Cognitive Outcomes at 18 Months: Findings from the Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT) Trial

Micronutrient deficiencies and enteric infections negatively impact child growth and development. We enrolled children shortly after birth in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial interventional trial in Haydom, Tanzania, to assess nicotinamide and/or antimicrobials (azithromycin and nitazoxanide) effect on length at 18 months of age. Cognitive score at 18 months using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT), which includes gross motor, fine motor, language, and social assessments, was a secondary outcome. Here, we present the MDAT results of 1,032 children. There was no effect of nicotinamide (change in development-for-age Z score [DAZ] −0.08; 95% CI: −0.16, 0) or antimicrobials (change in DAZ 0.04; 95% CI: −0.06, 0.13) on overall MDAT score. The interventions had no effect on cognitive outcomes in subgroups defined by gender, socioeconomic status, birthweight, and birth season or on MDAT subscores. Further analyses are needed to identify targetable risk factors for impaired cognitive development in these settings.

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The Association of Plasma Choline With Growth and Development Among Young Malawian Children Enrolled in an Egg Intervention Trial

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab045_009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 627-627

Author(s):

Megan Bragg ◽

Bess Caswell ◽

Charles Arnold ◽

Matthews George ◽

Brian Bennett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Circumference ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Developmental Outcomes ◽

Child Growth ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Z Scores ◽

Growth Development

Abstract Objectives Choline has been positively associated with child growth and development, but few studies have been in areas of high stunting and low choline intake. This secondary analysis examines the association of plasma choline with growth/development in Malawian children enrolled in a randomized trial of 1 egg/day versus nonintervention control. Methods Venous blood, anthropometric, and developmental measures were collected at enrollment (at age 6–9 mos) and at endline 6 mos later. Plasma choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were measured using untargeted metabolomics among 400 children. Length, weight, and head circumference were converted to z-scores using WHO Growth Standards. Developmental measures included fine and gross motor, personal social, and language skills (measured and normed using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool), memory (elicited imitation [endline only] and visual paired comparison tasks), and attention (Infant Orienting with Attention [IOWA] task). Generalized linear models, adjusted for covariates including group assignment, were used to examine the association of plasma choline with growth/developmental outcomes. Results In cross-sectional models including both time points (baseline, endline) and adjusting for repeated measures, a 1 SD-unit increase in plasma choline was negatively associated with length-for-age z-score (–0.11 SD [95% CI: –0.20, –0.02]) and positively associated with IOWA reaction time (8.8 ms [1.7, 16.0]), meaning slower shifts in attention with higher plasma choline. In predictive models, higher baseline plasma choline predicted lower endline fine motor z-scores (–0.13 SD [–0.22, –0.04]). There were no associations of plasma choline with weight-for-age, head-circumference-for-age, weight-for-length, or the other developmental outcomes. Analysis of other biomarkers revealed few significant associations with growth/development. Conclusions Plasma choline was not strongly associated with growth or development in this sample of Malawian children. The few significant associations suggested poorer growth/development with higher plasma choline. Further research in various contexts is needed. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Egg Nutrition Center.

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The contribution of grandmother involvement to child growth and development: an observational study in rural Pakistan

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002181 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. e002181

Author(s):

Esther O Chung ◽

Ashley Hagaman ◽

Katherine LeMasters ◽

Nafeesa Andrabi ◽

Victoria Baranov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Linear Models ◽

Child Outcomes ◽

Child Growth ◽

Socioemotional Development ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Early Child ◽

Rural Pakistan ◽

Z Scores

IntroductionEarly childhood interventions primarily focus on the mother–child relationship, but grandmothers are often critical in childcare in low-resource settings. Prior research is mixed on how grandmother involvement influences child outcomes and there is a paucity of research on grandmother caregiving in low-income and middle-income countries. We examined the role of grandmother involvement on child growth and development in the first 2 years of life cross sectionally and longitudinally in rural Pakistan.MethodsWe used data from the Bachpan Cohort, a longitudinal birth cohort in rural Pakistan. Maternally reported grandmother involvement in daily instrumental and non-instrumental caregiving was collected at 3 and 12 months. A summed score was created and categorised into non-involved, low and high. Outcomes included 12-month and 24-month child growth, 12-month Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and 24-month Ages and Stages Questionnaire—Socioemotional. We used multivariable generalised linear models to estimate mean differences (MD) at 12 months (n=727) and 24 months (n=712). Inverse probability weighting was used to account for missingness and sampling.ResultsIn our sample, 68% of children lived with a grandmother, and most grandmothers were involved in caregiving. Greater 3-month grandmother involvement was positively associated with 12-month weight z-scores; however, greater involvement was associated with lower 24-month weight z-scores. High 12-month grandmother involvement was associated with improved 12-month cognitive (MD=0.38, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.76), fine motor skills (MD=0.45, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.83) and 24-month socioemotional development (MD=−17.83, 95% CI −31.47 to –4.19). No meaningful associations were found for length z-scores or language development.ConclusionIn rural Pakistan, grandmothers provide caregiving that influences early child development. Our findings highlight the complex relationship between grandmother involvement and child weight, and suggest that grandmothers may positively promote early child cognitive, fine motor and socioemotional development. Understanding how grandmother involvement affects child outcomes in early life is necessary to inform caregiving interventions.

