Effects of dietary protein and potassium contents on plasma urea nitrogen and amino acids in relation to performance of swine

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjiu Cai ◽  
Richard C. Ewan ◽  
Dean R. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Potassium Addition

Ninty-six 51 kg-pigs were used to determine effects of dietary protein and potassium levels on concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and free amino acids. Pigs were fed four diets containing 13 or 15% of protein and 0 or 0.4% of potassium addition. Gilts took more days to reach an average weight of 110 kg with lower PUN and less backfat than barrows (P < 0.05), but sex did not affect concentrations of plasma free amino acids (P > 0.10). The pigs fed 15% protein diets had higher PUN (P < 0.01) and plasma threonine and isoleucine (P < 0.05), but lower (P < 0.05) plasma lysine, glutamic acid and glycine than pigs fed 13% protein diets. The 0.4% potassium addition resulted in a tendency to increase PUN (P = 0.06) and a decrease in concentrations of plasma alanine, glutamic acid and glycine (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between protein and potassium treatments (P < 0.05) in which plasma lysine concentration decreased with potassium addition to the 13% protein diet but increased with potassium addition to the 15% protein diet. The results indicate that lower PUN concentrations in gilts were associated with improved efficiency of deposition of dietary nitrogen, resulting in improved carcass grade compared with barrows receiving the same dietary treatments. Key words: Plasma urea nitrogen, free amino acids, protein, potassium, pigs

The effect of dietary protein quality on free amino acids in plasma, muscle and liver of growing chickens

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Fernández-Figares ◽  
M. Lachica ◽  
L. Pérez ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

AbstractFree amino acid (AA) levels in plasma, muscle and liver were measured in growing chickens given either high or low protein diets varying in quality. In experiment 1, they were force-fed once a day (09.00 h), for 4 days, at about 1·5 × M level, a nitrogen-free (NF) diet and then, on day 5, they were given either diet NF or isoenergetic (13·1 kj metabolizable energy (ME) per g dry matter (DM)) and isonitrogenous high protein diets (200 g crude protein (CP) per kg) based on casein (C), lupin (L), soya bean (SB), faba bean (FB), field pea (FP), vetch (V) or bitter vetch (B) as the sole source of protein. In experiment 2, chickens were force-fed twice a day (09.00 h and 18.00 h), for 3 days, at about 1·9 × M level, with four isoenergetic (13·1 k) ME per kg DM) and isonitrogenous low protein diets (120 g CP per kg) based on SB, FP, V or B as the sole source of protein. On days 5 (experiment 1) and 4 (experiment 2) samples of plasma, muscle and liver were taken for AA analysis over 3 to 4h after morning meal.In general, within experiments, no significant differences in AA concentrations in plasma, muscle or liver among diets were found. However, there was a qualitative but not a quantitative agreement between the AA abundance in tissues and the AA rank of dietary protein. Moreover, when pooling data from experiments 1 and 2, significant regressions were found between the levels of threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and proline in plasma, of lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and proline in muscle or that of proline in liver and the corresponding amounts ingested with the different diets. Under the conditions of these experiments, however, it was not possible to establish conclusively a direct relationship between the level of free amino acids in tissues and dietary protein quality.

Influence of dietary protein of diets given in late gestation and during lactation on protein content and oestrogen concentrations in the colostrum and milk of gilts

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. Al-Matubsi ◽  
G. Bervanakis ◽  
S. M. Tritton ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. J. Fairclough
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Protein Diet

AbstractForty first cross hybrid gilts were used to study the effect of dietary protein during lactation on free amino acid, protein and total oestrogen concentrations in colostrum and milk. The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of digestible energy (DE) but with either 236 or 186 g protein per kg and 13·3 and 8·1 g lysine per kg air-dried diet respectively. Both diets were offered at 2·5 kg/day for 1 week prior to farrowing and ad libitum throughout a 24-day lactation (no. = 20 gilts per treatment). Colostrum and milk were collected manually at 3h (colostrum), 3, 7, 14 and 22 days (milk) post partum. Free amino acid concentrations in colostrum and milk were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography following derivatization of the amino acids by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The lysine and glutamic acid concentrations in colostrum were the most abundant free amino acids followed by tryptophan and taurine in order of decreasing abundance. Milk free taurine concentrations increased to the greatest extent among all free amino acids over the 21 days of lactation. Gilts' mature milk was rich in free taurine, glutamic acid, glycine and lysine. During the first 3 h post partum, the protein content of colostrum was unaffected by dietary protein. However, milk protein content over 7 to 21 days of lactation was significantly higher in gilts offered the higher protein diet (P < 0·001). Total solids in colostrum and milk was not significantly affected by dietary protein. At 3h and 3 days post partum the concentrations of total oestrogen in colostrum and milk, determined by radioimmunoassay, were significantly higher in gilts offered the high protein diet (P < 0·05). These finding indicate that a high protein diet in late gestation and during lactation can influence protein content, amino acid and oestrogen concentrations of milk in gilts.

scholarly journals Utilization in vivo of glucose and volatile fatty acids by sheep brain for the synthesis of acidic amino acids

1966 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M O'Neal ◽  
R E Koeppe ◽  
E I Williams
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sheep Brain ◽  
The Brain

