scholarly journals Pain at the crossroads between nature and culture

2013 ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
Francesco N. Gaspa ◽  
Giuliano Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Pain Stimuli

Pain and suffering represent unavoidable experiences that have left a deep mark on the history of mankind. In this review, pain is examined from an anthropological point of view, because there is no pain without suffering, and every biophysical event is brought to the consciousness of an individual by an emotional signal. The body is an entity that changes from culture to culture and operates within particular historical and social contexts. Each society incorporates the concept of pain into its particular worldview, assigning it a specific meaning and value. Few human experiences can be read in as many different keys: from neuroscience to linguistic research, perspective selection, and emotional and cognitive functions. Although pain is currently regarded as a destructive force that is per se pathological, it is actually a form of protection. In today’s society, pain is experienced as a problem in itself, a disease within a disease, and its physiopathological aspects have been extensively characterized. But pain must also be analyzed within its anthropological, sociological, political, and economic contexts. The phenomenon of pain lies at the crossroads between nature and culture, and analysis from this perspective is essential for explaining the multiplicity of related data. The ‘‘anthropology of pain’’ explains, among other things, the assortment of reactions to identical pain stimuli among individuals and groups: for example, the higher opposition to pain observed among individuals living in poverty, the phenomenon of ‘‘combat analgesia’’, and the wide variety of analgesics used by traditional populations.

Presentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redacción CEIICH
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
History Of

<p class="p1">The third number of <span class="s1"><strong>INTER</strong></span><span class="s2"><strong>disciplina </strong></span>underscores this generic reference of <em>Bodies </em>as an approach to a key issue in the understanding of social reality from a humanistic perspective, and to understand, from the social point of view, the contributions of the research in philosophy of the body, cultural history of the anatomy, as well as the approximations queer, feminist theories and the psychoanalytical, and literary studies.</p>

scholarly journals THE BODY IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPEAN AND RUSSIAN THEATRE: CULTURAL VARIABILITY OF SHAME

Articult ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Leila F. Salimova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethical Aspect ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Considerable Body

Modern scientific knowledge approaches the study of the physical and aesthetic bodies with a considerable body of texts. However, on the territory of the theater, the body is still considered exclusively from the point of view of the actor's artistic tools. Theatrical physicality and the character of physical empathy in the theater are not limited to the boundaries of the performing arts, but exist in close relationship with the visual and empirical experience of the spectator, performer, and director. The aesthetic and ethical aspect of the attitude to the body in the history of theatrical art has repeatedly changed, including under the influence of changing cultural criteria of "shameful". The culmination of the demarcation of theatrical shame, it would seem, should be an act of pure art, independent of the moral restrictions of society. However, the experiments of modern theater continue to face archaic ethical views. The article attempts to understand the cultural variability of such a phenomenon as shame in its historical and cultural extent using examples from theater art from antiquity to the present day.

scholarly journals On a convenient terminology for the various stages of the malaria parasite

1902 ◽  
Vol 70 (459-466) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
History Museum ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reproductive Phases

I have found it necessary in labelling a series of models of the malaria parasite in the Central Hall of the Natural History Museum to use as simple and clear a terminology as possible. I think that this terminology will be found useful by others who are perplexed by such terms as “sporozoites,” “blasts,” “ookinetes,” “schizonts,” “amphionts,” and “sporonts”—terms which have their place in schemes dealing with the general morphology and life-history of the group Sporozoa, but are not, as experience shows, well suited for immediate use in describing and referring to the stages of the malaria parasite. It is necessary to treat the malaria parasite from the point of view of malaria; that is to say, to consider its significant phases to be those which it passes in the human blood. In reality its mature condition and most important motile, as well as its most prolific reproductive, phases are passed in the body of the mosquito.

scholarly journals Sports education an element of academic development

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Brenda Ivonne MORALES-BENÍTEZ ◽  
Ramiro MORALES-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
Ramsés Josafath ALCARAZ-GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Participation Decision ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Competencies ◽  
Middle Level Students ◽  
Made In

Sport is regularly seen as one of the forms of activation of the body that provide motor skills and contribute to healthy health, however it is important to appreciate it from the point of view of knowledge, so its contribution in aspects of academic competencies in students was analyzed upper middle level. In the first part, the history of sport was discussed, as well as the contributions of authors about educational sport and the learning generated. Subsequently, a comparison was made in young upper-middle-level students divided into two groups: the experiential group (they practice and perform exercise, sport and physical activity) and the control group (individuals who are totally sedentary), in order to observe performance. in school performance, class participation, decision making as well as knowing how influential or manipulable their peers can be to analyze and solve problems, in the study a questionnaire was applied to both groups using the Likert scale to know these results. The information obtained shows the positive influence that sport has on the development of educational capacities in students.

