CARCASS AND EMPTY BODY COMPOSITION OF HEREFORD AND ANGUS BULLS FROM LINES SELECTED FOR RAPID GROWTH ON HIGH-ENERGY OR LOW-ENERGY DEITS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
C. B. BAILEY ◽  
J. E. LAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Kidney Fat

Hereford and Angus bull calves, progeny of breeding lines selected for nearly six generations for rapid growth on a high-energy (80% concentrate: 20% forage) or a low-energy (100% forage) diet, were themselves given a diet of 70% concentrate: 30% forage from 50 kg liveweight until slaughter at 500 kg liveweight. Effects of breed and ancestral selection diet on the composition of the empty body and the carcass at slaughter were measured. The sole effect of differences in the energy content of the selection diet was that bulls from the high-energy selection lines had higher proportions of muscle and bone in the front quarter and lower proportions in the hind quarter than bulls from the low-energy selection lines. Differences were small and probably not of economic importance. Breed of bull influenced significantly a number of body composition variables. As a proportion of empty liveweight, Herefords had lighter carcasses, less kidney fat, and heavier hides, heads, and feet than Angus. In addition, the carcasses of Hereford bulls had a higher proportion of bone than did those of the Angus and this was associated with differences in live body dimensions that reflected a larger overall skeletal size. As a result of these differences in the distribution of weight among the various parts of the empty body, Angus were superior to the Herefords in terms of total yield of carcass muscle (642 vs. 616 g kg−1 of empty liveweight) and ratio of muscle to bone in the carcass (4.96 vs. 4.64). It was concluded that the various indices of empty body and carcass composition were little influenced by ancestral selection diet but were affected by breed. Key words: Carcass, empty body, composition, cattle, selection, growth rate

Net energy efficiencies of Holstein, Jersey and Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwager-Suter ◽  
C. Stricker ◽  
D. Erdin ◽  
N. Künzi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Tissue Change

Abstract Net energy efficiencies were calculated from data of an experimental herd with respect to type of cow, lactation number, stage of lactation and diet. The trial consisted of 71 Holstein-Friesians, 71 Jerseys and 71 Holstein-Jersey F1-crosses in 1st, 2nd and > 2nd lactation. Data were collected during 210 days of lactation, from calving to week 30 and included total dry matter intake, energy content of foods, milk yield, milk solids, body weight, body condition scores and several body measurements. The cows were divided into four feeding groups : high and low energy content of roughage as well as high and low proportion of concentrates. Net energy efficiency was calculated as the ratio of milk energy to total net energy intake after subtracting energy utilized for maintenance and body tissue change. Body tissue change was calculated either via body-weight changes or body condition-score changes. Due to the distribution of the efficiencies being skewed, efficiencies were transformed applying a Box-Cox transformation. Transformed net energy efficiencies were analysed using a repeated measurements design considering the sequential nature of the observations. Mixed models with a compound symmetry structure for the variance components were applied. Final models contained the fixed effects of type, lactation number, feeding group and the covariates week of lactation and its square. Holstein-Jersey crosses were more efficient than purebreds, second lactation cows were least efficient, cows given low energy roughage and a lower proportion of concentrates were more efficient than cows on the other diets. Least efficient were the cows belonging to the high energy roughage and higher proportion of concentrates group. The coefficients of determination of the final models were between 0·357 and 0·492.

RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN IN HEREFORD AND ANGUS BULLS FROM LINES SELECTED FOR RAPID GROWTH ON HIGH-ENERGY AND LOW-ENERGY DIETS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. BAILEY ◽  
J. E. LAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Hereford and Angus bull calves were obtained from lines selected for an average of 18 yr for rapid growth on a high-energy diet (concentrate) or a low-energy diet (forage). They were given a typical feedlot diet (70% concentrate and 30% forage) in amounts about equal to 95% of the ad libitum intake and were slaughtered at a liveweight of 500 kg. Effects of breed, or of the selection diet given to the antecedents of the bulls, on rate and efficiency of gain of empty body, carcass, fat, protein, and energy were measured. Selection diet had no effect on rate or energetic efficiency of gain of the empty body or any of its constituents, nor on the distribution of the constituents of the gain between the carcass and the noncarcass portions of the empty body. This suggests that both selection diets exerted the same selection pressure for improved growth rate and feed efficiency when offspring resulting from selection were provided with a common high-energy diet and that either type of diet would, therefore, be appropriate for selecting animals for production systems that use high-energy diets. It was suggested that the main effect of selection was to increase the mature weight of the offspring. Comparing breeds, it was noted that Hereford bulls were heavier at birth, grew more slowly to weaning but more efficiently thereafter, and their carcasses were a smaller proportion of empty live weight than were those of Angus bulls. Key words: Diet, breed, growth, efficiency, selection, bull

scholarly journals Energy Allocation and Postnatal Growth in Captive Elegant Tern (Sterna Elegans) Chicks: Responses to High-Versus Low-Energy Diets

