scholarly journals Die struktuur van die spontane mondelinge vertelling in Afrikaans met spesiale verwysing na die rol van tempusverwisseling

Literator ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
S. Prinsloo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Narrative ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Evaluation Result ◽  
And Function ◽  
Point Of Departure

There are various opinions as to what can be described as a narrative. In this study the point of departure has been that a narrative can be seen as an intentional linguistic act consisting of at least two time-ordered clauses with a central theme as the cohesive factor. The nature of the narrative demands that two subject disciplines be involved when the narrative is analysed, viz. linguistics and narratology. These two components supplement each other in the narrative so that one can see that a one-sided analysis would be incomplete. The narrative is a firm unity in which, for analytical purposes, various structural elements are distinguished. These structural elements are distinguishable but not always divisible, and function in conjunction with each other in the narrative. Ten structural elements are distinguished in the well-constructed oral narrative, viz. announcement, orientation, complicating action, climax, evaluation, result, coda, slip of the tongue, pauses and tense-switching. It has been found that switches in tense are characteristic of the spontaneous oral narrative in Afrikaans, and that these are functionally applied to delimit the narrative into episodes. A new turn in the narrative is usually linked to a switch in tense. Tense changes do not necessarily indicate changes of time. Actions are anchored in time by means of referential time. Where tense switches do occur, the preterite and the historic present are used in turn. From the study it emerges that where large segments are in the historic present, especially in the part of the complicating action, many direct quotations occur in these segments.

From self-evident norms to contingent couplings: A systems-theoretical analysis of changes in the relationship between schools and the function systems in Denmark

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412110097
Author(s):  
Niels Åkerstrøm Andersen ◽  
Justine Grønbæk Pors
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Education System ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
School Governance ◽  
World Society ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure

Taking a point of departure in the paradoxical fact that the increase in educational knowledge leads to an increase in uncertainty for educational organisations, this article explores how uncertainty and contingency have increasingly become an integral part of school governance. The article draws on Niklas Luhmann’s theory of ‘World Society’ as a functional differentiated society providing a range of different symbolic media for educational organisations. To trace the increase in the complexity of governing, we provide a historical account of the shifting couplings between schools and function systems. We show how the school becomes linked to an increasing number of symbolic media so that education becomes only one out of many other concerns. The article studies the consequences these shifting couplings have for how schools are governed and how they are expected to self-manage their relationship to different function systems. The article adds to existing studies of how education has become more and more differentiated with the argument that this has also led to new forms of couplings between schools and the education system with a number of important implications for the teaching profession.

scholarly journals A recepção das Investigações Lógicas por Paul Natorp

Phainomenon ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 16-17 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Carlos Morujão
Keyword(s):  
Strong Influence ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Logical Investigations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Point Of Reference

Abstract The paper offers a survey of the debate between Husserl and Paul Natorp that followed the publication, by the former, of Logical Investigations, in 1900-1901. Beyond a general agreement on the nature of psychologism and the ways to struggle against it, Husserl and Natorp disagreed, at the time, on the nature and function of consciousness. As Natorp defended, since his Introduction to Psychology of 1888, that the objective contents of consciousness are distinct from the I as the subjective (and unobjectifiable) point of reference of them all, Husserl remarks the inner contradiction of these argument; as long as philosophy pretends to speak of such an I it has to be treated as an object, albeit of a special kind. In the Logical Investigations, nevertheless, Husserl stresses that it is not even necessary to admit the existence of such an I to explain the acts of consciousness. However, and that is the central theme of the paper, the later evolution of Husserl’s thought and finally his «transcendental turn» can only be fully comprehensible from the admission of a strong influence of the previous criticized thesis of Natorp.

scholarly journals The Nucleoid-Associated Protein GapR Uses Conserved Structural Elements To Oligomerize and Bind DNA

