scholarly journals Expression and Epigenetic Change of the AR and FSHR Genes in the Granulosa Cells of Endometriosis Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. GEG.S9877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Hayashi ◽  
Yoshiki Yamashita ◽  
Atsushi Hayashi ◽  
Yoko Yoshida ◽  
Sachiko Kawabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epigenetic Change ◽  
Human Granulosa Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gynecological Diseases

Background Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases associated with infertility. Endometriosis may affect the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression in human granulosa cells and the methylation of the promoter region of AR. We investigated 28 patients with endometriosis and 47 subjects without endometriosis undertaking IVF treatment. Methods Granulosa cells were obtained from 28 patients with endometriosis and 47 subjects without endometriosis as a control. Expressions of AR and FSHR mRNA were then evaluated by OneStep real-time PCR analysis, and the level of methylation of the promoter region was qualified by methylation-specified PCR (MSP). Results The expression of AR mRNA in the endometriosis group was statistically lower than that in the control group. As well, FSHR mRNA expression in the control group showed a positive correlation with AR mRNA expression; however, there was no such correlation in endometriosis patients. In the control group, AR mRNA expression was statistically higher in pregnant subjects compared with non-pregnant subjects; however, in the endometriosis group, no significant difference was identified. The promoter of AR was heavily methylated in all endometriosis cases; however, only 5 (45.4%) were methylated in the control group. Conclusion Lower AR mRNA expression and methylation of the AR promoter region might affect the expression of AR and FSHR the presence of endometriosis, thus leading to a disturbance in the regulation of AR and FSHR.

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Risk Factors in Chinese Young Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifang Liu ◽  
Fangxing Xu ◽  
Yujie Zhou ◽  
Tongku Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Cardiac Insufficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gynecological Diseases ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background In recent years, the prevalence rate of ACS in Chinese young women has been increasing significantly, becoming the main cause of death in young female. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and difference of risk factors in Chinese young women with ACS and to provide references for ACS prevention and treatment. Methods A 1:1 case-control study was conducted to evaluate risk factors of 415 young female patients with ACS (ACS group) who underwent PCI treatment and 415 young female cases without ACS (control group) who were hospitalized and confirmed by coronary angiography to exclude coronary heart disease from January 2010 to August 2016. The average age of the cases in the two groups was respectively (40.77±4.02) years-old and (40.57±4.01) years-old (P> 0.05). Results The risk factors in ACS group were overweight (64.10%), hypertension (49.88%), hyperlipidemia (35.66%), diabetes (23.37%), depression or anxiety disorder (16.62%), gynecological diseases (16.39%), Hyperuricemia (15.18%), family history of early onset coronary heart disease (14.94%), hyperhomocysteinemia (11.33%), hypothyroidism(14.96%), hypercholesterolemia (8.43%) and high c-reactive protein (7.47%), and were statistically significant difference (P<0.01) compared with that of control group. The average number of risk factors per case in ACS group was significantly more than that of control groups (P<0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of combined risk factors of the overweight cases compared between two groups (P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, overweight（obesity）, high CRP, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gynecological diseases, depression or anxiety, cardiac insufficiency, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, oral contraceptives, family history of early onset CHD, and autoimmune diseases were independent risk factors (P<0.01). The bivariate correlation analysis between CRP level and age was r= -0.158 (P<0.01). This result showed the younger ACS patient is the higher serum CRP. Conclusion The independent risk factors of ACS in young women are hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, overweight, high CRP, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gynecological diseases, depression or anxiety, cardiac insufficiency, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, oral contraceptives, family history of early onset CHD, and autoimmune diseases. The co-existence of multiple risk factors is the main cause suffering from ACS in young women.

scholarly journals TNF-α Suppressed FSH-Induced LH Receptor Expression Through Transcriptional Regulation in Rat Granulosa Cells

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 3192-3202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohshiro Nakao ◽  
Hiroshi Kishi ◽  
Fumiharu Imai ◽  
Hiroto Suwa ◽  
Takashi Hirakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Pelvic Cavity ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Lh Receptor ◽  
Tnf Α

