EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY OF FEEDING ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY COMPOSITION OF YOUNG PIGS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
R. G. BROWN ◽  
J. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
G. C. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Frequent Feeding

The influence of frequency of feeding on the coefficient of digestibility and metabolizability of dietary energy, fasting heat production, maintenance energy requirements, efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance and growth, net energy value of diet, rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and the body composition of young pigs was investigated. A total of 40 pigs was used in this study, of which four constituted the initial slaughter group. The remaining 36 pigs were allotted to a feeding experiment of a randomized complete-block design involving a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (level of dietary energy inputs: 140, 240, and 340 kcal ME/W0.75kg daily; and feeding frequency: two and five times daily). One metabolism experiment was conducted during the 3rd wk of the 37-day feeding experiment. Subcutaneous adipose tissue slices taken immediately after electrocution of 24 pigs were used to determine the rate of lipogenesis as indicated by the metabolism of glucose-U-14C. Frequency of feeding had no effect on the digestible energy, ME, and NEm value of the diet or the efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance. However, frequent feeding increased the fasting heat production, metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance, net efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for production and the NEg value of the diet. Frequency of feeding did not produce any change in the weights of empty stomach or small intestine. Although the rate of lipogenesis in the adipose tissue was not affected by feeding frequency, lipogenesis was increased by an increase in the level of dietary energy inputs. Feeding frequency did not influence the body composition and energy concentration in the empty body of pigs fed 240 and 340 kcal ME/W0.75kg but frequent feeding increased percent water and reduced percent fat in pigs fed 140 kcal ME/W0.75kg daily. Several of the latter pigs were in negative energy balance.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

scholarly journals 351 Awardee Talk: How retained energy and protein affects the determination of energy and protein requirements for growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract The understanding of how nutrition influences the body composition of growing animals has fascinated researchers for centuries. It involves the expertise of scientists with different areas of knowledge, encompassing the composition of the diet and its nutritive value to the fermentation and digestion of substrates to the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, and finally, to the deposition of fat, protein, and minerals in body tissues. The comparative slaughter technique is the preferred method to assess the body composition of growing and finishing animals. However, the methodological procedures are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming, facilitating the incidence of errors and inconsistencies of the measurements that are collected, including the initial animal’s body composition. First, retained fat and protein (RP) are used to compute retained energy (RE). Then, RP and RE are used to compute protein and energy requirements for growth. Heat production, calculated from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake for animals at maintenance, is used to compute maintenance requirements. Three areas of concern exist for this approach: 1) the efficiencies of possible mobilization of fat and protein tissues during the feeding period are unaccounted for, especially for the animals fed near the maintenance level of intake; 2) the correlation between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE is higher than when using observed RE (0.939 vs. 0.679); and 3) the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of ME for growth using the proportion of RE deposited as protein — carcass approach — versus using the concentration of ME of the diet — diet approach. These concerns raised questions about the interdependency between predicted RP and RE and the existence of internal offsetting errors that may prevent overall adequacy in predicting energy and protein requirements of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Dietary factors affecting the maximum feed intake and the body composition of pre-ruminant kid goats of the Granadina breed

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Sanz Sampelayo ◽  
L. Allegretti ◽  
I. Ruiz Mariscal ◽  
F. Gil Extremera ◽  
J. Boza
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Milk Replacers

An experiment was carried out with kid goats of the Granadina breed to identify the dietary factors affecting voluntary feed intake of the kid goat and those that additively could determine its body composition. The animals used were from birth to 61 d of age, fed ad lib. on different milk replacers containing 200, 240 and 280 g crude protein/kg DM and 200, 240 and 280 g fat/kg DM, thus giving nine dietary treatments. The utilization of the milk replacers and the animals' body composition were determined by balance and slaughter trials. There were significant positive effects of protein concentration of the milk replacers on component digestibilities, energy metabolizability, feed intake, empty-body weights, empty-body composition and protein and fat retention. The concentration of fat in the milk replacers also had a significant positive effect on the digestible and metabolizable energy concentration of the diets and on fat retention. The relationships existing between feed intake and diet composition (concentration of digestible protein, metabolizable energy and digestible protein:metabolizable energy ratio) as well as between empty-body composition or protein and fat retention and diet composition, were examined. From these it was deduced that feed intake was significantly influenced by the digestible protein concentration of the diets. The higher the digestible protein concentration the higher the feed intake up to a maximum digestible protein concentration value. As the digestible protein concentration of the diets was the dietary factor which significantly influenced feed intake, this also significantly influenced the body composition and the protein and fat retention. The protein concentration of the feed at which metabolizable energy intake in these animals would be greatest was estimated to be 347 g/kg DM.