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério F. Lourenço ◽  
Saumya Saurabh ◽  
Jonathan Herrmann ◽  
Soichi Wakatsuki ◽  
Lucy Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Caulobacter Crescentus ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) are DNA binding proteins critical for the organization and function of the bacterial chromosome. A newly discovered NAP in Caulobacter crescentus, GapR, is thought to facilitate the movement of the replication and transcription machines along the chromosome by stimulating type II topoisomerases to remove positive supercoiling. Here, utilizing genetic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of GapR in light of a recently published DNA-bound crystal structure of GapR, we identified the structural elements involved in oligomerization and DNA binding. Moreover, we show that GapR is maintained as a tetramer upon its dissociation from DNA and that tetrameric GapR is capable of binding DNA molecules in vitro. Analysis of protein chimeras revealed that two helices of GapR are functionally conserved in H-NS, demonstrating that two evolutionarily distant NAPs with distinct mechanisms of action utilize conserved structural elements to oligomerize and bind DNA. IMPORTANCE Bacteria organize their genetic material in a structure called the nucleoid, which needs to be compact to fit inside the cell and, at the same time, dynamic to allow high rates of replication and transcription. Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) play a pivotal role in this process, so their detailed characterization is crucial for our understanding of DNA organization into bacterial cells. Even though NAPs affect DNA-related processes differently, all of them have to oligomerize and bind DNA for their function. The significance of this study is the identification of structural elements involved in the oligomerization and DNA binding of a newly discovered NAP in C. crescentus and the demonstration that structural elements are conserved in evolutionarily distant and functionally distinct NAPs.

An analysis of critical ‘voices’ and ‘styles’ in transpreters’ translations of complainants’ narratives

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monwabisi K. Ralarala
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Justice System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Oral Narrative ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Police Records ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

Police officers (hereafter referred to as transpreters) have a fundamental role and function as both ‘interpreters’ and ‘translators’ in the process of the administration of justice. This role and function hinges, oftentimes, on how the two agents, that is, the transpreters and the complainants, relate to each other. What is it that they represent? What do they stand to gain? What mechanisms are at play that they exploit to reach their various goals and desires? In discharging these roles and functions, transpreters in particular become actively engaged in the activities of listening to, visualising, then retelling and rewriting the complainants’ isiXhosa oral narrative text into the English language. All these laborious and tedious activities are conducted to compile sworn statements that become essential in the leading of a criminal investigation, as well as in compiling the evidence that is ultimately used in court. In this context, the ‘voices’ that inform the ‘styles’ in and through which the original narratives are reconstructed (as translations) into police records remain critical as part of the legal discourse in the South African criminal justice system. These ‘voices’ and ‘styles’ signal the extent to which sworn statements are mediated and manipulated.

The Letter of Paul to the Galatians: a Deliberative Speech

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop Smit
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
And Function ◽  
Literary Composition ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Roman Rhetoric

This study's point of departure is the important article of H. D. Betz, ‘The literary composition and function of Paul's letter to the Galatians’, published in this journal in 1975. In that article the author suggests a new approach to the letter to the Galatians, by using the generative rules of Graeco-Roman rhetoric to analyse the structure of the letter. A rigorous examination leads him to the conclusion that the form of the various parts and the order in which they are arranged completely conform to the classical rules of rhetoric for a judicial speech (genus iudiciale). Paul is under accusation by opponents. The Galatians play the role of judges. The letter contains a speech in which Paul, following all the rules of the art, defends himself before the jury.

scholarly journals Apoteoza starości. Funkcjonalność motywu w średniowiecznej literaturze serbskiej

2017 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 677-688
Author(s):  
Izabela Lis-Wielgosz
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Old Age ◽  
General Public ◽  
World View ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latin West ◽  
Theological Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
Point Of Departure