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Early-childhood-growth trajectory and later cognitive ability: evidence from a large prospective birth cohort of healthy term-born children

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyaa105 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Asma Ahmed ◽

Michael S Kramer ◽

Jonathan Y Bernard ◽

Maria Esther Perez Trejo ◽

Richard M Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Ability ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Child Growth ◽

Cognitive Outcomes ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Term Infants ◽

Single Measure ◽

Random Effects Models ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Weight Trajectories

Abstract Background Most studies of associations between child growth and cognitive ability were based on size at one or two ages and a single measure of cognition. We aimed to characterize different aspects of early growth and their associations with cognitive outcomes in childhood through adolescence. Methods In a sample of 12 368 Belarusian children born at term, we examined associations of length/height and weight trajectories over the first 6.5 years of life with cognitive ability at 6.5 and 16 years and its change over time. We estimated growth trajectories using two random-effects models—the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation to model overall patterns of growth and the Jenss-Bayley to distinguish growth in infancy from post infancy. Cognitive ability was measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence at 6.5 years and the computerized NeuroTrax test at 16 years. Results Higher length/height between birth and 6.5 years was associated with higher cognitive scores at 6.5 and 16 years {2.7 points [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1, 3.2] and 2.5 points [95% CI: 1.9, 3.0], respectively, per standard deviation [SD] increase}. A 1-SD delay in the childhood height-growth spurt was negatively associated with cognitive scores [–2.4 (95% CI: –3.0, –1.8) at age 6.5; –2.2 (95% CI: –2.7, –1.6) at 16 years]. Birth size and post-infancy growth velocity were positively associated with cognitive scores at both ages. Height trajectories were not associated with the change in cognitive score. Similar results were observed for weight trajectories. Conclusions Among term infants, the overall size, timing of the childhood growth spurt, size at birth and post-infancy growth velocity were all associated with cognitive ability at early-school age and adolescence.

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Effect of Family Support on Child Growth and Development in Sukoharjo, Central Java

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.03.53 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fitria Hayu Palupi ◽

◽

Ana Wigunantiningsih ◽

Luluk Nur Fakhidah ◽

Siskana Dewi Rosita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Support ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Child Growth ◽

Health Science ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Growth Chart ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Normal Height ◽

Central Java ◽

Good Family

ABSTRACT Background: Impaired growth and development of children remains a serious problem globally. The role of the family, especially the support and participation of parents are the important factors in monitoring the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. This study aimed to determine the effect of family support on the growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Kragilan Village, Mojolaban, Sukoharjo, Central Java in November 2018. The study subjects were total of 115 mothers with children aged 1-60 month. Multistage cluster sampling technique was conducted. Dependent variable was growth and development of children. Independent variable was family support. The data for family support was collected by questionnaire. The data for growth of infants/ toddlers was collected by assessing growth chart (monitoring whether weight gain or loss from previous month), assessing length/height-for-age (normal height or stunted), head circumference measurement (macrocephalic/ microcephalic/ normocephalic), and assessing teething chart (erupts/ loss of teeth in accordance with age or not). The data for development of infants/ toddlers was collected by evaluating the gross motor, fine motor, language, and social skills based on child development pre-screening questionnaire. Results: Good family support increases growth (b= 0.895; p <0.001) and development (b= 0.337; p <0.001) of infants/ toddlers. Conclusion: Good family support increases growth and development of infants/ toddlers. Keywords: family support, growth, development Correspondence: Fitria Hayu Palupi. Midwifery Study Program, School of Health Science Mitra Husada Karanganyar. Jl. Brigjen Katamso Barat, Papahan, Tasikmadu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285326848008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.53

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Analysis of Early Childhood Stimulation Training Program through the Detection of Child Growth and Development Activities on the Ability of School Cadres

International Journal Papier Public Review ◽

10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.28 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 21-25

Author(s):

Dewi Modjo ◽

Andi Akifa Sudirman

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Training Program ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Child Growth ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Childhood Education ◽