Effect of hyperketonaemia, feeding frequency and intake of concentrate and energy on milk yield in dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Gustafsson ◽  
L. Andersson ◽  
U. Emanuelson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Acetone Concentration ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Frequent Feeding ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractThe effects of acetone concentration in milk, feeding frequency, and intake of concentrates and energy in total diet on milk yield were studied in 38624 lactations from 474 herds during 3 years. Herd-related data on feeding factors were collected once per indoor feeding period. Milk acetone concentrations higher than 0·40 mmol/l were deemed to denote hyperketonaemia, whether subclinical or clinical. The lactation curves of ketotic cows had an abnormal shape, with an inverted peak in early lactation. Most of the reduction in milk yield took place during the first 100 days of lactation with an estimated loss of proportionately 0·085 (acetone concentration ≤0·40 v. >2·00 mmol/l). The loss in 200-day milk yield was estimated to 328 kg 40 g/kg fat-corrected milk (FCM) at an overall mean of 5056 kg. If a herd's performance is monitored by lactation curves, a low peak — and hence an apparently high persistency – can indicate a ketosis problem. More frequent feeding of concentrates was correlated with a proportionately 0·033 to 0·074 higher milk yield in multiparous cows, but inconsistent between years. A more variable proportional response (−0·035 to 0·131) was observed in primiparous cows depending on interactions with, for example, breed. A greater total energy supply, including a larger amount of concentrate (maximum in lactation), was correlated with a higher milk yield, about 0·06 kg FCM per day per MJ metabolizable energy and 0·5 kg FCM per day per kg concentrate, respectively. However, increased feeding of concentrates at calving (parity 1) and 15 days after calving (multiparous cows) was correlated with decreased milk yield, by about −0–3 and −0–5 kg FCM per day per kg concentrate, respectively.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook ◽  
K. T. Jagusch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Different Levels

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.

scholarly journals The Effect of The Body Composition to Prognosis in Young Breast Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Beypinar ◽  
Furkan Kaya ◽  
Hacer Demir
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
The Body ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Axial Ct ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background In cancer patients, the effect of the body composition on prognosis is a new clinical area of interest. In patients with class 2 or 3 obesity (BMI > 35), survival found to be worse control groups in a pooled analysis. BMI category is not truly representing body composition and hard to use to determine the true muscle and fat quantity. Computed tomography (CT) is a frequent method to determine body composition precisely.Methods Axial CT images, including all abdominal muscles (psoas, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum) external and internal oblique and rectus abdominis) total skeletal muscle area (SMA), was calculated. Besides, axial CT images of the body fat subcutaneous adipose and visceral adipose tissue distribution (VAT, SAT) areas were calculated in cm2 using threshold values ​​of -30 to -190 for adipose tissue.Results Eighty-four women included in the study. Most of the patients were normal or over-weighted. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the dominant histological subtypes, with 94% of the study population. The count of the sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients was 11 and 68 respectively. Although the median OS cannot be reached at the end of the follow-up period for both sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients, the difference between groups statistically insignificant. The median OS was not reached for both groups, the difference between low and high VAT groups was statistically significant.Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate sarcopenia may be seen in patients with breast cancer under 40 years old, and it may not have a prognostic effect.