Ethical issues arising in the provision of medical interventions for gender diverse children and adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Wren
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Senior Clinician

The care of children and adolescents whose experience of the body is at odds with their gender feelings raises a number of questions that are as much ethical as medical or psychological. In this article I highlight some areas of ethical concern from the point of view of a senior clinician at the nationally commissioned UK Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS). I make the assumption that ethical deliberation is relational and grounded in the natural, social, political and institutional worlds in which the ethical questions arise. I try to show how matters of empirical fact, alongside an appreciation of broad social contexts, and historic and current power relations, provide an essential framework for the ways that ethical choices are framed by key groups of people as they take up different, sometimes opposing, ethical positions. I argue that practising ethically in such a service is not helpfully reduced to a single event, a treatment decision aimed at achieving the morally ‘right’ outcome, but an extended process in time. In the charged debate surrounding the recognition of these young people’s needs, we must do more to promote responsible debate about the scope of sound ethical practice.

scholarly journals From Mary’s Motherhood to the Immaculate Conception: An Iconographic Analysis of Marian Art in Spain during the Tenth to Nineteenth Centuries

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Antonio Moreno-Almárcegui ◽  
Germán Scalzo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
The West ◽  
Popular Piety ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Image

This article analyzes Marian art in Spain from the tenth to nineteenth centuries in order to show how popular piety represented Mary’s motherhood. Through art, including architecture, painting, sculpture, and oral preaching, a popular image of Mary emerged and, in turn, became key for understanding the history of the family in western Catholic countries. Studying the evolution of Marian iconography during this thousand-year period reveals a kind of grandeur, and then a certain crisis, surrounding Mary’s motherhood. This crisis specifically involves the meaning of the body as an effective sign of the personal gift-of-self. We argue that this process ran parallel to growing problems in theological culture related to reconciling the natural and supernatural realms, and we further sustain that it contains a true cultural revolution, a shift that is at the origin of many later transformations. This interpretation helps better understand the dilemmas surrounding the history of the family in the West, and specifically of motherhood, from the point of view of the Christian tradition.

scholarly journals A CULTURE OF SELFISHNESS AS A FACTOR IN THE CONTINUATION OF THE PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
A.V. Merenkov
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
True Knowledge

The pandemic, which lasts for two years, has significantly changed all aspects of people's social life due to restrictions on the usual forms of behavior of people in everyday life, public places, and at work. A person is put in a situation of choice: either continue to interact with relatives, friends, colleagues at work on the basis of stereotypes of behavior, but in a pandemic that poses a threat of unintentional infection with coronavirus, or strictly observe the rules of partial or complete isolation. The practice of organizing the behavior prescribed by the sanitary service of large groups of people has shown that a significant part of the population resists the requirements to wear personal protective equipment, to vaccinate with promptly created vaccines against coronavirus. Authorities are forced to impose increasingly stringent measures on violators of doctors' instructions. In the article, the clash of individual and public interests in a pandemic situation is analyzed from the point of view of a theory that reveals the essence and content of a culture of selfishness. It is a system created by people throughout the history of social development to increase the natural selfishness given to all living organisms, including humans. Some social groups, through cunning, lying, psychological and physical coercion, provide personal benefits, while others use these behaviors to preserve themselves, their families. The negative attitude of people to regulations that destroy traditional social ties, compulsory vaccination is considered as a manifestation of individual and group selfishness, formed on the basis of affirming the priority of personal freedom, their own ideas about how to protect the body from various diseases. In the actions of the part of the medical community that is trying not by the method of explanation, persuasion to develop a vaccination kit in people, but to force with the help of severe restrictions to force it, corporate selfishness is being implemented. Those who are guided by it attribute their possession of true knowledge to themselves, rejecting other options for combating the pandemic. The article states that acting on the basis of values and norms of a culture of cooperation, it is possible to achieve the desired success in suppressing coronavirus infection. The conditions for the transition of social subjects from the implementation of the rules of a culture of egoism to the adoption of values and norms of a culture of cooperation are revealed.

