Liposomes and transferosomes: a breakthrough in topical and transdermal delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Rachana Sapkota ◽  
Alekha K Dash
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Liposomal Delivery ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Routes Of Drug Administration

The topical and transdermal routes of drug administration are long known to the field of pharmaceutics. These routes have been explored for the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents over centuries. However, the anatomy of the skin and the physicochemical properties of molecules limit their transport via these routes. To overcome these challenges, a nano-phospholipid carrier called liposome was developed in the 1960s. Liposomal delivery of drugs was reported to be limited to the upper layers of skin. This led to the development of self-regulating and self-adaptable vesicles known as transfersomes. This review critically evaluates the barriers in delivery across the skin, recent advancements in liposomes, transfersomes and their impact in the pharmaceutical field.

scholarly journals Microneedle Arrays Combined with Nanomedicine Approaches for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Vahid Alimardani ◽  
Samira Sadat Abolmaali ◽  
Gholamhossein Yousefi ◽  
Zahra Rahiminezhad ◽  
Mehdi Abedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Microneedle Array ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microneedle Arrays

Organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promising outcomes in transdermal drug delivery. NPs can not only enhance the skin penetration of small/biomacromolecule therapeutic agents but can also impart control over drug release or target impaired tissue. Thanks to their unique optical, photothermal, and superparamagnetic features, NPs have been also utilized for the treatment of skin disorders, imaging, and biosensing applications. Despite the widespread transdermal applications of NPs, their delivery across the stratum corneum, which is the main skin barrier, has remained challenging. Microneedle array (MN) technology has recently revealed promising outcomes in the delivery of various formulations, especially NPs to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents. The present work reviews the advancements in the application of MNs and NPs for an effective transdermal delivery of a wide range of therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, peptide/protein vaccination, and the gene therapy of various diseases. In addition, this paper provides an overall insight on MNs’ challenges and summarizes the recent achievements in clinical trials with future outlooks on the transdermal delivery of a wide range of nanomedicines.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals - Design, Development and Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
Rachna Anand ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Arun Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Drug Molecule ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Factors

Background: Solubility and dissolution profile are the major factors which directly affect the biological activity of a drug and these factors are governed by the physicochemical properties of the drug. Crystal engineering is a newer and promising approach to improve physicochemical characteristics of a drug without any change in its pharmacological action through a selection of a wide range of easily available crystal formers. Objective: The goal of this review is to summarize the importance of crystal engineering in improving the physicochemical properties of a drug, methods of design, development, and applications of cocrystals along with future trends in research of pharmaceutical co-crystals. Co-crystallization can also be carried out for the molecules which lack ionizable functional groups, unlike salts which require ionizable groups. Conclusion: Co-crystals is an interesting and promising research area amongst pharmaceutical scientists to fine-tune the physicochemical properties of drug materials. Co-crystallization can be a tool to increase the lifecycle of an older drug molecule. Crystal engineering carries the potential of being an advantageous technique than any other approach used in the pharmaceutical industry. Crystal engineering offers a plethora of biopharmaceutical and physicochemical enhancements to a drug molecule without the need of any pharmacological change in the drug.

Generational Spillover in the Resistance to Trump

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Whittier
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Generations ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The anti-Trump Resistance involves activists from an unusually wide range of political and chronological generations: movement veterans from the 1960s and 1970s, Generation X activists politicized in the 1980s and 1990s, Millennials who entered activism in the 2000s, and newcomers of all ages. Political generations differ in worldview based on both age and time of entry into activism. Generational spillover—the mutual influence, difference, and conflict among political generations—includes explicit attempts to teach organizing, and indirect influences on frames, organizational structures, tactics, ideologies, and goals. This chapter discusses generational spillover in the Resistance, including transmission and conflict.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Nature-Inspired Unnatural Cannabinoids

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2914
Author(s):  
Kevin J. H. Lim ◽  
Yan Ping Lim ◽  
Yossa D. Hartono ◽  
Maybelle K. Go ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Orphan Receptors ◽  
Complex Chemical ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Wide Range

Natural products make up a large proportion of medicine available today. Cannabinoids from the plant Cannabis sativa is one unique class of meroterpenoids that have shown a wide range of bioactivities and recently seen significant developments in their status as therapeutic agents for various indications. Their complex chemical structures make it difficult to chemically synthesize them in efficient yields. Synthetic biology has presented a solution to this through metabolic engineering in heterologous hosts. Through genetic manipulation, rare phytocannabinoids that are produced in low yields in the plant can now be synthesized in larger quantities for therapeutic and commercial use. Additionally, an exciting avenue of exploring new chemical spaces is made available as novel derivatized compounds can be produced and investigated for their bioactivities. In this review, we summarized the biosynthetic pathways of phytocannabinoids and synthetic biology efforts in producing them in heterologous hosts. Detailed mechanistic insights are discussed in each part of the pathway in order to explore strategies for creating novel cannabinoids. Lastly, we discussed studies conducted on biological targets such as CB1, CB2 and orphan receptors along with their affinities to these cannabinoid ligands with a view to inform upstream diversification efforts.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pancreatic Cancer: Advances, Challenges and Future Opportunities