Work Area ◽

Before And After ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

To Receive

Stimulation is an activity to stimulate the basic abilities of children aged 0-6 years so that the child grows and develops optimally. Every child needs to receive regular stimulation as early as possible and continuously at every opportunity. This study aims to determine the analysis of the Stimulation Training Program for children through the Detection of Child's growth and development on the ability of school cadres to stimulate early childhood growth and development. This research method is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental design. The type of sampling is two-stage random sampling. The sample of this research is school cadres of Early Childhood Education (PAUD) consisting of 16 Schools for Playgroups (KB), 32 Schools of Right-Kindergarten (TK), and 2 Schools of Child Care (TPA) in the Limboto Health Center Work Area. The results showed that there was a significant and significant effect of development detection training on the ability of school cadres to simulate child growth. The ability of school cadres to stimulate children's growth and development has increased knowledge before and after training. There is a significant and significant effect of developmental detection training on the ability of school cadres to stimulate child development. It is necessary to empower cadres evenly and periodically by related parties (the Health Office and Pusekesmas) in order to improve the growth and development screening skills carried out by school cadres. It is also hoped that this will improve the child's health status so that the child can grow and develop properly.

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Status gizi dan perkembangan anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kabupaten Bogor

JURNAL GIZI INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jgi.8.2.143-148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 143-148

Author(s):

Sarah Melati Davidson ◽

Ali Khomsan ◽

Hadi Riyadi

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Development ◽

Child Development ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Developmental Disorders ◽

Child Growth ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Active Communication

Background: Malnutrition in children under five causes a variety of developmental disorders. The nutritional need for children aged 3-5 age is very critical to reach optimum growth and development. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the association between nutritional status using WAZ, HAZ, WHZ index with gross motor, fine motor, passive communication, active communication, cognitive, self-help ability and social behavior development childred aged 3-5 years old. Methods: Data was obtained from a study entitled Improving Child Growth and Development through Nutrition and Psychosocial Intervention in Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Setting in Rural Areas and was fully funded by the Nestle Foundation (NF), Switzerland. The study design was cross-sectional, with 120 children aged 3-5 years old as subjects. Locations and subjects were selected purposively in Bogor District. Nutritional status was assesed by WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ index. Child development was assessed by using Bina Keluarga Balita questionnaire.Results: Most of the subjects had good nutritional status dan development level. WAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor dan cognitive development (p<0.05). HAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor, active communication skills and cognitive development (p<0.05). WHZ indicator significantly associated with fine motor and cognitive children (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with child development.

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The headcam mother-infant interaction assessment tool: testing the feasibility and acceptability in Soweto, South Africa, using participatory engagement

Pilot and Feasibility Studies ◽

10.1186/s40814-021-00875-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie V. Wrottesley ◽

Rebecca Pearson ◽

Alessandra Prioreschi

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

A Priori ◽

Comparison Method ◽

Middle Income ◽

Home Setting ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Healthy Growth ◽

Participatory Engagement

Abstract Background Many children in low- and middle-income countries lack the stimulation needed to support healthy growth and development. Sensitive interactions between caregivers and infants may promote healthy movement behaviours in infants, which could improve childhood growth and development. However, reliable measures for such interactions require testing in the South African context. The aim of this study was to test the acceptability and feasibility of the headcam caregiver-infant interaction assessment tool in mothers from Soweto, South Africa. Methods Nineteen mother and infant (6–24 months) pairs were asked to wear headcams (first-person observation) while participating in group and individual activities. Detailed instructions on headcam use were provided before and during these activities. Mothers were then asked to use the headcams, as well as photoframe cameras (which provided context of the interactions), in at least three, 5-min mother-infant engagement sessions at home over a 1-week period. Thereafter, focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to explore mothers’ experiences of using the tool in the home setting. The feasibility of the headcam mother-infant interaction tool was assessed according to a priori criteria which scored (i) technical reliability of the devices and (ii) usability of the recorded footage. Acceptability was assessed according to emerging themes which were coded from the FGDs using a constant comparison method by two researchers. Results The headcam mother-infant assessment tool was found to be feasible in Soweto, and sufficient data was available to code. Three main themes emerged from the FGD analysis: use of the headcam, using the headcams in the home environment and using the photoframe vs. the headcam. Mothers remarked on the ease of using the tool across daily activities, the normality of their infant’s behaviour during recording and the acceptability by other members of the household. Large amounts of wasted unusable recordings were produced, and challenges related to switching the cameras on and off and to headcam placement were discussed. Conclusions Our study shows that headcams are both an acceptable and feasible method for assessing mother-infant interactions in Soweto. However, improvements to the usability of the tool and the quality of the data collected should be made prior to future work.

