Effect of various salt concentrations on the ruminal parameters of goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the growth and in vitro fermentation of cellulolytic, glycolytic, and amylolytic microorganisms from the rumen of a goat. Six concentrations of each salt were tested separately, namely 0 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL, 800 mg/dL, and 1600 mg/dL in the culture medium. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 6 x 3 factorial arrangement of salt concentration and substrate (starch, cellulose, and glucose) with three replications of each treatment combination. Concentrations of microbial protein, ammonia (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were measured. A quadratic effect of CaCl2 concentration on the production of microbial protein was observed in the cellulose medium. The effect of MgCl2 on NH3-N production in the cellulose medium decreased linearly. Propionate concentration decreased linearly with increasing levels of NaCl and MgCl2 in the media containing starch. There was a decreasing linear effect of MgCl2 on the concentration of butyrate in the media containing glucose. In conclusion, concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 up to 1,600 mg/dL did not affect the microbial activity of starch, cellulose, and glucose-fermenting organisms. However, the microbial activity of starch-fermenting microbes was inhibited at salt concentrations above 800 mg/dL. Thus, brackish water could be used by goats in semiarid regions, but its use should be managed carefully so that it does not have a negative impact on rumen microbial populations.Keywords: cellulose, glucose, saline water, starch, ruminants

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The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15576 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 282 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Robert D. Kinley ◽

Rocky de Nys ◽

Matthew J. Vucko ◽

Lorenna Machado ◽

Nigel W. Tomkins

Keyword(s):

Methane Production ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Red Macroalgae ◽

Asparagopsis Taxiformis ◽

Enteric Methane ◽

Dose Levels

Livestock feed modification is a viable method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant livestock. Ruminant enteric methane is responsible approximately to 10% of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. Some species of macroalgae have antimethanogenic activity on in vitro fermentation. This study used in vitro fermentation with rumen inoculum to characterise increasing inclusion rates of the red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis on enteric methane production and digestive efficiency throughout 72-h fermentations. At dose levels ≤1% of substrate organic matter there was minimal effect on gas and methane production. However, inclusion ≥2% reduced gas and eliminated methane production in the fermentations indicating a minimum inhibitory dose level. There was no negative impact on substrate digestibility for macroalgae inclusion ≤5%, however, a significant reduction was observed with 10% inclusion. Total volatile fatty acids were not significantly affected with 2% inclusion and the acetate levels were reduced in favour of increased propionate and, to a lesser extent, butyrate which increased linearly with increasing dose levels. A barrier to commercialisation of Asparagopsis is the mass production of this specific macroalgal biomass at a scale to provide supplementation to livestock. Another area requiring characterisation is the most appropriate method for processing (dehydration) and feeding to livestock in systems with variable feed quality and content. The in vitro assessment method used here clearly demonstrated that Asparagopsis can inhibit methanogenesis at very low inclusion levels whereas the effect in vivo has yet to be confirmed.

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Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation ofBrassicastraw treated with the aerobic fungus,Trametes versicolor

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas2011-067 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 695-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. E. Ramirez-Bribiesca ◽

Y. Wang ◽

L. Jin ◽

T. Canam ◽

J. R. Town ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mutant Strain ◽

Trametes Versicolor ◽

Lignin Degradation ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Gas Production ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Lignin Degradation Products

Ramirez-Bribiesca, J. E., Wang, Y., Jin, L., Canam, T., Town, J. R., Tsang, A., Dumonceaux, T. J. and McAllister, T. A. 2011. Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation of Brassica straw treated with the aerobic fungus, Trametes versicolor . Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 695–702. Brassica napus straw (BNS) was either not treated or was treated with two strains of Trametes versicolor; 52J (wild type) or m4D (a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient mutant) with four treatments: (i) untreated control (C-BNS), (ii) 52J (B-52J), (iii) m4D (B-m4D) or (iv) m4D+glucose (B-m4Dg). Glucose was provided to encourage growth of the mutant strain. All treatments with T. versicolor decreased (P<0.05) neutral-detergent fibre and increased (P<0.05) protein and the concentration of lignin degradation products in straw. Ergosterol was highest (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J, suggesting it generated the most fungal biomass. Insoluble lignin was reduced (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J and B-m4D, but not with B-m4Dg. Mannose and xylose concentration were generally higher (P<0.05) in straw treated with fungi, whereas glucose and galactose were lower as compared with C-BNS. The four treatments above were subsequently assessed in rumen in vitro fermentations, along with BNS treated with 2 mL g−1of 5 N NaOH. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids after 24 and 48h were lower (P<0.05) in incubations that contained BNS treated with T. versicolor as compared with C-BNSor NaOH-treated BNS. Compared with C-BNS, in vitrodry matter disappearance and gas production were increased (P<0.05) by NaOH, but not by treatment with either strain of T. versicolor. Although treatment with T. versicolor did release more lignin degradation products, it did not appear to provide more degradable carbohydrate to in vitro rumen microbial populations, even when a mutant strain with compromised carbohydrate metabolism was utilized. Production of secondary compounds by the aerobic fungi may inhibit rumen microbial fermentation.