Several inflammatory cytokines regulate ovarian function. TNF-α is produced in granulosa cells under physiological conditions and has a reciprocal action on follicle development. In contrast, in pelvic inflammatory diseases, TNF-α is excessively produced in the pelvic cavity and has an adverse effect on reproductive functions. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of TNF-α on the expression of LH receptor (LHR) in immature rat granulosa cells. TNF-α suppressed FSH-induced LHR mRNA and protein expression and was not associated with cAMP accumulation. By using a luciferase assay, the construct containing base pairs −1389 to −1 of the rat Lhcgr promoter revealed that TNF-α decreased FSH-induced promoter activity. In response to TNF-α, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 was translocated to the nucleus, and the suppressive effect of TNF-α on LHR mRNA expression was abrogated by an NF-κB inhibitor. In a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, TNF-α induced the association of NF-κB p65 with the rat Lhcgr transcriptional promoter region. NF-κB p65 and histone deacetylase (HDAC) interact to mediate expression of several genes at a transcriptional level. HDAC activity is thought to induce tight connections within local chromatin structures and repress gene transcription. Furthermore, the TNF-α–induced suppression of LHR mRNA expression was blocked by an HDAC inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction of NF-κB p65 with HDAC in the promoter region of rat Lhcgr might be responsible for TNF-α action on the regulation of LHR.

scholarly journals Identification of androgen receptor phosphorylation in the primate ovary in vivo

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain J McEwan ◽  
Dagmara McGuinness ◽  
Colin W Hay ◽  
Robert P Millar ◽  
Philippa T K Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Gnrh Antagonist ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Receptor Phosphorylation

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is important for both male and female reproductive health. The receptor is a target for a number of post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, which has been intensively studied in vitro. However, little is known about the phosphorylation status of the receptor in target tissues in vivo. The common marmoset is a useful model for studying human reproductive functions, and comparison of the AR primary sequence from this primate shows high conservation of serines known to be phosphorylated in the human receptor and corresponding flanking amino acids. We have used a panel of phosphospecific antibodies to study AR phosphorylation in the marmoset ovary throughout the follicular phase and after treatment with GNRH antagonist or testosterone propionate. In normal follicular phase ovaries, total AR (both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms) immunopositive staining was observed in several cell types including granulosa cells of developing follicles, theca cells and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Receptor phosphorylation at serines 81, 308, and 650 was detected primarily in the granulosa cells of developing follicles, surface epithelium, and vessel endothelial cells. Testosterone treatment lead to a modest increase in AR staining in all stages of follicle studied, while GNRH antagonist had no effect. Neither treatment significantly altered the pattern of phosphorylation compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that phosphorylation of the AR occurs, at a subset of serine residues, in a reproductive target tissue in vivo, which appears refractory to hormonal manipulations.

Differential regulation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc) and aromatase (P450arom) enzyme mRNA expression by gonadotrophins and cyclic AMP in human granulosa cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E L Yong ◽  
S G Hillier ◽  
M Turner ◽  
D T Baird ◽  
S C Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Side Chain Cleavage ◽  
Human Granulosa Cells ◽  
Chain Cleavage ◽  
Camp Levels ◽  
Oestradiol Production