1. Free glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid from glutamine and, in some instances, the glutamic acid from glutathione and the aspartic acid from N-acetyl-aspartic acid were isolated from the brains of sheep and assayed for radioactivity after intravenous injection of [2-(14)C]glucose, [1-(14)C]acetate, [1-(14)C]butyrate or [2-(14)C]propionate. These brain components were also isolated and analysed from rats that had been given [2-(14)C]propionate. The results indicate that, as in rat brain, glucose is by far the best precursor of the free amino acids of sheep brain. 2. Degradation of the glutamate of brain yielded labelling patterns consistent with the proposal that the major route of pyruvate metabolism in brain is via acetyl-CoA, and that the short-chain fatty acids enter the brain without prior metabolism by other tissue and are metabolized in brain via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 3. When labelled glucose was used as a precursor, glutamate always had a higher specific activity than glutamine; when labelled fatty acids were used, the reverse was true. These findings add support and complexity to the concept of the metabolic; compartmentation' of the free amino acids of brain. 4. The results from experiments with labelled propionate strongly suggest that brain metabolizes propionate via succinate and that this metabolic route may be a limited but important source of dicarboxylic acids in the brain.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Edaphic Crop Conditions on the Free Amino Acid Profile of PH-16 Dry Cacao Beans

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Quintino Reis de Araujo ◽  
Guilherme Amorim Homem de Abreu Loureiro ◽  
Cid Edson Mendonça Póvoas ◽  
Douglas Steinmacher ◽  
Stephane Sacramento de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Significant Difference

Free amino acids in cacao beans are important precursors to the aroma and flavor of chocolate. In this research, we used inferential and explanatory statistical techniques to verify the effect of different edaphic crop conditions on the free amino acid profile of PH-16 dry cacao beans. The decreasing order of free amino acids in PH-16 dry cacao beans is leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, alanine, asparagine, tyrosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, tryptophan, threonine, glycine. With the exception of lysine, no other free amino acid showed a significant difference between means of different edaphic conditions under the ANOVA F-test. The hydrophobic free amino acids provided the largest contribution to the explained variance with 58.01% of the first dimension of the principal component analysis. Glutamic acid stands out in the second dimension with 13.09%. Due to the stability of the biochemical profile of free amino acids in this clonal variety, it is recommended that cacao producers consider the genotype as the primary source of variation in the quality of cacao beans and ultimately the chocolate to be produced.

Milk Protein Quantity and Quality in Low-Birth-Weight Infants: II. Effects on Selected Aliphatic Amino Acids in Plasma and Urine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Rassin ◽  
Gerald E. Gaull ◽  
Kirsti Heinonen ◽  
Niels C. R. Räihäa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

The optimal quantity and quality of protein for low-birth-weight infants is undefined. In this study, 106 well, appropriate-for-gestational-age, low-birth-weight infants weighing 2,100 gm or less were divided into three gestational age groups and assigned randomly within each age group to one of five feeding regimens: pooled human milk; formula 1 (protein content, 1.5 gm/100 ml, 60 parts bovine whey proteins to 40 parts bovine caseins); formula 2 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 60:40); formula 3 (1.5 gm/100 ml, 18:82); and formula 4 (3.0 gm/100 ml, 18:82). The concentrations of the free amino acids in the plasma and urine of these infants were determined. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids were generally far greater in the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml protein diets than they were in the infants fed pooled human milk. The plasma concentrations of free amino acids of the infants fed the 1.5-gm/100 ml protein diets were intermediate. In general, the concentrations of the free amino acids in the plasma of the infants fed the 3.0-gm/100 ml caseinpredominant formula (F4) were furthest from those fed pooled human milk. Glutamate showed the highest plasma amino acid concentrations in infants fed both the high- and low-protein casein-predominant formulas. This was true despite the fact that the intake of glutamate on the high-protein, whey-predominant formula was twice that on the low-protein, casein-predominant formula. The differences between groups in the essential amino acids in plasma were generally greater than those of the nonessential amino acids. The concentrations of amino acids in the urine tended to parallel those of the plasma.

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

Free Amino Acids in Human Tonsillar Tissue

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Doi ◽  
Akikatsu Kataura
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Pathological Conditions

Abstract Free amino acids in the tonsils of 20 individuals were measured column chromatographically. Those always found in readily detectable amounts included O-phosphoserine, taurine, O-phosphoethanolamine, aspartic acid, hydroxyproline, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, α-amino-n-butyric acid, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ornithine, γ-amino-butyric acid, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Results were compared for three clinical pathological groups and for four age groups. Some abnormal values may result from the pathological conditions.

Dietary regulation of intestinal transport of the dipeptide carnosine

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (2) ◽  
pp. G143-G150 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ferraris ◽  
J. Diamond ◽  
W. W. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Dietary Regulation ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Uptake of the dipeptide L-carnosine was measured in everted intestinal sleeves of mice whose dietary protein level or else proportion of protein in the form of free amino acids was varied experimentally. Carnosine uptake was highest in the jejunum, regardless of ration. Compared with a low-protein (18%) ration, a high-protein (72%) ration stimulated carnosine uptake by 30-70% in duodenum and jejunum (but not in ileum). This stimulation was observed even in the presence of peptidase inhibitors that inhibit cell surface hydrolysis of dipeptides. Measured carnosine hydrolysis was low or negligible. Carnosine uptake was the same in mice fed 54% unhydrolyzed casein, 54% partly hydrolyzed casein, and 54% free amino acids formulated so as to stimulate a complete hydrolysate of casein. Thus carnosine uptake is regulated by dietary levels of amino acids, peptides, and proteins, all of which seem equally effective at inducing carnosine transporters.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document