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasila M. Dahdul ◽  
Michael H. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Gut Passage

Abstract Effects of variable energy intake on chick growth, organ development, and gut-passage time in seabirds were investigated by raising Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans) chicks in the laboratory on three diets involving a major prey species, northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and a minor prey species, topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Anchovies are ∼25% higher in energy content than topsmelt and represent a more abundant but highly fluctuating prey resource. Chicks were raised from age 15 to age 35 days posthatch on one of three diets (n = 8): (1) high-energy anchovy at the average daily intake rate, (2) low-energy topsmelt at the same intake rate, and (3) high-energy topsmelt (i.e. at a biomass equal in energy content to the anchovy diet). Chicks raised on the high-energy anchovy diet had a significantly faster gain of body mass and wing length. All three groups, however, had attained a statistically similar wing length at 35 days posthatch and did not differ in lean dry mass or pectoral muscle mass, indicating that energy was allocated preferentially toward wing development and flight capacity. Most digestive organs were heavier and gut-passage rates faster for chicks fed topsmelt. Bill dimensions and tarsus length showed little difference among chicks on the three diets. Lipid content of chicks that were fed anchovy was twice that of those fed low-energy topsmelt and one-third higher than that of chicks on the high-energy topsmelt diet. Our results indicate that Elegant Terns have evolved certain capacities for growth and digestion in response to variable prey quality that may increase the probability of chick survival. Nevertheless, if Elegant Tern chicks were switched to a lower quality, primarily topsmelt diet, they would be underweight at fledging with heavier digestive organs, lower lipid reserves, and faster gut-passage times, which would place added provisioning demands on the parents. Under that scenario, the prospects for survival and long-term reproductive success might diminish for such an Elegant Tern colony.

Diet effects on weight gain and body composition in high growth (hg/hg) mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
PABLO M. CORVA ◽  
JUAN F. MEDRANO
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Protein Energy

Corva, Pablo M., and Juan F. Medrano. Diet effects on weight gain and body composition in high growth ( hg/ hg) mice. Physiol Genomics 3: 17–23, 2000.—Nongenetic factors such as nutrition modulate the effects of genes responsible for overgrowth in animals. The goal of this study was to examine the importance of genotype × diet interactions on the effects of a major locus that regulates growth in the mouse. We have examined the phenotype of high growth ( hg), a partially recessive autosomal locus that increases growth rate and mature body size. C57BL/6J (C57) and congenic C57BL/6J- hg/ hg (HG) mice were fed three experimental diets differing in protein and energy content from 3 to 12 wk of age. HG mice grew faster and were, on average, 51% heavier than C57 at 12 wk of age. Feed intake was higher in HG mice but proportional to the increase in body weight. The magnitude of the differences in body size and composition between lines depended on the interaction between genotype and the protein/energy ratio of the diet. In C57, the diets modified the level of fatness without changing adult lean mass. However, in HG the diets differentially affected both linear growth and body composition. In general, HG had higher plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I at 3 and 12 wk than C57. Plasma insulin did not differ between lines, but leptin was higher for C57 mice fed a high-energy diet. These results show that the effects of hg on growth are modulated by diet composition. Therefore, this mutation could be a valuable model with which to study the genetic and nutritional aspects of overgrowth disorders.

Crude protein requirements of large frame cattle fed two levels of energy as weaned calves or as backgrounded yearlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
S. D. M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Two trials were conducted to determine the crude protein (CP) requirements of large-frame (LF) cattle managed under two regimes and fed one of two energy levels. Trial 1 involved 216 recently weaned LF calves, while trial 2 involved 192 LF backgrounded yearling steers. In each trial, the cattle were fed diets formulated to one of two energy levels (11.17 and 11.88 MJ ME kg−1 DM) and one of six CP levels (11, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 19% DM basis). High-energy feeding increased (P < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG), average daily carcass gain (ADCG) and average daily fat gain (ADFG) of weaned calves but did not influence the performance of the backgrounded yearlings. Weaned calves fed 16, 17 or 19% CP had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed 11%, while those fed 16% CP exhibited increased (P < 0.05) ADFG. ADG and ADCG of weaned calves and backgrounded yearlings and ADFG of weaned calves fed low-energy diets increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing dietary CP concentration. Daily carcass lean gain of weaned calves fed low-energy diets decreased in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) as dietary CP level increased. No influence of dietary CP concentration was observed on carcass tissue gain of the backgrounded yearlings. It was concluded that energy balance of animals fed low-energy diets improved with CP supplementation and that current NAS-NRC (1984) CP requirements accurately predict performance of LF cattle. Key words: Steers, growth, carcass composition, energy, crude protein

