in three villages of Rungwe district in Tanzania. The results reveal that households with HIV/AIDS deaths spend less on food than those without AIDS deaths, and that households with HIV and AIDS-related deaths are more likely to fall below the poverty line.

scholarly journals Kontribusi Hutan Milik Terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani Di Desa Sukoharjo I Kecamatan Sukoharjo Kabupaten Pringsewu

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Arantha Sabilla ◽  
Asihing Kustanti ◽  
Rudi Hilmanto
Keyword(s):  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
The People ◽  
Poor Households

Private forest was forest that land ownership by the people with a minimum area of 0.25 ha. In Lampung province generally cropping patterns were applied to private forests is agroforestry. Agroforestry was one of land use form in multicrown. It was consisting of a mixture of the trees, shrubs with an annual or plants often accompanied by cattle in one area. Agroforestry system contributed on ecological and economical to generate in farmers income. Especially in this village private forest contribution to the welfare of farmers were not yet known. This study aimed to: (1) Know how much the contribution of private forests for income of farmers in Sukoharjo I Village Sukoharjo District Pringsewu Regency; (2) Know the poverty level of farmers from agroforestry; and (3) Know the welfare level of farmers from agroforestry. This research was conducted in the Sukoharjo 1 Village, Sukoharjo District Pringsewu Regency.                The samples of this research used simple random sampling. Selected respondents were 41 heads of families. The results showed that: 1) The contribution of private forest againts revenue was 83.27% or Rp 62,591,537.00 / kk / ha / year and non private forest was 12,573,171 (16.73%); 2) The level of poverty of family was rate of 7.32% included in the category of the poorest, 2.44% belong to the category of poor households, 2.44% belong to the category of poor households, and 87.80% of the respondents belong to the category above the poverty line; and 3) The level of welfare of family was 12,20% of respondents, it included in the category of pre-prosperous: 19.51% included in the category of prosperous phase I, 14.63% included in the category of prosperous phase II, 46.34% included in the category of prosperous phase III, and 7.32% included in the category of prosperous phase III Plus. Keywords: agroforestry, the contribution of income, level of poverty, level of welfare.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditure and Life Expectancy in Africa: A Panel Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Salami Abdulganiyu ◽  
Mamman Tijjani
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Negative Predictor ◽  
Effect Method

Objective of the Study: The study examined the nature of relationship between healthcare expenditure and life expectancy in a panel of 45 African Countries, disaggregated into different sub-regions in the continent. Methodology: The study used fixed effect method and two-stage least square technique to investigate the relationship between life expectancy and life expectancy in the selected African countries, from 2000 to 2015. Aside from the major variables of interest, GDP per capita, basic sanitation and urban population were used as control variables. The choice of countries and time frame were based on availability of data. The data used was sourced from World Bank website, and analyzed using STATA software. Main Findings: The fixed effect method found that healthcare spending is an important predictor of life expectancy in Africa. It was found to positively and significantly influence life expectancy in West Africa, but significantly and negatively influences life expectancy in Central and Southern regions of Africa. Contrariwise, the two-stage least square shows that healthcare spending is a negative predictor of life expectancy in Central Africa, but not a significant predictor in Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western Africa. Conclusion: Conclusions from the study are two-fold. It can be concluded that fixed effect method is not a suitable estimation technique for models with endogeneity and reversed causation issues, and that healthcare expenditure is significant negative predictor of life expectancy in Central Africa; but not a significant predictor of life expectancy in Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western regions of Africa.

scholarly journals Estimation of consumers demand functions of cut-flowers products: A case study of Pakistani, Punjab

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
High Preference ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Set Up

The objective of this study was to estimate purchase frequency of the selected cut-flower items and demand functions in Punjab and Pakistan. Simple random sampling technique was employed to collect primary data from 120 consumers using a well-structured and field pretested questionnaire during the year 2012-13. The results of the findings revealed that the average price was the highest in case of flowers stage decoration (Rs. 9546), followed by jewelry set (Rs. 677), flower basket (Rs. 394), mala (Rs. 334,), bouquets (Rs. 259), garland (Rs. 41), and gajjra (Rs. 21). Most of the selected consumers (61%) occasionally purchased flowers. The reason of occasionally purchasing was that mostly the consumers purchased the flowers at the occasions of various ceremonial days, i.e., Valentines Day, birth of baby, and death of a relative, etc. About 45% of the selected consumers preferred rose flower. The reasons of high preference for rose flowers were that this is a common flower, mostly grown in all areas of Pakistan and everyone is familiar to it. After rose the jasmine flower (27%) is preferred due to its attractive smell and fragrance, it is also a common flower and mostly grown in Pakistan. It is the national flower of Pakistan. The results of the demand function revealed that the variable of age was significant for the selected cut-flower items, but the variable of education of the consumers was insignificant in case of flowers car decoration. The consumers are restrained to decide about the rational price of the item purchased. There is a limited number of cut-flower shops. Majority of the shops are located in the rich areas of the cities. Common consumers are to travel long distances to purchase flower items. More retail flower shops should be set up by the local bodies in all parts of the cities. The market committees should standardize prices for cut-flower items for the benefit of consumers. Policy need to be designed to increase the demand of flowers by electronic and press media.

