EFFECTS OF SELECTED REED CANARY GRASS ALKALOIDS ON IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. COULMAN ◽  
K. W. CLARK ◽  
D. L. WOODS
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Powdered Cellulose ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Rumen Microflora

A range of concentrations of pure samples of the alkaloids, gramine, hordenine, 5-methoxy-dimethyl tryptamine and N-methyl tryptamine which are normal constituents of reed canary grass were added to in vitro rumen fluid fermentations. Powdered cellulose and ground reed canary grass were used as substrates and fermentation periods were 24 and 48 h. No consistent relationship was found between the concentration of any of the above alkaloids and in vitro digestion values for either of the substrates or fermentation periods. In other studies, 24- and 48-h in vitro digestions were carried out on reed canary grass clones harvested at early heading and 6-wk regrowth. These clones showed a very wide range of gramine, hordenine and total alkaloid levels. No relationship was found between the concentration and type of alkaloids in the clones and their in vitro digestibility. These findings are in keeping with earlier similar work and it was concluded that reported poor animal performance with reed canary grass is probably due to factors other than alkaloid interference with the rumen microflora.

The influence of adaptation of rumen microflora on in vitro digestion of different forages by sheep and red deer

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1930-1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain J Gordon ◽  
F Javier Pérez-Barbería ◽  
Paloma Cuartas
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Digestion Technique ◽  
Digestion Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Microflora

The rumen microflora ecosystem adapts to the diet consumed by the animal. We tested the extent to which this adaptation facilitates or retards the digestion of plant-based forages. Following adaptation of sheep (Ovis aries) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) to diets containing different mixtures of alfalfa, grass, and heather (a dwarf shrub), an in vitro digestion technique was used to compare the ability of the rumen microflora to digest the mixtures of substrates to which they were adapted with their ability to digest different mixtures of the same substrates. In vitro digestion of different substrates was slightly greater in rumen liquor derived from sheep than in that derived from red deer for each of the different substrates, but the effect was not significant. Digestibility in sheep was independent of how the feed was presented (diet of equal proportions of alfalfa, grass, and heather in each meal (D-EQ): mean in vitro digestibility = 37.3%; alfalfa, grass, and heather presented sequentially on different days (D-SEQ): mean in vitro digestibility = 37.7%, SE of differences = 1.30%, p > 0.05). However, in red deer there was a significant effect of method of diet presentation (D-EQ: mean in vitro digestibility = 36.9%; D-SEQ: mean in vitro digestibility = 34.2%, SE of differences = 1.30%, p < 0.05), digestibility being substantially lower for D-SEQ than for D-EQ. Overall, the results demonstrated that whilst there were no species-specific differences in overall digestion efficiency, dietary adaptation had an effect on substrate digestion efficiency, with rumen microbes adapted to high-quality diets digesting these more efficiently than low-quality diets.

scholarly journals Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Digestibility of Fibers and Fiber-Rich Byproducts Used for the Feeding of Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Martin Bachmann ◽  
Sebastian Michel ◽  
Jörg Michael Greef ◽  
Annette Zeyner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Powdered Cellulose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Dietary fibers may have positive impact on health and wellbeing of pigs. The study examined physicochemical properties of two lignocelluloses (including and excluding bark), powdered cellulose, Aspergillus niger mycelium, lucerne chaff, soybean shells, wheat bran, and sugar beet pulp in relation to fermentability and digestibility using in vitro batch-culture incubation. Maize starch and a purified cellulose were used as standardized substrates for classification of the test substrates. The substrates covered a wide range regarding their physicochemical properties. Swelling capacity (SC) was 9–411%, water binding capacity (WBC) was 4.4–14.3 g/g dry matter (DM), and water holding capacity (WHC) was 4.1–10.6 g/g DM. Gas production and other fermentation parameters—namely post-incubation pH, CH4, NH3, and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations—revealed a significant fermentation of sugar beet pulp, soybean shells, lucerne chaff, wheat bran, A. niger mycelium, and powdered cellulose, whereas the lignocelluloses were not fermented. Significant correlations were found between the physicochemical properties and the fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). Enzymatic pre-digestion mostly reduced gas, NH3, and SCFA production. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) was mostly negligible after enzymatic pre-digestion. Fermentation alone led to only 0.10–0.15 IVDMD and 0.14–0.15 IVOMD in lignocelluloses and powdered cellulose, respectively, but 0.44–0.37 IVDMD and 0.46–0.38 IVOMD in the remainder of substrates (p < 0.05). In vitro digestibility was again correlated with the physicochemical properties of the substrates and the fermentation parameters (p < 0.05). The fiber preparations and fiber-rich byproducts were fermented to a relevant extent. In contrast, lignocelluloses were not fermented and can be used rather as bulk material.