Effects of abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide on muscle and adipose mass in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5088-5088
Author(s):  
Ecaterina Ileana ◽  
Sami Antoun ◽  
Laurence Albiges ◽  
Christophe Massard ◽  
Mario Di Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Abiraterone Acetate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Composition Changes

5088 Background: Abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide (MDV3100), two androgen receptor-directed compounds, have been shown to improve survival for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing after Docetaxel.. Since these drugs might be used at an early-stage in the future, and skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) are known to be prognosis parameters, the aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition changes in patients with mCRPC treated with AA and MDV3100. Methods: Patients included in AFFIRM (n=62 treated with MDV3100 and placebo n=28) and COU-AA-301 (n=24 treated with AA+Prednisone (P)10mg/day and placebo+P n= 13) trials at the Institute Gustave Roussy were included in the analysis. Cross-sectional areas (cm2) of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and SM were assessed by computed tomography imaging at 3rd lumbar vertebra and were indexed for height (cm2/m2) with Slice-O-Matic software V4.3 at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. The data from patients treated with AA or MDV3100 were compared to placebo-patients and tissues changes were compared to baseline. We used the validated sarcopenic definitions as SM index less than 52.4 (cm2/m2). Results: For all cohort, median age was 69 years (range: 48-83), median weight was 79 kg (range: 47-150) and median BMI was 25.9 kg/m2(range: 18-46). At inclusion, 74 patients (58%) were overweight or obese (BMI>24.9 kg/m2), and only 2 patients were underweight (BMI<18.5kg/m2). 97 patients (81%) were sarcopenic, and 56 (75%) of overweight or obese patients were sarcopenic. Over 3 months, the patients from the entire cohort lost muscle mass (mean change: 4.5±7.5% (» 0.7 kg of muscle)) (P=0.01) . A non significant loss of SAT -4.6±19.2% and a non significant increase of VAT (+10.7±50.3% ) were observed. A similar pattern was observed at 6 months. There was no significant difference between body composition changes in treated groups and placebo. Conclusions: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients with advanced CRPC. Unexpectedly, no difference in body composition changes was observed between patients treated with MDV3100 or AA and placebo.

Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

scholarly journals Detraining of exercise-trained rats: effects on energetic efficiency and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Arnold ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis

1. Complete energy balance measurements were made in exercise-trained (treadmill running) rats subjected to 27 d of exercise detraining.2. The 20% difference in body-weight that existed at the end of the training period between sedentary and trained rats was negated by detraining. Detrained rats had twice the body-weight gain of their untrained controls.3. An elevation (12%) in metabolizable energy (ME) intake (relative to body-weight) was observed in detrained rats while their gross energetic efficiency was augmented by 60%.4. Energy expenditure, excluding the estimated costs of fat and protein storage, was similar for detrained and untrained rats. Complementing the latter was the finding that thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, a known energy buffering process, was also similar.5. Elevated ME intake (relative to body-weight) largely contributed to the increased energetic efficiency of detrained rats.

Diet-induced variation in acetate metabolism of ovine perirenal adipose tissue in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Scollan ◽  
N. S. Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Acetate Oxidation ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Frequent Feeding

SUMMARYSixteen Blackface wether lambs (25–27 kg) were fed for 9 weeks on diets based on either barley (B) or sugarbeet pulp (S), with either a low or high protein content. A constant amount of metabolizable energy (ME) was given at twice maintenance level. At one stage the animals were fed frequently and blood was sampled over a 24 h period. Plasma was assayed for acetate, glucose and insulin. After slaughter, the metabolism of acetate to CO2 and lipid was investigated in perirenal adipocytes in vitro.Frequent feeding helped to achieve near-steady-state conditions. Carbohydrate source influenced plasma acetate (P < 0·08) but not glucose or insulin. Level of protein in the diet influenced plasma acetate, higher concentrations of acetate were associated with lower levels of protein (P < 0·01). Acetate oxidation and incorporation into lipid was influenced by the concentrations of acetate, glucose and insulin in the incubation media (P < 0·001). Acetate oxidation was influenced by carbohydrate source (P < 0·05), whereas level of protein in the diet affected acetate incorporation into lipid (P < 0·05).These results show how the balance of nutrients provided to a ruminant for metabolism may influence selected plasma parameters and the metabolism of acetate by adipose tissue, which may help to explain the reduced efficiency of ME utilization from more fibrous diets.

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