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Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v11i2.371 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Novita Hindratiningrum ◽

Muhamad Bata ◽

Setya Agus Santosa

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis

Products of rumen fermentation and protein microbial of dairy cattle feed with rice bran ammonization and some feedstuffs as an energy sourcesABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH3, microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH3, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

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PENGARUH DAUN TURI (Sesbania grandiflora) DAN LAMTORO (Leucaena leucocephala) DALAM RANSUM SAPI BERBASIS INDEKS SINKRONISASI PROTEIN - ENERGI TERHADAP SINTESIS PROTEIN MIKROBA RUMEN

Pastura ◽

10.24843/pastura.2017.v06.i02.p01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Afduha Nurus Syamsi ◽

Fransisca Maria Suhartati ◽

Wardhana Suryapratama

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

In Vitro Techniques ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽

Sesbania Grandiflora ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Better Than

An experiment was aimed to assess the use of the legume leaf as a source of protein feedstuff and levels of synchronization protein-energy (SPE) index in the diet of cattles on ammonia (N-NH3) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). In vitro techniques was done. The research was used a completely randomized design (CRD), with factorially pattern (2x3), the first factor was the two species of legume (Sesbania leaves and Leucaena leaves) and the second factor was the three level of the SPE index (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6), there were 6 treatment combinations and each was 4 replicates. The results showed that no interaction between legume with SPE index, but each factor was significantly effect (P<0.05) on N-NH3 of rumen fluid and MPS. The research concluded that Leucaena leaf is a legume that is better than Sesbania leaf in terms of their ability toincrease MPS. SPE index is the best in producing MPS at level 0.6. Key words: Legume, synchronization of protein and energy index, ammonia, microbial protein synthesis

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Influence of ionophores on in vitro fermentation by rumen fluid from sheep receiving yeast culture (Yeasacc; YC)

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600020286 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 78-78

Author(s):

C.J. Newbold ◽

R.J. Wallace ◽

I.M. Nevison

Keyword(s):

Feed Efficiency ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Animal Production ◽

Yeast Culture ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Wide Range

A wide range of compounds has been described which have the potential to improve animal production by manipulating the rumen fermentation. Prominent among these rumen modifiers are the ionophores. Ionophores, such as monensin and tetronasin, improve feed efficiency, partly by increasing the flow of amino-N from the rumen and partly by stimulating the production of propionate in the rumen with an associated reduction in the production of methane (Russell and Strobel, 1988). Recently there has been increasing interest in the use of yeast culture (YC) and other fungal preparation to modify the rumen fermentation. These products have been shown to increase bacterial numbers within the rumen with an associated increase in the breakdown of fibre and supply of microbial protein (Williams and Newbold, 1990). YC has also been reported to increase the production of propionate in the rumen. Little appears to be known about the effect a combination YC and an ionophore would have on the rumen fermentation. This study describes the effects of the ionophores monensin and tetronasin on the fermentation of hay by rumen fluid from sheep fed a basal diet with or without YC.

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In vitro fermentation and prebiotic potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) flour

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 174-184

Author(s):

A.R.T. Cirunay ◽

L.E. Mopera ◽

M.J.V. Sumague ◽

J.A.N. Bautista

Keyword(s):

Titratable Acidity ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Activity Score ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

E Coli ◽

Prebiotic Activity ◽

Pea Flour ◽

The Media ◽

Commercially Important

Prebiotics are widely recognized particularly for their role in selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract which beneficially affects the host health. Increasing interest has been given to the use of food materials that contain significant amounts of prebiotic components without the necessity of extracting these compounds. In this study, pigeon pea flour was evaluated as a potential prebiotic source. In vitro fermentation of pigeon pea flour by Lactobacillus plantarum (BIOTECH 1223) and Escherichia coli (BIOTECH 1634) was examined based on the changes in cell density, specific growth rate and mean doubling time of the microorganisms, as well as the change in total sugars, resistant starch, dietary fibers (insoluble, soluble and total), pH, titratable acidity of the media. The prebiotic activity score of pigeon pea flour was also determined to measure the extent to which it encourages the selective growth of L. plantarum compared with that of E. coli under the same conditions. Results showed significantly higher growth and metabolic activity of L. plantarum than E. coli in modified medium containing pigeon pea flour. Prebiotic activity score of pigeon pea flour is 0.14 which is not significantly different from the 0.18 prebiotic activity score of commerciallyavailable inulin. Since the prebiotic activity score of pigeon pea flour is comparable to that of inulin, this activity can be extended to other commercially important probiotic organisms and can serve as a rational basis for identifying synbiotics for incorporation into various food products.