ABSTRACT The co-ordinated biosynthesis of progesterone and oestradiol in the human ovary is critical for reproductive cyclicity and eventual pregnancy. The crucial regulatory enzymes for progesterone and oestradiol biosynthesis in granulosa cells are the cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450scc) and aromatase (P450arom) enzymes respectively. We utilized the cDNA sequences encoding P450arom and P450scc to examine the roles of FSH and LH, and their intracellular second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), in regulating steroidogenic gene expression. Mature granulosa cells (aspirated before the onset of the endogenous LH surge) and granulosa lutein cells (obtained after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin) were cultured for 4 days with FSH, LH or dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). After the period of culture, total RNA was extracted from granulosa cells and Northern analyses were performed utilizing 32P-labelled cDNAs encoding P450arom and P450scc. Spent culture media were analysed for steroid and cAMP content. Both FSH and LH strongly stimulated P450arom mRNA expression and oestradiol production in mature granulosa cells. On the other hand, P450scc mRNA expression and progesterone biosynthesis were weakly induced by FSH; maximal synthesis occurred only in the presence of LH. With both gonadotrophins at equivalent concentrations, LH generated a 30-fold higher level of cAMP than FSH. Furthermore, the differential effects of FSH and LH on P450 mRNA expression were reproduced by the presence of low and high concentrations of dbcAMP respectively. LH (and high levels of dbcAMP) increased P450arom mRNA expression in mature granulosa cells but inhibited its accumulation in granulosa lutein cells. In contrast, it stimulated P450scc mRNA expression and progesterone synthesis in both mature granulosa and granulosa lutein cells. Therefore, FSH/low cAMP levels stimulated P450arom gene expression and oestradiol production, while LH/high cAMP levels maximally induced P450scc gene expression and function, in a development-related manner consistent with steroid production in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that one set of genes (like P450arom) in human granulosa cells is regulated by FSH/low cAMP levels and another (like P450scc) by LH/high cAMP levels.

scholarly journals MON-012 The Direct Effect of Kisspeptin on Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells to Regulate Steroidogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixian Qin ◽  
Chantacha Sitticharoon ◽  
Rungnapa Sririwichitchai ◽  
Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat ◽  
Pailin Maikaew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Tumor Cell Line ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Human Granulosa Cells ◽  
Ovarian Granulosa Cells ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Aromatase Mrna ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Kisspeptin has a central role to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Furthermore, a previous study has suggested that kisspeptin might have a peripheral role in follicular development (1). This study aimed to 1) explore the effect of kisspeptin on CYP19A1 (aromatase) mRNA expression in human granulosa cells and aromatase concentrations in the supernatant; and 2) investigate the effect of kisspeptin on FSHR mRNA expression in human granulosa cells. In this study, human granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN) (n=3) was incubated for 24 hours with FSH (10-8 M); FSH with IGF-1 (10-8 M); different doses of kisspeptin including 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 nM; FSH with different doses of kisspeptin; and FSH with IGF-1 together with different doses of kisspeptin. FSH treatment alone or FSH with IGF-1 did not increase CYP19A1 mRNA expression when compared to control. Interestingly, kisspeptin treatment at the doses of 100 nM (P=0.028), 1,000 nM (P=0.005), and 10,000 nM (P=0.009) in the presence of FSH together with IGF-1 enhanced CYP19A1 mRNA expression when compared with control. Furthermore, FSH or FSH with IGF-1 or FSH with all doses of kisspeptin or FSH with IGF-1 together with all doses of kisspeptin increased aromatase concentrations in the supernatant when compared to control (P&lt;0.01 all). Surprisingly, kisspeptin at the dose of 10,000 nM with FSH or FSH together with IGF-1 statistically increased aromatase concentrations in the supernatant when compared with FSH treatment alone or FSH with IGF-1 treatment (P&lt;0.01 all). FSHR mRNA expression was comparable between control and all treatments. As a result, kisspeptin combined with FSH and IGF-1 could enhance CYP19A1 mRNA expression in human granulosa cells and the high dose of kisspeptin (10,000 nM) might be able to augment aromatase secretion in the supernatant. These results suggest that kisspeptin might enhance aromatase expression and secretion, which probably leads to enhance estrogen synthesis. Further studies regarding kisspeptin treatment on estrogen synthesis or secretion in human granulosa cells should be confirmed. Reference: (1) Fernandois D, et al. J Endocrinol. 2016;228(3):161-70.

scholarly journals Effect of Testosterone Enanthate Modeling of Polycystic Ovary on Liver Irs-2 mRNA Expression in Rats: A Brief Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 0480
Author(s):  
Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi ◽  
Mandana Beigi Boroujeni ◽  
Naser Pajouhi ◽  
Amin Hasanvand ◽  
Afshin Hasanvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Testosterone Enanthate ◽  
Significant Difference