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1781
Author(s):  
Gustavo A. Arias-Pinilla ◽  
Helmout Modjtahedi
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Western World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Pancreatic cancer remains as one of the most aggressive cancer types. In the absence of reliable biomarkers for its early detection and more effective therapeutic interventions, pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer death in the Western world in the next decade. Therefore, it is essential to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop more effective and pancreatic cancer-specific therapeutic agents. To date, 45 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for the treatment of patients with a wide range of cancers; however, none has yet been approved for pancreatic cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the FDA approved anticancer mAb-based drugs, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials with mAbs in pancreatic cancer and the factors contributing to the poor response to antibody therapy (e.g. tumour heterogeneity, desmoplastic stroma). MAb technology is an excellent tool for studying the complex biology of pancreatic cancer, to discover novel therapeutic targets and to develop various forms of antibody-based therapeutic agents and companion diagnostic tests for the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from such therapy. These should result in the approval and routine use of antibody-based agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients in the future.

scholarly journals Non-invasive sensing for food reassurance

The Analyst ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou Xiaobo ◽  
Huang Xiaowei ◽  
Malcolm Povey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Physical Principle ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics

The main food quality traits of interest using non-invasive sensing techniques are sensory characteristics, chemical composition, physicochemical properties, health-protecting properties, nutritional characteristics and safety. A wide range of non-invasive sensing techniques, from optical, acoustical, electrical, to nuclear magnetic, X-ray, biosensor, microwave and terahertz, are organized according to physical principle.

Multivesicular liposome: A lipid-based drug delivery system for efficient drug delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bapi Gorain ◽  
Bandar E. Al-Dhubiab ◽  
Anroop Nair ◽  
Prashant Kesharwani ◽  
Manisha Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Liposomal Delivery ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

: The advancement of delivery tools for therapeutic agents has brought several novel formulations with increased drug loading, sustained release, targeted delivery, and prolonged efficacy. Amongst the several novel delivery approaches, multivesicular liposome has gained potential interest because this delivery system possesses the above advantages. In addition, this multivesicular liposomal delivery prevents degradation of the entrapped drug within the physiological environment while administered. The special structure of the vesicles allowed successful entrapment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents, including proteins and peptides. Furthermore, this novel formulation could maintain the desired drug concentration in the plasma for a prolonged period, which helps to reduce the dosing frequencies, improve bioavailability, and safety. This tool could also provide stability of the formulation, and finally gaining patient compliance. Several multivesicular liposomes received approval for clinical research, while others are at different stages of laboratory research. In this review, we have focused on the preparation of multivesicular liposomes along with their application in different ailments for the improvement of the performance of the entrapped drug. Moreover, the challenges of delivering multivesicular vesicles have also been emphasized. Overall, it could be inferred that multivesicular liposomal delivery is a novel platform of advanced drug delivery with improved efficacy and safety.

Chemical modification and Physicochemical properties of new derivatives 5-(thiophen-3-ilmethyl)-4-R1-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol

2021 ◽  
pp. 4621-4629
Author(s):  
O.A. Bihdan ◽  
V.V. Parchenko
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Biologically Active Compounds ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Triazole Derivatives ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Derivatives Of

Current trends in the search for new biologically active compounds among synthetic molecules have arguably proved a priority in studies of the heterocyclic 1,2,4-triazole system. For many years, 1,2,4-triazole derivatives remain the object of close attention of scientists of various scientific fields. The unique properties of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives include high reactivity, which allows different modification of this system, practical absence of toxicity of these derivatives and the presence of a wide range of biological, pharmacological properties, which in the complex provides the prerequisites for the creation of new biologically active compounds, and in the future, active pharmaceutical ingredients (AFI). The aim of our work is to investigate some transformations in a number of derivatives of 5-(thiophen-3-ylmethyl) -4-R1-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, to study the physicochemical properties of the new synthesized compounds. A well-known fact remains the successful attempt of many scientists involved in the study of the heterocyclic 1,2,4-triazole system to synthesize potential biologically active compounds. The process of creating new molecules is very painstaking and requires considerable effort. The chemical approaches for the synthesis of the starting compounds required for further transformations are well known and described. Therefore, we used the corresponding N-R1-2 as intermediates for the synthesis of new 5-(thiophen-3-ylmethyl) -4-R1-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols appropriate ones were used N-R1-2-(2-(thiophen-3-yl) acetyl) hydrazinocarbothioamide.

scholarly journals ETHNOBOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NEPENTHES SPECIES: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Babaji Sanusi ◽  
Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar ◽  
Maryati Mohamed ◽  
Siti Fatimah Sabran ◽  
Muhammad Murtala Mainasara
Keyword(s):  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Gastrointestinal Discomfort ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Ethnobotanical Uses

The genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine for a long time in India and Southeast Asia countries. They are used in the treatment of leprosy, cholera, night blindness, gastrointestinal discomfort, dysentery, stomachache, and bed-wetting among others. This review highlights the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of both crude extracts and pure bioactive compounds of Nepenthes spp. The phytochemical compounds isolated from Nepenthes species include flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids among other phytochemicals. A wide range of pharmacological activities was exhibited by the crude extracts and pure bioactive components such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiosteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and hypolipidemic activities. This review revealed that many active compounds are present in Nepenthes spp. However, many pharmacological screenings such as anticancer, antiviral, wound healing, antihelminthic, antidiarrheal properties, among others have not been carried out yet. Therefore, more biological investigations and phytochemical screenings are required to fully explore the genus Nepenthes which may lead to development of new therapeutic agents.  

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