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Effect of Ligninolytic Axenic and Coculture White-Rot Fungi on Rice Straw Chemical and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-763132/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Osmond Datsomor ◽

Zhao Gou-qi ◽

Lin Miao

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Axenic Culture ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

White Rot ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the axenic culture of Pleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the coculture (P. chrysosporium and P. ostreatus) for their potential to break down lignin and to enhance the rumen fermentability of rice straw. Rice straw was fermented by two lignin-degrading fungi, namely, P. ostreatus, P. chrysosporium, and coculture (P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium) under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The coculture exhibited a mutual intermingling plus inhibition interaction. Coculture treated straw had a lower lignin content (5.26%) compared to P. chrysosporium axenic treated straw (6.18%), although P. ostreatus axenic treated straw was the lowest (3.27%). The polysaccharide content of coculture treated straw was higher than P. chrysosporium axenic treated straw, although smaller than P. ostreatus. P. ostreatus and coculture suitably delignified rice straw without adversely affecting cellulose. Treatment of rice straw with coculture improved in vitro dry matter digestibility (68.08%), total volatile fatty acids (35.27%), and total gas (57.4 ml/200 mg) compared to P. chrysosporium (45.09%, 32.24%, 44.39 ml/200 mg) but was second to P. ostreatus (75.34%, 38.31%, 65.60 ml/200 mg). The coculture via synergistic interaction has the potential to decompose lignin and improve the nutritive value of rice straw than P. chrysosporium.

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Valorization of dietary lemon pomace waste to enhance lucerne silage composition and quality characteristics, and ruminal biogas production and fermentation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-392203/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maghsoud Besharati ◽

Valiollah Palangi ◽

Zabihollah Nemati ◽

Rashid Safari ◽

Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Gas Production ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Production Volume ◽

Randomized Design

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding various levels of waste sour lemon pomace to lucerne on the properties and ruminal gas production of silage. Levels of 0 (Control), 25 (L1), 50 (L2), 75 (L3), and 100 (L4) % lemon pomace were replaced by lucerne for silage preparation and silenced for 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications (3 silos per treatment). After opening the silos, pH and dry matter were measured immediately, and the dried samples were kept at -20 until further tests. The silage pH decreased with the addition of lemon pomace compared to the control (p < 0.05). Total silage volatile fatty acids and dry matter content increased with adding lemon pomace. The results of gas production also showed that lemon pomace increased the in vitro gas production volume. Adding lemon pomace to lucerne silage due to the high pectin content in these agricultural wastes caused a rapid decrease of silage pH and an acidic environment. It prevented the growth of non-beneficial bacterial species. The obtained data showed that waste sour lemon has a good potential to use as a livestock feedstuff that can be useful in reducing the cost of ruminant production and preventing environmental pollution.

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Modelling fermentation in an in vitro gas production system: effects of microbial activity

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00032304 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 81-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. S. Jessop ◽

M. Herrero

Keyword(s):

Microbial Activity ◽

Production System ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Food Fermentation ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

And Performance ◽

Physical And Chemical

In order to understand and ultimately predict the voluntary intake and performance of ruminants, it is necessary to know the nutritional value of foods. Most recent systems for predicting nutrient supply are dynamic in nature and characterize foods in terms of the quantities of available nutrients and their potential rates of supply. The in vitro gas production system has been used to characterize the carbohydrate fraction of foods in this manner. For the technique to be able to do this, two assumptions must be satisfied. First, that the rate of fermentation is limited by characteristics of the food and secondly that the pattern of gas production correlates closely with the pattern of food fermentation.Low microbial activity within the system could invalidate both assumptions since it could (i) limit the rate of food fermentation, thus not allowing the potential rate determined by the physical and chemical nature of the food to be measured and (ii) result in partition of food carbohydrate into new microbial matter, thus reducing the amount of volatile fatty acids and hence gas produced per unit of food fermented.The aims of this study were mathematically to simulate food fermentation within an in vitro system and to use this representation to investigate the potential effects of variation in microbial activity on the characterization of foods.

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The effect of host diet on the gas production profile of hay and high-temperature dried grass

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800009796 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 59-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. A. Huntington ◽

C. Rymer ◽

D. I. Givens

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Donor Animal ◽

Host Diet

AbstractOne of the sources of variation in the in vitro gas production (GP) technique is the inoculum source that is used and this could be greatly affected by the diet that is given to the donor animal. To study the effect of the host diet on the gas production profiles of grass hay and high temperature dried grass, two cows were offered either a silage: barley diet (80:20 dry-matter (DM) basis; GSB) or barley straw (ad libitum; STR). An adaptation period of 3 weeks was used and each animal experienced each diet type twice. Rumen fluid and solids were collected at the end of each 3-week period and used to inoculate the substrate cultures. The volume of gas produced (mllg DM) was 379 and 289 for GSB and STR respectively; gas yield (mllg organic matter degraded) was 442 and 411. The maximum fractional rates of degradation (per h) were 0·067 and 0·061 and the time (h) taken to reach these rates were 5·3 and 12·6. None of these differences was significant. There were also no significant differences in the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the final incubation media, or in the molar proportions of individual VFA. These results suggest that the fermentation stoichiometry was not affected by donor animal diet and, while microbial activity from STR was lower, this did not significantly affect the GP profile. The difference in microbial activity between the two diets was perhaps minimized by taking the sample of rumen contents before the morning meal.

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