Abstract P002: Associations Of Bone Fracture Outcomes With Body Compositions Measurements In A Fragility Fracture Clinic Population

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R Horbal ◽  
Brian A Derstine ◽  
Edward Brown ◽  
Nidhi V Shah ◽  
Brianna Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Vertebral Fractures ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Cortical Bone Density ◽  
The University

Introduction: While preoperative bone health optimization is typical in the fragile population, objective assessment is limited. Among the aged, localized discordance in bone loss is prevalent and may not be assessed properly with traditional diagnostic measures. Etiology for bone loss discordance is unknown, but may be attributed to aging, disease state, habitus, or activity. This study investigated the association between body composition measures and common fragility fractures. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that each different fracture outcome would associate differently with measures of body composition. Methods: The Fragility Fracture Clinic at the University of Michigan provides comprehensive care to promote bone health, accelerate healing, and reduce fracture risk in those with and at-risk for fractures. Participants (N=344) included those who enrolled at the clinic between 2013 and 2020 and received an abdomen and/or pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan up to 120 days prior to initial enrollment date. Fracture categorizations included acute vs. non-acute, intensity (high vs. low energy), and location (thoracic vs. lumbar vertebral). Retrospective CT-scans were obtained from the University of Michigan Picture Archive and Communication System. Analytic Morphomics was used to obtain granular vertebral-indexed measurements of vertebral bone density, fascia, adipose tissue, muscle, vasculature, and interior body dimensions. Relevant measures include bone mineral density (BMD) [vertebral body trabecular bone density in Hounsfield Units (HU)], lower muscle group density in HU (DMG) (cross sectional area of DMG in HU range of 31-100), cortical bone density [anterior cortical half-maximum (in HU)], and fascial width (in mm). Measurements were divided by their standard deviation to ease interpretation of odds ratios. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between body measures and fracture type. Coefficients are reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). An alpha level of 0.05 determine statistical significance. Results: Associations were observed between acute fracture and BMD at L3 [OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36-0.85]; high energy fracture and DMG at L3 [OR 2.08, 1.05-4.64]; low energy fracture and BMD at T8 [OR 0.39, 0.17-0.81]; thoracic vertebral fractures and BMD at T11 [OR 0.39, 0.17-0.81], cortical bone density at T11 [OR 0.64, 0.40-0.95], and fascial width at L4 [OR 0.67, 0.43-0.98]; lumbar vertebral fracture and BMD at L3 [OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20-0.88]. Conclusion: Body composition measures uniquely associated with fracture outcomes. Lower vertebral trabecular bone density was associated with acute, high energy, thoracic vertebral, and lumbar vertebral fractures; lower lean muscle with high energy fractures; cortical bone density and facial (i.e. visceral cavity) width with thoracic vertebral fractures.

Estimation of microbial protein flow from the rumen of sheep using microbial nucleic acid and urinary excretion of purine derivatives

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Puchala ◽  
G. W. Kulasek
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Sheep Rumen

Two methods for estimating the flow of microbial protein synthesized in the rumen to the duodenum were compared: one uses microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum, and the other uses allantoin excreted in the urine. Ten ewes were fitted with rumen and duodenum cannulae, as well as Foley catheters for collection of urine. The experiment was carried out using two series of treatments with two replications each. The ewes were randomly divided into five groups, which were assigned to one of five diets. (In the second series sheep were excluded from diets received in the first series.) The diets, differing in protein and energy content, were as follows: (1) low protein, low energy (LPLE); high protein, low energy (HPLE); (3) maintenance for protein and energy (MPME); (4) low protein, high energy (LPHE); and (5) high protein, high energy (HPHE). The rates of rumen microbial protein synthesis were 3.34, 7.00, 9.44, 4.47 and 13.44 g microbial nitrogen (N) d−1 for diets 1–5, respectively. Results indicated a high correlation between allantoin and total purine derivatives (allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine) excreted in the urine and the amount of microbial nucleic acids entering the duodenum. A regression equation y = exp (0.830 + 2.089x), using allantoin N (g d−1) excreted in the urine, was proposed for estimating microbial N synthesis (g d−1) in the rumen. The ratio of allantoin N to creatinine N in the urine samples collected at 6-h intervals varied markedly. Key words: Sheep, rumen, microbial protein, allantoin, purine derivatives