Dining Posture in Ancient Rome

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Sexual Values ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
History Of

What was really going on at Roman banquets? This book looks at a little-explored feature of Roman culture: dining posture. In ancient Rome, where dining was an indicator of social position as well as an extended social occasion, dining posture offered a telling window into the day-to-day lives of the city's inhabitants. This book investigates the meaning and importance of the three principal dining postures—reclining, sitting, and standing—in the period 200 B.C.–200 A.D. It explores the social values and distinctions associated with each of the postures and with the diners who assumed them. The book shows that dining posture was entangled with a variety of pressing social issues, such as gender roles and relations, sexual values, rites of passage, and distinctions among the slave, freed, and freeborn conditions. Timely in light of the recent upsurge of interest in Roman dining, this book is equally concerned with the history of the body and of bodily practices in social contexts. The book gathers evidence for these practices and their associated values not only from elite literary texts, but also from sub-elite visual representations—specifically, funerary monuments from the city of Rome and wall paintings of dining scenes from Pompeii.

scholarly journals From Shusterman's Somaesthetics to a Radical Epistemology of Somatics

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ginot
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Rehabilitation ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Production Characteristic ◽  
Dance Pedagogy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bodily Knowledge ◽  
Early Modern Era

From the precepts of civility and physical deportment in the early modern era to modern gestural routines found in physical therapy and gymnastics, cultural historians of the body have studied the physical practices of hygiene, sports, and medicine. The history of dance is marked by these dance-related practices, which are peripheral to dance itself. One set of contemporary peripheral practices sought out by dancers themselves has been called “somatics,” a term Thomas Hanna proposed in the 1970s (1995). Somatics has since made its way into the dance world, where by now it has achieved widespread recognition as a form of bodily knowledge. This article is concerned with the epistemological status of somatics and, therefore, with the discursive production characteristic of its methods and practices.The first value that we usually attribute to these practices is prophylactic: they serve to prevent professional accidents or provide functional rehabilitation following injuries. Although increasingly integrated into dancer training and dance pedagogy, somatics first found its way into dance as a means to limit accidents. Somatics is also often a resource for the improvement of virtuosity in dance. But it has nevertheless transformed pedagogy into a more “active” and exploratory experience for the student, in which physical sensations are more important than the mirroring and reproduction of forms (Fortin 1996, 2005; Fortin, Long, and Lord 2002). We often see it presented as a “counter power,” an antidote to dominant dance practices. This point of view is poorly documented—possibly because it would not hold up against a strong argument—but it is common knowledge that somatics stands opposed to virtuosity and the “perfect” body image, as seen, for example, in the role these techniques played in the early part of Trisha Brown's choreographic career.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent and strain-dependent anti-obesity effects ofLactobacillus sakeiin a diet induced obese murine model

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosep Ji ◽  
Young Mee Chung ◽  
Soyoung Park ◽  
Dahye Jeong ◽  
Bongjoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Dose Dependent

BackgroundOverweight and abdominal obesity, in addition to medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and triglyceride levels, are typical risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Yet, considering the complexity of factors and underlying mechanisms leading to these inflammatory conditions, a deeper understanding of this area is still lacking. Some probiotics have a reputation of a relatively-long history of safe use, and an increasing number of studies are confirming benefits including anti-obesity effects when administered in adequate amounts. Recent reports demonstrate that probiotic functions may widely differ with reference to either intra-species or inter-species related data. Such differences do not necessarily reflect or explain strain-specific functions of a probiotic, and thus require further assessment at the intra-species level. Various anti-obesity clinical trials with probiotics have shown discrepant results and require additional consolidated studies in order to clarify the correct dose of application for reliable and constant efficacy over a long period.MethodsThree different strains ofLactobacillus sakeiwere administered in a high-fat diet induced obese murine model using three different doses, 1 × 1010, 1 × 109and 1 × 108CFUs, respectively, per day. Changes in body and organ weight were monitored, and serum chemistry analysis was performed for monitoring obesity associated biomarkers.ResultsOnly one strain ofL. sakei(CJLS03) induced a dose-dependent anti-obesity effect, while no correlation with either dose or body or adipose tissue weight loss could be detected for the other twoL. sakeistrains (L338 and L446). The body weight reduction primarily correlated with adipose tissue and obesity-associated serum biomarkers such as triglycerides and aspartate transaminase.DiscussionThis study shows intraspecies diversity ofL. sakeiand suggests that anti-obesity effects of probiotics may vary in a strain- and dose-specific manner.

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