scholarly journals 127 Porcine in vitro digestibility of whole stillage predigested with multi-enzyme during different time periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Kevin S Jerez Bogota ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Whole Stillage ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of the period of predigesting whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with multi-enzyme and composition of the multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of the WS. Four samples of whole stillage from 4 different sources were freeze-dried and divided into 13 subsamples to give 52 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to the 48 sub-samples within source. The treatments were undigested WS (control); or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3) at 55 °C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h in 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and cellulase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 52 subsamples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.3%. The IVDDM increased (P&lt; 0.05) with an increase in the predigestion period. However, a rise in the predigestion period from 0 to 12 h resulted in greater (P&lt; 0.05) response in mean IVDDM than an increment in the predigestion period from 12 to 24 h (11 vs. 0.83 percentage points). Predigestion period and multi-enzyme type interacted on IVDDM such that the improvement in IVDDM between 0 and 12 hours of predigestion differed (P&lt; 0.05) among the 3 multi-enzyme types (13.3, 11.1, and 8.5 percentage points for MTE3, MTE2, and MTE1, respectively). The LS means by multi-enzyme treatment were modeled and resulted in unparallel curves (P&lt; 0.05). The estimated maximum response of IVDDM for MTE1, MTE2 and MTE 3 were 82.4%, 84.7% and 87.1% at 15.8, 13 and 13.1 hours, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal time of predigestion of WS with multi-enzymes (with regard to improvement in its IVDDM) was approximately 14 h.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

Relationship between intake of silage and its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Brown ◽  
JC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Lactic Acids

Twenty experimental silages were made from seven pasture species at different stages of maturity. In vivo dry matter, organic matter, and energy ad libitum intakes and digestibilities of the silages were determined with standardized pairs of Merino wethers. The following chemical characteristics of the silages were measured: nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total titratable acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids, total volatiles lost during oven drying, lactic acid as a percentage of the total organic acids, pH, acid pepsin dry matter disappearance, dry matter content, and in vitro digestibility and rate of digestion. When all 20 silages were considered, energy intakes on a body weight basis were significantly related to silage pH (r = 0.55) and rate of in vitro digestion (r = 0.58). When the five legume silages were removed from the analysis and only the 15 grass-dominant silages were considered, dry matter intakes were significantly related to acetic (r = –0.57) and propionic acid (r = –0.55) concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not significantly increase the accuracy of predicting intake. The results suggested that silage intake was negatively related to the degree of fermentation that occurred during the ensiling process.

scholarly journals 190 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Preservation method of rumen fluid collected from slaughtered cattle affects in vitro digestibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Taylor J Garcia ◽  
Jeffrey A Brady ◽  
Kimberly A Guay ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
William B Smith
Keyword(s):  
Batch Culture ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Preservation Methods ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract Microbes and chemical constituents in the rumen fluid play an important role when re-establishing the rumen microbial population. Identification of a viable preservation method could have lasting implication of veterinary and research applications. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of preservation methods on rumen liquor. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Rumen content was collected from different locations within the rumen, strained through eight layers of cheesecloth, and divided into five 500-mL aliquots. Aliquots were randomly allocated to one of five preservation methods (freezing or lyophilisation) and preservative (glycerol; yes or no). A fresh control was maintained from each sample. Three reference feeds and two roughage sources were used in the batch culture procedure. Reference feeds were dried to a constant weight at 55°C and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Ground samples were subjected to batch culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assays using each of the four ruminal fluids (plus the control) for digestibility estimates. Original samples and incubated residues were assayed for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 + 1 augmented factorial design using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in IVTD when using protein or energy feeds; however, there were differences in IVTD for all treatments for fiber concentrates and forage reference feeds. Despite lower degradation of feeds when frozen or lyophilized rumen fluid was used, preserved rumen fluid may be a viable option in the absence of fresh inoculum for veterinary and research applications