There are many animal models for polycystic ovary (PCO); using exogenous testosterone enanthate is one of the methods of induction of these models. However, induction of insulin resistance should also be studied in the modeling technics. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the expression of insulin receptor substrate (Irs)-2 mRNA in the liver tissue of rat PCO model. Nineteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups; (1) PCO modeling group (N =7) received daily 1.0 mg/100g testosterone enanthate solved in olive oil along with free access dextrose water 5%, (2) vehicle group (N =6), which handled like the PCO group, but did not receive testosterone enanthate, (3) control group (N =6) with standard care. All the animals were administered via intra-peritoneal injection for 14 days. Expression of Irs-2 mRNA was studied with real-time PCR and fold changes (FC) were reported. The average of expression in the control group was considered as the calibrator. About 13.4% expression reduction was found in the PCO group (FC =0.874, P-value =0.043). No significant reduction was found in the vehicle group (FC =0.951, P-value =0.076). However, analysis of variance did not show a significant difference between all the groups of study (P-value =0.085). The present model of PCO might induce insulin resistance at liver level with a low effect size via reduction in the mRNA expression of Irs-2. Study of the involved genes and molecules in other tissues of PCO animal models is suggested.

Crocin treatment decreased pancreatic atrophy, LOX-1 and RAGE mRNA expression of pancreas tissue in cholesterol-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ehsan Bayatpoor ◽  
Saeed Mirzaee ◽  
Mohammad Karami Abd ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi ◽  
Shima Shahyad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

AbstractObjectiveOxidative stress in diabetic mellitus is a consequence of oxidative stress, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic tissue damage. Receptors for advanced glycation end products and for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have critical contribution in oxidative tissue damage. The present study investigated whether anti-diabetic effects of Crocin via modulation of mRNA expression of RAGE and LOX-1 receptors in diabetic rats.MethodsIn the current study, high-fat cholesterol (HFC) and streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) used to induce type II diabetes. Experimental groups as follows: (Group 1: control); (Group 2: control treatment [Crocin]); (Group 3: DM [STZ]); (Group 4: DM treatment [STZ + Crocin]); (Group 5; DM + HFC [STZ + HFC]); (Group 6; DM + HFC treatment [STZ + HFC + Crocin]). Crocin (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) administered in treatment groups for 60 days. Serum glucose and cholesterol levels evaluated on days 5, 30 and 60 after induction of DM. Pancreatic tissue from all group removed on day 60 for histological and RT-PCR analysis.ResultsApplication of Crocin significantly decreased serum cholesterol levels on day 60 after induction of DM in diabetic + HFC rats. Moreover, Crocin significantly decreased serum glucose levels on days 30 and 60 both in diabetic and diabetic + HFC rats. Crocin partially prevented the atrophic effects of STZ on both exocrine and endocrine parts of pancreas. Additionally, Crocin significantly decreased LOX-1 and RAGE mRNA expression OF pancreas in diabetic rats.ConclusionThe current study suggested that Crocin suppressed atrophic change of the pancreas by decrease of LOX-1 and RAGE mRNA expression in diabetic rats.

scholarly journals The role of ozonized oil and a combination of tobramycin/dexamethasone eye drops in the treatment of viral conjunctivitis: a randomized clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 3209-3215
Author(s):  
C. Cagini ◽  
M. Mariniello ◽  
M. Messina ◽  
A. Muzi ◽  
C. Balducci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Adenoviral Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corneal Infiltrates ◽  
Punctate Keratitis

