EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS ON GROWTH OF WHEAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Lehane ◽  
W. J. Staple
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Greenhouse experiments in which wheat was grown on a limited amount of soil moisture showed that crops subjected to moisture stress at an early stage of growth yielded well on all soils tested, but that crops with moisture stress late in the season yielded poorly on loam soils. Late stress was less damaging on clay because high soil moisture tension in this soil resulted in better distribution of moisture use during the critical period.Crops grown under early stress used less moisture, but were equally as efficient in grain production as those grown under optimum conditions. Crops with moisture shortage during heading and filling were inefficient in moisture use.Similar variations in moisture efficiency caused by seasonal trends in available moisture supply have been observed under field conditions. For example, good yields of wheat were produced with a minimum of rainfall in Saskatchewan in 1958 when a shortage of moisture in May and June was followed by more favorable conditions in July.

Control and Seedhead Suppression of Red Rice (Oryza sativa) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Salzman ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
High Soil Moisture

Experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 at three locations in eastern Arkansas to evaluate red rice control in soybeans with postemergence grass herbicides and plant growth regulators applied singly or sequentially at early to late-tillering growth stages of red rice. Haloxyfop at 0.21 kg ai/ha and quizalofop at 0.14 kg ai/ha applied singly or sequentially and fluazifop at 0.21 kg ai/ha applied sequentially consistently controlled red rice and suppressed seedhead production in soybeans. Mid-season treatments were not beneficial when high soil moisture stress conditions existed. Mefluidide or sethoxydim applied singly or sequentially or amidochlor applied singly provided erratic control and seedhead suppression of red rice in soybeans.

INFLUENCE OF AIR TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY, SOIL MOISTURE STRESS AND SOIL AERATION ON MOISTURE USE BY WHEAT

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Reduced Rate

In growth chamber experiments, it was found that total and rate of moisture use by wheat were directly proportional to light intensity, except under conditions which restricted growth.Increasing the day temperature from 21° to 27 °C reduced the total moisture use. This was attributed to the greater vegetative dry matter produced at 21 °C. Under high soil moisture stress, (0.2 to 15 atm), plants used less water at a slower rate than at the lower stress (0.2 to 1.4 atm), but the moisture treatment had little effect on moisture use per gram of dry matter Apparently, under the conditions of this experiment the most important cause of reduced transpiration at high moisture stress was reduced plant growth.At about the late tillering to stem-extension stage, wheat was surprisingly insensitive to changes in moisture stress. An increase in soil moisture stress during this period did not result in the usual reduced rate of moisture consumption.Irrespective of the growth stage at which the stress was changed (increased or decreased), stress had little influence on moisture use per unit of straw dry matter. If the soil was "wet" (0.2 to 1.4 atm) at about the stem-extension stage, poor seed set occurred and thus moisture use per gram of seed was increased. When plants were provided with adequate aeration, moisture use per gram of seed was one-third that of plants grown under poor aeration.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND NITROGEN ON YIELD AND PROTEIN QUALITY OF THATCHER WHEAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Sosulski ◽  
D. M. Lin ◽  
E. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Sedimentation Value

Soil moisture level was the most important factor controlling plant and grain yields while nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest influence on protein content and sedimentation value. Lower temperatures and nitrogen fertilization favored plant development at medium and high soil moisture levels but did not significantly alter the yield of plants subjected to periodic moisture stress. Temperature was the only treatment to have a consistent effect on kernel weight. However, seed yields were more closely associated with total plant weight and number of culms than kernel size.The sedimentation values of the flour, which ranged from 33.8 to 70.7 ml, were highly correlated with protein content. The wide range of sedimentation values approached the maximum range reported for very weak and very strong wheats. Within treatments receiving the same nitrogen applications, the sedimentation values and protein content were inversely related to grain yield.Variations in glutamic acid and proline content of the hydrolyzed flour proteins were positively associated with protein content and sedimentation value. Amino acids which were negatively correlated with protein content included alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glycine, and lysine. Contrary to previous reports the lysine content varied over the complete range of protein content in the flours. The significance of these variations in amino acid composition are discussed in relation to recent studies on the fractionation of flour proteins.

