RECLAMATION OF A SALINE-SODIC SOIL WITH SHALLOW TILE DRAINAGE

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Van Schaik ◽  
R. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Tile Drains

Leaching studies showed that shallow glacial soils that have become saline-sodic can be reclaimed with tile drains installed at a depth of 30 inches with a 30-foot spacing. The glacial till at the experimental site occurred at a depth of 2 to 3 feet below the surface and was slowly permeable. Only after the application of 71 inches of water was the saline-sodic soil sufficiently reclaimed to allow normal plant growth. Some decrease in salt concentration was found below the tile drains. There was no difference in salt movement with respect to proximity to the tile lines. The development of non-saline-sodic soils was not evident during the trial. Most of the gypsum applied during the trial remained in the surface 6 inches after the final water application.

scholarly journals A semi-dominant mutation in OsCESA9 improves biomass enzymatic digestibility and salt tolerance by relatively remodeling cell walls in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Ye ◽  
Shuoxun Wang ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Cellulose synthase (CESA) mutants have potential use in straw processing due to their lower cellulose content, but almost all of the mutants exhibit defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. Balancing normal plant growth with reduced cellulose content remains a challenge, as cellulose content and normal plant growth are typically negatively correlated with one another. Result: Here, the rice (Oryza sativa) semi-dominant brittle culm (sdbc) mutant Sdbc1, which harbors a substitution (D387N) at the first conserved aspartic acid residue of OsCESA9, exhibits lower cellulose content and reduced secondary wall thickness as well as enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification compared with the wild type (WT). Further experiments indicated that the OsCESA9D387N mutation may compete with the wild-type OsCESA9 for interacting with OsCESA4 and OsCESA7, further forming non-functional or partially functional CSCs. The OsCESA9/OsCESA9D387N heterozygous plants increase salt tolerance through scavenging and detoxification of ROS and indirectly affecting related gene expression. They also improve rice straw return to the field due to their brittle culms and lower cellulose content without any negative effects in grain yield and lodging. Conclusion: Hence, manipulation of OsCESA9D387N can provide the perspective of the rice straw for biofuels and bioproducts due to its improved enzymatic saccharification.

scholarly journals Saline-sodic soil treated with gypsum, organic sources and leaching for successive cultivation of sunflower and rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrônio D. dos Santos ◽  
Lourival F. Cavalcante ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Everaldo M. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter

ABSTRACT Correction of saline and sodic soils aims to reduce salts dissolved in the solution and exchangeable sodium, respectively, to allow the growth and production of crops. In this context, an experiment was carried out between August/2011 and September/2012, in saline-sodic soil of the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa, PB, Brazil. Agricultural gypsum, organic sources and continuous leaching for reducing salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in the saline-sodic soil and their effects on the production of the sunflower cultivar Embrapa 122/V-2000 and the rice variety Diamante were evaluated. The treatments were distributed in four randomized blocks and the soil was subjected to continuous leaching for 50 days and evaluated for salinity, sodicity and alkalinity before and after leaching, as well after sunflower and rice cultivation, in the 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m layers. Leaching and the application of gypsum and organic sources reduced the initial salinity in both soil layers, to a greater extent in the surface layer. Exchangeable sodium decreased in 0-0.20 m and increased in 0.20-0.40 m. After rice cultivation, the soil in the 0-0.20 m layer changed from saline-sodic to non-saline in the treatments gypsum + bovine manure and gypsum + rice husk. The reduction of salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in the soil was higher during rice cultivation than during sunflower cultivation.

scholarly journals Mechanosensitive Channels Protect Plastids from Hypoosmotic Stress During Normal Plant Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 408-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira M. Veley ◽  
Sarah Marshburn ◽  
Cara E. Clure ◽  
Elizabeth S. Haswell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mechanosensitive Channels ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Hypoosmotic Stress

SALT ACCUMULATION IN A GLACIAL TILL SOIL IN THE PRESENCE OF SALINE GROUNDWATER AT SHALLOW DEPTHS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. van Schaik ◽  
R. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Fallow Soil

Considerable salt accumulation occurred in a grass-covered soil in southern Alberta where the saline groundwater was maintained at a depth of 3 feet. The SAR values of the saturation extract increased significantly under grass, and indications are that this increase was mainly due to precipitation of calcium. A fallow soil did not show a significant salt accumulation above the water table.It is suggested that a leaching program is necessary to maintain low salinity where shallow water tables are present and shallow tile drains are used.

INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CLAY PARTICLES IN A SODIC SOIL AND BENTONITE

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. VAN SCHAIK ◽  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
Solonetz Soil

The addition of ammonium salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of samples taken from the Bnt horizon of a Solonetz soil. The improved conductivity was caused by an increase in the salt concentration in the soil solution and by the ammonium adsorbed on the clay particles. Since the dominant clay mineral in this soil type is montmorillonite, purified bentonite was used for comparative studies. Mobility studies of montmorillonite systems indicated that the adsorbed NH4 ions are tightly bound to the clay particles. The size of the NH4-tactoids was found to be larger than that of the Na-tactoids but less than half that of the Ca-tactoids. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of ammonium on water movement in Solonetz soils will be less than that of calcium, but the transformation of the adsorbed ammonium in the field, followed by replacement of sodium by hydrogen, may result in further improvement of these soils.

scholarly journals Irrigation Management Scale and Water Application Method to Improve Yield and Water Productivity of Field-Grown Strawberries

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Létourneau ◽  
Jean Caron
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Application Method

Improvements in water productivity are of primary importance for maintaining agricultural productivity and sustainability. Water potential-based irrigation management has proven effective for this purpose with many different crops, including strawberries. However, problems related to spatial variability of soil properties and irrigation efficiency were reported when applying this management method to strawberries in soils with rock fragments. In this study, a field-scale experiment was performed to evaluate the impacts of three irrigation management scales and a pulsed water application method on strawberry yield and water productivity. An analytical solution to Richards’ equation was also used to establish critical soil water potentials for this crop and evaluate the effects of the variability in the soil properties. Results showed that spatial variability of soil properties at the experimental site was important but not enough to influence crop response to irrigation practices. The studied properties did not present any spatial structure that could allow establishing specific management zones. A four-fold reduction in the size of the irrigation management zones had no effect on yield and increased the water applications. Pulsed application led to significant yield (22%) and water productivity (36%) increases compared with the standard water application method used by the producer at the experimental site.

Changes in dispersible clay content, organic carbon content, and electrolyte composition following incubation of sodic soil

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Nelson ◽  
J. A. Baldock ◽  
J. M. Oades
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Clay Dispersion ◽  
Dispersible Clay

Measurement of dispersible clay is important for the diagnosis of structural stability problems in soil. However, clay dispersibility is known to change with water content and time. The purpose of the present study was to determine how incubation of sodic soil under different water content regimes influences clay dispersibility. Two topsoils (depth 0-0·1 m), one sodic [exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 9 · 7] and the other non-sodic (ESP 3·8), were collected from an experimental pasture at Kyabram, Victoria, and 2 soils, a sodic topsoil (depth 0-0·1 m, ESP 6·9) and the corresponding subsoil (depth 0·2-0 m, ESP 25·7), were collected from a cropped field at Two Wells, South Australia. The soils were incubated for 264 days in a split-plot design. The main treatments were soil type and incubation water content: continuously air-dry, continuously wet (-50 kPa), or with wet/dry cycles. The subtreatment was water content at analysis: air dry or wet (-50 kPa). Clay dispersion was greater when measured on wet soils than dry soils, irrespective of water contents during the prior incubation. Electrical conductivity increased, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH, and organic carbon content decreased as a function of the time for which the soils were wet. In the Kyabram soils that were wet when analysed, easily dispersible clay content increased with SAR. Decreases in moderately dispersible clay under the wetting/drying regime were not related to electrolyte composition, and were attributed to particle rearrangement and cementation. The decreases in clay dispersibility with time occurred despite net losses of carbohydrate and aliphatic materials. An implication of the work is that the decomposition of soil organic matter, even in the absence of fresh additions, may reduce clay dispersion in sodic soils by altering electrolyte concentration and composition.

Sodium toxicity and cation imbalance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali T. Ayoub ◽  
H. M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Relative Water

SummaryLeaf burn and gradual death were the characteristic symptoms of injury in P. vulgaris sown on a sodic soil. Plant growth, total leaf area per plant, number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit leaf area, and relative water content were drastically reduced in injured plants; these were associated with large sodium accumulation in the shoot resulting in cation imbalance.

scholarly journals Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-Field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Klaiber ◽  
Stephen R. Kramer ◽  
Eric O. Young
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Losses ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Reduced Surface

Quantifying the influence of tile drainage on phosphorus (P) transport risk is important where eutrophication is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare P exports from tile-drained (TD) and undrained (UD) edge-of-field plots in northern New York. Four plots (46 by 23 m) were established with tile drainage and surface runoff collection during 2012–2013. Grass sod was terminated in fall 2013 and corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was grown in 2014 and 2015. Runoff, total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) exports were measured from April 2014 through June 2015. Mean total runoff was 396% greater for TD, however, surface runoff for TD was reduced by 84% compared to UD. There was no difference in mean cumulative TP export, while SRP and TSS exports were 55% and 158% greater for UD, respectively. A three day rain/snowmelt event resulted in 61% and 84% of cumulative SRP exports for TD and UD, respectively, with over 100% greater TP, SRP and TSS exports for UD. Results indicate that tile drainage substantially reduced surface runoff, TSS and SRP exports while having no impact on TP exports, suggesting tile drains may not increase the overall P export risk.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document