An apotheosis of old age.The motif’s functionality in the medieval Serbian literatureIn the paper, atheme of the old age is undertaken in order to present it as abroad plane of meanings, representing forms and imaginative constructions, which, inscribed in the concrete context that is, the realm of the medieval culture and literature of Serbia, establishes aspecific point of departure for considerations on the perception of the human age from the historical, ideological, theological perspective, etc. The principal problem of the reflection is aproblem regarding the form and function of the old age motif, its permanence and changeability in the sphere of the phenomenon’s examination, perceiving determined by many factors concerning above all the civilization type of culture, sum of its historical experiences, and the social integration level resulted from the whole of the general public and its world view comportments. There are many cultural and literary examples of realization and functionality of the old age motif in the medieval era, accompanied by their basic monographs, however, they mainly refer to the Latin, West Christian circle. In this accurate context, the output of the Eastern Christian world together with the Old Church Slavonic domain is rarely invoked and disputed. Undertaking the problems conjoined with the old age, it is therefore worth using the old writing of the Old Church Slavs, of which part is the Old Serbian literature. This literature may be interpreted as the motif’s representation, its widely usage and significant illustration.Апотеоза старости. Функционалност мотивау средњовековној српској књижевностиУ реферату се представља тема старости на примеру средњовековне српске књижевности. На темељу изабраних текстова, углавном житијних, указује се мотив позних година, његова адаптација, реализација и функција у књижевном и идејном простору. Овај мотив разматра се пре свега у односу на библијску традицију, али такође он се овде анализира у широм културном аспекту. Дакле, у раду пропитује се начин функционисања мотива, објашњава се његово присуство у конкретним књижевним сценама – у казивању о смрти или опису јуначког одласка у монашки живот. Преглед неких од најчешћих икарактеристичних остварења теме старости у српским кнјижевним текстовима средњега века, доноси закључак да се она појављује као разнолика и чврсто повезана са многим другим културним топосима, да је она снажно обележена библијским узором, и коначно да укњижевности њено присуство и реализација су одраз једног, у великој мери позитивног/апотеозног, менталног става средњовековног – религиозног човека према људској судбини у овом и оном свету.

scholarly journals Networks of modern intellectuals in pursuit of overcoming crisis trends: theoretical-applied aspect

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-90
Author(s):  
Nikita Nikolaevich Ravochkin ◽  
Valerii Nikolaevich Bobrikov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Applied Aspect ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Function

This article examines the role of networks of intellectuals in the aspect of seeking ways to overcome the current crises (primarily political-legal) trends. The object of this research is the networks of modern intellectuals. The authors clarify the concept of the networks of intellectuals, review the structural elements and relationship models between the participants. Leaning on the contemporary scientific material, the article describes most popular relationship strategies between the users of the networks of intellectuals and the government. Practical examples of relationships between the U. S. and European intellectuals along with the key difference in the applied strategies are analyzed. Among the main conclusions, the authors note the peculiarities of interaction inside and between various networks of intellectual; however, confrontation between the opponents appeared to be most constructive. Networks of intellectuals can be formed and function for several centuries and on the territories of multiple countries, launching functional chains presented by the developed ideas and concepts. The applied analysis demonstrate that intellectuals of the United States and Europe (despite commonality of views) adhere to different behavioral strategies in their relationship with the authorities: being in management structures or holding a position of independent experts respectively.

scholarly journals Narrative, text and time: Telling the same story twice in the oral narrative reporting of 7/7

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Lambrou
Keyword(s):  
Personal Narrative ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Oral Narrative ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Discourse Strategies ◽  
Narrative Reporting ◽  
And Function ◽  
Narrative Framework