YIELD AND PHENOTYPIC TRAITS OF SEMIDWARF AND NORMAL-STATURED BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) GENOTYPES GROWN UNDER DIFFERING LEVELS OF MOISTURE STRESS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. IRVINE ◽  
B. L. HARVEY ◽  
B. G. ROSSNAGEL
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Semidwarf and normal-statured barley genotypes were grown in several environments differing mainly in the levels of plant-available soil moisture. Grain yields (12% moisture) differed significantly due to environment and genotype and there was a nonsignificant tendency for semidwarf genotypes to yield less, relative to their tall counterparts, when grown in environments with restricted moisture supply. The stature of the genotype did not appear to influence the expression of yield components, harvest index or flag leaf area.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOIL MOISTURE STRESS, PLANT POPULATIONS, ROW SPACING AND YIELD OF CORN

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FULTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Population ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Available Soil Moisture

Experiments including variables of soil moisture, plant populations and row spacings were conducted in four consecutive seasons. In two of the years precipitation was inadequate to produce maximum yield of corn.Yield was reduced by soil moisture tension in excess of five bars at a point 40 cm below the soil surface. Substantial yield reduction occurred even where the moisture stress was confined to the period subsequent to tassel emergence. Highest yields were obtained where high soil moisture levels (minimum available soil moisture 25% at 40 cm) were combined with high population (54,362 plants per hectare) and narrow (50 cm) rows. However, interactions among these variables were such that narrow rows increased yield only in the presence of both high population and high soil moisture supply. High plant populations increased yield only where soil moisture levels were high.

scholarly journals Microhabitat Associations for the Threatened Cheat Mountain Salamander in Relation to Early-stage Red Spruce Restoration Areas

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J Brown ◽  
Lacy E. Rucker ◽  
Catherine Johnson ◽  
Shane Jones ◽  
Thomas K. Pauley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Central Appalachia

The Central Appalachian Spruce Restoration Initiative was formed to promote restoration of red spruce Picea rubens forests in Central Appalachia. One goal of the initiative is to increase availability and enhance quality of habitat for wildlife, including the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander Plethodon nettingi. The purpose of this research was to compare microhabitat characteristics between an occupied Cheat Mountain salamander site and early-stage spruce restoration sites, and between four occupied sites and proximal non-detection sites. We found that soil pH was higher and soil moisture was lower at spruce restoration sites compared to the occupied site, and that light intensity, sub-canopy air temperature, and ground-level air temperature were higher in spruce restoration prescriptions with reduced canopy cover. We found that soil moisture was higher at occupied sites compared to proximal non-detection sites, but soil pH was not significantly different. Our study suggests that Cheat Mountain salamanders are associated with low soil pH and high soil moisture, and thus spruce restoration could enhance habitat quality for this species in the long-term.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Moisture, Cultivar, and Postharvest Handling on Pillowy Fruit Disorder in Cucumber

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Navazio ◽  
Jack E. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
And Storage

Two experiments (1989 and 1990) were designed to characterize the response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with different leaf types [normal leaf (LL) vs. little leaf (ll)] to high soil moisture tension (SMT) and to determine whether hydrocooling would reduce the severity of pillowy fruit disorder (PFD). Comparisons were made among nine cultivars (7 LL and 2 ll) for aboveground vegetative and fruit response, and between two irrigation regimes. High SMT generally caused increased wilt ratings and stomatal conductance and decreased plant dry weight. PFD severity of fruit from watered plots was less [61% (Expt. 1, 1989) and 26% (Expt. 1, 1990)] than of fruit harvested from plots in which water was withheld. The response of the two ll cultivars to moisture stress differed depending on environmental conditions. Increased PFD severity was associated with increased temperature, lower relative humidity (RH), and excluding hydrocooling during postharvest handling. Of the four storage treatments examined, hydrocooling to ≈8.5C then storage at 15C and 85% RH for 4 days produced fruit with the least PFD symptoms. Fruit of `Carolina' (LL) exhibited the highest PFD ratings, while those of `Calypso' (LL) were consistently low compared to other cultivars. Processors can lower PFD incidence and severity by ensuring that adequate moisture is available to plants during fruit enlargement and that harvested fruit are hydrocooled before shipping and storage.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 599E-600
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Determine Effect

Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

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