scholarly journals Geographic Distribution of Global Economic Important Mahogany Complex: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jones Abrefa Danquah ◽  
Mark Appiah ◽  
Adam Osman ◽  
Ari Pappinen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Rich

Mahogany is the collective international trade name for the high-value tropical and subtropical timber tree species of the family Meliaceae. Mahogany species are noted for their deep red-brown heartwood and are widely used in the construction, boat building, interior decoration (particularly paneling and floor tiles), and in the manufacture of furniture. Across their natural geographical distribution range, many rural communities depend for their livelihoods on the genetic resources of the species as they provide natural products and services. However, mahogany populations across their native range are threatened by deforestation, habitat fragmentation, excessive logging and genetic erosion. In addition, climate change may bring about a shift in the distributional range of the native species. To safeguard the rich diversity of mahogany requires a conscientious effort in policy formulation and the enforcement of existing laws in regard to the management and conservation of the species. In addition, it is imperative that mahogany is used as an integral component in agroforestry systems and in reforestation efforts, as well as in the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems in order to protect the genetic resources of the species. The aim of this review was to highlight the threats to the sustainability of the species. We conducted literature review to examine the geographic distributional range of a mahogany complex (Khaya spp, Entandrophragma spp, Cedrela spp, Toona spp, Swietenia spp) at global, regional and ecosystem scales. We used maps as annotated diagrams to show the probable geographic global distribution range of the mahogany complex. The Khaya spp. and Entandrophragma spp. are native to Africa, Cedrela spp. and Swietenia spp. are native to Central and South America, whereas, Toona spp. are found primarily in southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Is the Child-to-Child approach useful in improving uptake of eye care services in difficult-to-reach rural communities? Experience from Southwest Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olutoke O Ayorinde ◽  
Gudlavalleti VS Murthy ◽  
Oluwaseun O Akinyemi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Primary School Pupils

Background: Blindness and severe visual impairment render affected individuals, families and communities economically, socially and physically disadvantaged. The number of adults ≥ 40 years with severe visual impairment and blindness in Nigeria is projected to increase from 1.02 million (2008) to 1.4 million (2020). Utilization of available eye care services improves quality of life, but uptake is generally unsatisfactory. Empowering individuals, including children, to identify, motivate and appropriately refer them improves utilization. Children, because of their peculiar roles in families and communities, could be important change agents. This study was designed to determine if primary school pupils aged 9-14 years can be satisfactorily trained, using the child-to- parent approach, to assess vision, refer and motivate people to attend screening eye camps. Methods: Ninety pupils aged 9-14 years attending two purposively-selected primary schools were selected by simple random sampling. Using the child-to-parent approach and Snellens 6/60 illiterate E-chart, participants had a 2-day knowledge and skill-based training followed by 2 days of community-based vision assessment and referral of those assessed. The adequacy and success of the training were assessed by comparing pre- and post-test scores. Results: Three hundred and thirty-six persons were referred and examined; of these, 142 (42.3%) persons were reviewed. Overall there was significant improvement in knowledge. The accuracy of assessments was 82.1% for Right Eyes (RE), 83.3% for Left Eyes (LE) and 72.1% for presbyopia. The sensitivities for the RE, LE and presbyopia were 84.8%, 86.1% and 76.3% respectively. Similarly, the specificities were 44.4% for RE, 50.0% for LE and 68.6% for presbyopia. The performances were not significantly influenced by age, sex and locality. Conclusion: Children aged 9-14 years in primary schools can be empowered, using the child-to-child approach, to assess vision and motivate members of their communities to utilize available eye care services.

scholarly journals Economic Growth, Income Inequality and Poverty Trends in Pasture Area’s Householder in SujanagarUpazila, Pabna, Bangladesh: Implications for Development strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Md. Barkat Ali ◽  
◽  
A. B. M Anamul Haque ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Poverty Measures

The study is based on primary household level data obtained from a survey on income expenditure and poverty measures for 2020-21. The perceptual data were collected through field survey which was based on semi structural questionnaire. Total 162 selected samples were considered and simple random sampling techniques have been adopted during data collection. These factual data were collected from various secondary sources like books, journals, magazines, nationally and internationally published data etc. Human development indicators for 1996 have been compared with the study area (pasture area in SujanagarUpazila, Pabna district, Bangladesh). The empirical result shows the analysis of poverty, income inequality, economic growth & development scenario of pasture area’s in Sujanagarupazila, Pabna district, Bangladesh. The research found that 55% respondents live under the poverty line. The study also examines that these householders play an important contribution to the national GDP but their living level is below than standard one. If these areas’ householders’ development access were more available, they would return a great introduction to the society. This paper advises using anti-poverty policy, the concept of poverty minimizing inequality that the society should be tolerant ofattaining the goal of minimizing poverty. It is useful to differentiate between structural and transient causes of poverty. The provision of public goods plays an imperative role in fighting poverty. The government’s proper planning and initiatives, NGOs and Community based organization’s collaboration help build the study area as a socio-economic and environmentally friendly area in Bangladesh.

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