Abstract Purpose To determine whether topical tobramycin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% plus ozonized oil eye drops reduces clinical signs and infectious viral titers of presumed viral conjunctivitis more than tobramycin/dexamethasone eye drops alone. Methods Prospective, single-blind, randomized, parallel-groups trial. Eighty patients with a clinical diagnosis of presumed viral conjunctivitis were randomizedly divided into two treatment groups: a study group and a control group, 40 for each group. Patients in the study group received topical tobramycin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops, plus ozonized oil eye drops, both four times daily; patients in the control group received only topical tobramycin 0.3%/dexamethasone eye drops four times daily. The treatment was for seven days in both groups. Swabs were taken from the conjunctival fornix for adenovirus PCR analysis on the day of recruitment and at seven days follow-up. Clinical signs were also recorded on the day of recruitment and at follow-up examination: the main outcomes were conjunctival injection and conjunctival chemosis, graded on a 4-point clinical scale, presence or absence of superficial punctate keratitis and subepithelial corneal infiltrates. Results No statistically significant difference was reached in adenoviral infection negativization between the two groups, although the study group showed a higher number of PCR negative results at seven days follow-up. PCR real time detected adenoviral infection in 17 of 24 patients on the day of recruitment and it was positive in 4 patients on the seventh day (viral positivity reduction of 76%). In the control group PCR was positive for adenovirus in 18 of 24 patients on the day of recruitment and in 7 patients at seven days follow-up (reduction of 61%). There was statistically significant difference on conjunctival clinical signs between the study and control groups. Significant difference was also found on superficial punctate keratitis resolution between the study and the control group. In the former superficial punctate keratitis was detected in 14 eyes on the first day and in 5 eyes after seven days while in the latter superficial punctate keratitis was found in 124 eyes on the first day and in 6 eyes on the seventh day. No difference was found in subepithelial corneal infiltrates appearance between the two groups. Conclusions The use of ozonized-oil containing eye drops in combination with topical tobramycin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% eye drops four times daily seems to reduce the signs of conjunctivitis, and the duration of viral infection, although it does not affect the subepithelial corneal infiltrates appearance.

195 EFFECTS OF GSK3 INHIBITOR ON THE PLURIPOTENCY MAINTENANCE OF BUFFALO EMBRYONIC STEM-CELL-LIKE CELLS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lu ◽  
Y. Lao ◽  
H. Sun ◽  
C. Lei ◽  
Y. Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Expression Level ◽  
Significant Difference

In this study, to explore the effects and mechanism of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway on the maintenance of pluripotency of buffalo embryonic stem-cell-like cells (buffalo ESC-like cells), the GSK3 inhibitors BIO and CHIR99021 were added throughout the experiment – i.e. from buffalo inner cell mass (ICM) culture to ESC-like line generation. The buffalo ICM were respectively cultured in the medium containing 0.5 μg mL–1 BIO and 5 mmol L–1 CHIR99021. The percentage of ICMs attachment and primary colony formation were observed, and found that there was no significant difference in the ICMs attachment rate among of the BIO, CHIR99021, and the control groups (91.18% and 92.98% v. 94.59%; P > 0.05). Treating ICMs with CHIR99021 resulted in more primary colony formation rate compared with the control group (77.71% v. 55.41%; P < 0.05). The proliferation rate of primary colonies of buffalo ESC-like cells was detected by bromodeoxyuridine immunofluorescence techniques. The results show that the proliferation rate of primary colonies in the group of buffalo ESC-like cells treated with CHIR99021 was significantly higher than that of the control group on Day 1, Day 3, Day 4, and Day 5 (P < 0.05), and it was also evidently higher than that of control group only on Day 1 (P < 0.05) in the group of BIO, but there was no significant difference in other days (P > 0.05). The mRNA expression level of proliferation marker PCNA of ESC-like cells was significantly up-regulated in both CHIR99021 and BIO treatment groups (P < 0.05), however, treating buffalo ESC-like cells with CHIR99021 significantly up-regulated the expression of pluripotent gene Oct4 and Sox2 (P < 0.05), but had no effect on pluripotent gene Nanog expression (P > 0.05). Oct4 expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the expression of Sox2 and Nanog were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the group of BIO treatment. Furthermore, the relative protein level of β-catenin (the downstream effector of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway) and the mRNA expression level of c-Myc (the downstream target gene of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway) were significantly increased when buffalo ESC-like cells respectively treated with CHIR99021 and BIO (P < 0.05). In conclusion, treating buffalo ESC-like cells with GSK3 inhibitors CHIR99021 can promote proliferation of buffalo ESC-like cells, maintain their undifferentiated state, and up-regulate the expression levels of β-Catenin and c-Myc in buffalo ESC-like cells. These results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway plays an important role in regulation of self-renewal of buffalo ESC-like cells. This work was funded by the China High Technology Development Program (2011AA100607), China Natural Science Foundation (31072033), and Guangxi Science Foundation (2012GXNSFFA060004).

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