Differences between the in vitro digestibility of extrusa collected from oesophageal fistulated steers and the forage consumed

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Coates ◽  
Robert J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
C3 Grasses

In a study that included C4 tropical grasses, C3 temperate grasses and C3 pasture legumes, in vitro dry matter digestibility of extrusa, measured as in vitro dry matter loss (IVDML) during incubation, compared with that of the forage consumed, was greater for grass extrusa but not for legume extrusa. The increase in digestibility was not caused by mastication or by the freezing of extrusa samples during storage but by the action of saliva. Comparable increases in IVDML were achieved merely by mixing bovine saliva with ground forage samples. Differences were greater than could be explained by increases due to completely digestible salivary DM. There was no significant difference between animals in relation to the saliva effect on IVDML and, except for some minor differences, similar saliva effects on IVDML were measured using either the pepsin–cellulase or rumen fluid–pepsin in vitro techniques. For both C4 and C3 grasses the magnitude of the differences were inversely related to IVDML of the feed and there was little or no difference between extrusa and feed at high digestibilities (>70%) whereas differences of more than 10 percentage units were measured on low quality grass forages. The data did not suggest that the extrusa or saliva effect on digestibility was different for C3 grasses than for C4 grasses but data on C3 grasses were limited to few species and to high digestibility samples. For legume forages there was no saliva effect when the pepsin–cellulase method was used but there was a small but significant positive effect using the rumen fluid–pepsin method. It was concluded that when samples of extrusa are analysed using in vitro techniques, predicted in vivo digestibility of the feed consumed will often be overestimated, especially for low quality grass diets. The implications of overestimating in vivo digestibility and suggestions for overcoming such errors are discussed.

scholarly journals 133 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
Cienna J Boss ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Rob Patterson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Heat Pretreatment ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of pretreating and supplementing soybean hulls with multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. Treatments were untreated and heat-pretreated (160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) soybean hulls without or with multi-enzyme in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The multi-enzyme supplied 2,800 U of cellulase, 1,800 U of pectinase, 400 U of mannanase, 1,000 U of xylanase, 600 U of glucanase, and 200 U of protease/kilogram of feedstuff. Feedstuffs were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. On DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6% CP, and 63.2 and 49.5% ADF, respectively. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM). Untreated and pretreated soybean hulls did not differ in IVDDM (24.8 vs. 25.7%). Multi-enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5%. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme unaffected total gas production. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P &lt; 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation such that the fractional rate of degradation for pretreated soybean hulls was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that of untreated soybean hulls when soybean hulls were supplemented with multi-enzyme (0.045 vs. 0.062 h-1), but not when soybean hulls were unsupplemented with multi-enzyme (0.053 vs. 0.059 h-1). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM, implying that the multi-enzyme used in the study can be used to enhance utilization of soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment increased the rate of fermentation of multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls, implying that the rate of fermentation of soybean hulls in the hindgut of pigs can be enhanced by a combination of heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation.

scholarly journals In Vitro Techniques Using the DaisyII Incubator for the Assessment of Digestibility: A Review

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Riccardo Fortina ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technology Corporation ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Source Sample ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

This review summarises the use of the Ankom DaisyII incubator (ADII; Ankom Technology Corporation Fairport, NY, USA), as presented in studies on digestibility, and its extension to other species apart from ruminants, from its introduction until today. This technique has been modified and adapted to allow for different types of investigations to be conducted. Researchers have studied and tested different procedures, and the main sources of variation have been found to be: the inoculum source, sample size, sample preparation, and bag type. In vitro digestibility methods, applied to the ADII incubator, have been reviewed, the precision and accuracy of the method using the ADII incubator have been dealt with, and comparisons with other methods have been made. Moreover, some hypotheses on the possible evolutions of this technology in non-ruminants, including pets, have been described. To date, there are no standardised protocols for the collection, storage, and transportation of rumen fluid or faeces. There is also still a need to standardise the procedures for washing the bags after digestion. Moreover, some performance metrics of the instrument (such as the reliability of the rotation mechanism of the jars) still require improvement.

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