Effects of dietary protein content on IGF-I, testosterone, and body composition during 8 days of severe energy deficit and arduous physical activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Alemany ◽  
Bradley C. Nindl ◽  
Mark D. Kellogg ◽  
William J. Tharion ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Igf I

Energy restriction coupled with high energy expenditure from arduous work is associated with an altered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system and androgens that are coincident with losses of fat-free mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two levels of dietary protein content and its effects on IGF-I, androgens, and losses of fat-free mass accompanying energy deficit. We hypothesized that higher dietary protein content would attenuate the decline of anabolic hormones and, thus, prevent losses of fat-free mass. Thirty-four men [24 (SD 0.3) yr, 180.1 (SD 1.1) cm, and 83.0 (SD 1.4) kg] participated in an 8-day military exercise characterized by high energy expenditure (16.5 MJ/day), low energy intake (6.5 MJ/day), and sleep deprivation (4 h/24 h) and were randomly divided into two dietary groups: 0.9 and 0.5 g/kg dietary protein intake. IGF-I system analytes, androgens, and body composition were assessed before and on days 4 and 8 of the intervention. Total, free, and nonternary IGF-I and testosterone declined 50%, 64%, 55%, and 45%, respectively, with similar reductions in both groups. There was, however, a diet × time interaction on day 8 for total IGF-I and sex hormone-binding globulin. Decreases in body mass (3.2 kg), fat-free mass (1.2 kg), fat mass (2.0 kg), and percent body fat (1.5%) were similar in both groups ( P = 0.01). Dietary protein content of 0.5 and 0.9 g/kg minimally attenuated the decline of IGF-I, the androgenic system, and fat-free mass during 8 days of negative energy balance associated with high energy expenditure and low energy intake.

BLOOD COMPOSITION IN HEREFORD AND ANGUS BULLS FROM LINES SELECTED FOR RAPID GROWTH ON HIGH-ENERGY OR LOW-ENERGY DIETS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. BAILEY ◽  
J. E. LAWSON ◽  
G. J. MEARS
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Blood Composition ◽  
Energy Substrates ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Angus and Hereford bull calves were obtained from lines of cattle selected for 18 yr for rapid post-weaning gain on high-energy or low-energy diets. After weaning they were given a common diet consisting of 70% barley-based concentrate and 30% roughage. Bulls whose ancestors were selected on the high-energy diet had lower levels of cholesterol and albumin in the blood than bulls whose ancestors were selected on the low-energy diet. Blood insulin, growth hormone and energy substrates were not affected by differences in the nature of the selection diets and this accords with absence of effect of selection diet on rate, efficiency or composition of gain. The significance of the selection effects on cholesterol and albumin levels in blood is unknown. Key words: Angus, Hereford, bulls, blood, composition, selection

THE ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT OF FINNSHEEP BREEDING IN CROSSBREEDING SCHEMES: MARKET LAMB PRODUCTION FROM CROSSBRED EWES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMED H. FAHMY
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Key Words ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness

Growth and carcass data were collected on 252 multiple-born lambs representing 11 genetic groups, fed either high-energy mainly concentrate ration or low-energy mainly roughage ration and slaughtered at either 32 or 41 kg liveweight. The lambs were the progeny of Suffolk rams mated to Suffolk, Finnsheep (F), DLS (1/2 Dorset, 1/4 Leicester, 1/4 Suffolk) ewes and ewes from seven F-DLS crosses ranging between 1/8F-7/8DLS (1/8F) to 7/8F-1/8DLS (7/8F) in addition to DLS × DLS lambs. The effect of genetic group was significant for gain to 32 kg, dressing percentage, leg, loin, shoulder and kidney fat percentage of the carcass, lean, fat and bone percentage of the 12th rib and fat thickness over the loin-eye muscle. A significant linear relationship was calculated between five of the measurements and the proportion of F breeding in the lambs' dam. Finnsheep ewes produced $6.39 worth of retailed lambs for each kilogram of their liveweight, compared to $3.64 for Suffolks and $3.28 for DLS. The advantage of the F crosses in retail value compared to Suffolk ranged from 47 (7/8F) to 11% (2/8F). Lambs fed concentrate ration and slaughtered at 41 kg liveweight were significantly fatter and larger than those fed roughages and slaughtered at 32 kg. Sex of the lamb had significant effect on all the traits studied except on color, area of loin-eye and carcass dimensions. Interactions between genotype and treatments were generally nonsignificant whereas sex × slaughter weight and sex × feeding treatment were significant on many traits studies. Key words: Finnsheep corsses, growth, carcass traits, DLS sheep, Suffolk, feeding treatment, slaughter weight

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