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Pelatihan Dan Edukasi Pada Guru Paud Tentang Tumbuh Kembang Balita Dan Anak Pra Sekolah

Jurnal Pengabdian Dharma Bakti ◽

10.35842/jpdb.v3i2.125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Tri Sunarsih

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Child Development ◽

Early Detection ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Parental Education ◽

Early Childhood Development ◽

Child Growth ◽

Childhood Development ◽

Childhood Growth ◽

Growth Development

The need for stimulation or efforts to stimulate children to introduce new knowledge or skills is very important in improving children's intelligence. Stimulation in children can be started since the baby is a fetus, because the fetus is not a passive creature. In the womb, the fetus is able to breathe, kick, stretch, move, swallow, suck the thumb, and others. While the main stimulation is given specifically for children aged 0-7 years (Siswono, 2004). PAUD teacher's understanding and awareness of the importance and influence of parental education on child development vary. Many do not understand the characteristics of early childhood development, stimulation, and implementation of early detection of early childhood growth and development. Asih Waluyo Jati Clinic is a Pratama clinic that has a program about child development. With community service at the Asih Waluyo Jati Primary Clinic, it is expected that the knowledge and understanding of PAUD teachers on the characteristics of growth and development, simulation, and implementation of early detection of early childhood growth and development can be increased. The activity was carried out at the Pratama Asih Waluyo Jati Clinic on Sunday, October 8, 2017, at 09.00 to 15.00 with material about problems of child growth and development in Indonesia, the importance of monitoring children's growth and development, the participation of teachers and parents in child development, how to detect children's growth and how to detect a child's development. The methods used in this activity include lectures, questions and answers, and role-play. Most of the participants understood what early detection and stimulation of children's growth and development were. But about the types and ways of early detection that must be done many do not understand. The participant's lack of understanding about the types and methods of early detection of children when training has not been conducted is likely because since they have never attended training and there has been no socialization from the education office related to monitoring child development. After being given the material, the participants understood that the types of early detection were detection of growth, development, and mental-emotional. Stimulation is very important as a form of intervention so that the child's growth and development can take place optimally.Keywords: early childhood, stimulation, early detection, growth, development

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ANALYSIS OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT DELAYED DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AGE 12-24 MONTHS IN YOGYAKARTA HOSPITAL

Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi ◽

10.33660/jfrwhs.v4i1.99 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 54-63

Author(s):

Lailatuz Laila Zaidah

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Child Growth ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Delayed Development ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT Children are the nation's next generation, so the quality of future generations depends on the quality of children's development, especially in infants aged three years (toddlers), because the first three years of life, growth and development of brain cells are still ongoing. It is said to be a golden period because infancy lasts very briefly and cannot be repeated again. It is said to be a critical period because at this time the baby is very sensitive to the environment and requires good nutrition and stimulation for growth. and its development. Between growth and development must run simultaneously. While delayed development is a developmental disorder which is usually caused by risk factors of pre-natal, natal, and post-natal. This study will identify the relationship between the behavior of providing developmental stimulation to improve children's motor development in overcoming delayed development in children aged 12-24 months, by examining using the DDST II Test (Denver Development Screening Test) II. Methods This study uses an analytic observational design with a cross sectional approach, with a multivariate analysis design. The sampling method uses purposive sampling technique with the number of research respondents as many as 60 children in the Yogyakarta PKU Hospital and the independent clinic Child Growth. The results of the nonparametric statistical analysis test with the Likelihood Ratio in gross motor development obtained significance values α = 0.01; whereas in the development of fine motor, a significance value of α = 0.01 is obtained, while in the development of language, a significance value of α = 0.00 The conclusion of this study is the relationship between the behavior of stimulation with the development of gross motor, fine motor, and language. The specific objective is to find out the behavior of development stimulation in overcoming delayed development in children aged 12-24 months Keyword: development, delayed development, developmental stimulation

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Growth and development of children under 5 years of age with tetralogy of Fallot in a Chinese population

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93726-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Jin Zhu ◽

Jun An ◽

Yuqing Wang ◽

Yili Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Heart Defects ◽

Body Height ◽

Child Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Early Age ◽

Local Conditions

AbstractCongenital Heart Defects (CHDs) are associated with different patterns of malnutrition and growth retardation, which may vary worldwide and need to be evaluated according to local conditions. Although tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the first described CHDs, the etiology outcomes in growth and development of TOF in early age child is still unclear in most cases. This study was designed to investigate the growth retardation status of Chinese pediatric TOF patients under 5 years old. The body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) of 262 pediatric patients (138 boys and 124 girls) who underwent corrective surgery for TOF between 2014 and 2018 were measured using conventional methods. The average body height, body weight and BMI of the patients were significantly lower than WHO Child Growth Standards, while the most affected was body height. Meanwhile, higher stunting frequency and greater deterioration of both the body height and weight happened in elder age (aged 13–60 months) rather than in infant stage (aged 0–12 months) among these patients. Our results confirmed that intervention should be given at early age to prevent the growth retardation of TOF patients getting severer.

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