The question of whether it is possible to ‘tell the same story twice’ has been explored in work on conversational narratives, which has set out to understand the existence of some kind of ‘underlying semantic structure’ and ‘script’ (Polanyi, 1981). In conversational narratives, ‘local occasioning’ and ‘recipient design’ (Sacks et al., 1974) are factors that determine the form and function of the story. Here, ongoing talk frames the narrative while other participants provide a ready made audience, all of which, form part of the storytelling process. What happens, however, when a survivor of 7/7 (the date in 2005 of the co-ordinated terrorist bomb attacks on the London transport system in the morning rush hour, which killed 52 and injured hundreds of people), whose personal narrative was reported globally on the day of the event, is again interviewed two and a half years later for their experience of that morning? Is the ‘same story’ retold? Specifically, how far does the latest story replicate the experience and events of the first and which of the prototypical features of a personal narrative – at the level of both the macrostructure and microstructure – remain constant? By comparing both interviews and using Labov and Waletzky’s (1967) narrative framework as the central model for analysis, it is possible to see whether events within the complicating action or features of evaluation remain the most memorable, that is, they are recalled in the second telling as important aspects of the experience, and may be seen to be core narrative categories. While findings show that both narratives are comparable in form, a closer investigation finds compelling differences as well as unexpected linguistic choices. Not only has the second narrative become informed by other, external narratives to become part of a broader, mediated narrative but various discourse strategies of ‘dissociation’ in both interviews have resulted in a retelling of a traumatic experience that appears to have features of an eye witness report rather than a personal narrative. Moreover, this blurring of two distinct genres of storytelling provides a true insight of how the narrator positions himself inside this terrible experience.

scholarly journals Enhanced ER proteostasis and temperature differentially impact the mutational tolerance of influenza hemagglutinin

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M Phillips ◽  
Michael B Doud ◽  
Luna O Gonzalez ◽  
Vincent L Butty ◽  
Yu-Shan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Viral Membrane ◽  
Influenza Hemagglutinin ◽  
And Function

We systematically and quantitatively evaluate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis factors impact the mutational tolerance of secretory pathway proteins. We focus on influenza hemaggluttinin (HA), a viral membrane protein that folds in the host’s ER via a complex pathway. By integrating chemical methods to modulate ER proteostasis with deep mutational scanning to assess mutational tolerance, we discover that upregulation of ER proteostasis factors broadly enhances HA mutational tolerance across diverse structural elements. Remarkably, this proteostasis network-enhanced mutational tolerance occurs at the same sites where mutational tolerance is most reduced by propagation at fever-like temperature. These findings have important implications for influenza evolution, because influenza immune escape is contingent on HA possessing sufficient mutational tolerance to evade antibodies while maintaining the capacity to fold and function. More broadly, this work provides the first experimental evidence that ER proteostasis mechanisms define the mutational tolerance and, therefore, the evolution of secretory pathway proteins.

scholarly journals Designing and coding with BBC micro:bit to solve a real-world task – a challenging movement between contexts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-M. Cederqvist
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Real World ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
The Real ◽  
And Function ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Critical Aspects

AbstractDesigning programmed technological solutions (PTS) with programming materials has become a way to contextualise educational content related to PTS and programming. However, studies show that pupils have difficulties conceptualising central phenomena involved in the process, which affects their ability to design PTS. In order to understand these difficulties, this study investigates pupils’ ways of experiencing the process of solving a real-world task with a programming material. The study takes its point of departure from a previous study that identified two central phenomena, the dual nature (structure and function) of PTS and the BBC micro:bit material, when pupils, aged 10 and 14, were designing a burglar alarm with the BBC micro:bit. The data was revisited with the aim of analysing pupils’ sequential discernment of critical aspects of the phenomena (i.e. aspects necessary to discern in order to understand phenomena), and how this affects how the design process unfolds. The results show that the movement from the real-world context toward the BBC micro:bit context is challenging. Pupils need to be able to connect conditions in the real-world context both to aspects of the dual nature of their PTS, and to aspects of the BBC micro:bit material that represent the dual nature. This suggests the importance of appreciating the BBC micro:bit context and the real-world context in relation to the dual nature of PTS, and of addressing the sequential stages of the process in which aspects of phenomena and their interrelations are emphasised, to help pupils see the PTS in the changing contexts.

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