THE EFFECT OF COPPER ON DISTILLED WATER QUALITY FOR USE IN MILK AND WATER LABORATORIES

1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene W. Ronald ◽  
R. L. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora ◽  
Effect Of Copper

Summary Levels of copper toxicity have been established in distilled water using the distilled water suitability test. It is shown that levels of copper, toxic by the distilled water suitability test, are not toxic to the test organism, Aerobacter aerogenes, in sterile milk or to the normal bacterial flora of a raw milk sample. It is the contention of this paper that the distilled water suitability test is an unrealistically severe yardstick of distilled water quality for use in routine milk and water laboratories.

The Effect of Copper Ions on Clot Lysis Time in the Fibrinolytic Assay of Streptokinase

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
Alwin B. Bogert
Keyword(s):  
Copper Ions ◽  
Borate Buffer ◽  
Fibrinolytic System ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Lysis Time ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Clot Lysis Time

SummaryExperiments were conducted to determine why different lots of Borate Buffer reagent affect the clot lysis times obtained in the fibrinolytic assay of Streptokinase. Minerals naturally occurring in distilled water were screened individually to determine their influence on lysis. Copper was found to have a very pronounced effect in this regard on the fibrinolytic system in that low levels reduce the lysis time and high levels increase it.

INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE WATER-QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS ON COPPER TOXICITY TO FATHEAD MINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Sciera ◽  
J. Jeffery Isely ◽  
Joseph R. Tomasso ◽  
Stephen J. Klaine
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Fathead Minnows

Natural and innate immunity

2011 ◽  
pp. 151-153
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora

1.1 Barriers to infection, 151 1.2 Normal bacterial flora, 152 1.3 Phagocytes and complement, 152 • Anatomical barrier physically preventing invasion of microorganisms. • Chemical barrier providing unfavourable conditions for most organisms to survive due to: ▪ Free fatty acids produced by the sebaceous glands and skin flora...

scholarly journals Improved Antibiotic Detection in Raw Milk Using Machine Learning Tools over the Absorption Spectra of a Problem-Specific Nanobiosensor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4552
Author(s):  
Pablo Gutiérrez ◽  
Sebastián E. Godoy ◽  
Sergio Torres ◽  
Patricio Oyarzún ◽  
Ignacio Sanhueza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Antibiotic Detection ◽  
Biosensor System ◽  
Spectral Detection

In this article we present the development of a biosensor system that integrates nanotechnology, optomechanics and a spectral detection algorithm for sensitive quantification of antibiotic residues in raw milk of cow. Firstly, nanobiosensors were designed and synthesized by chemically bonding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with aptamer bioreceptors highly selective for four widely used antibiotics in the field of veterinary medicine, namely, Kanamycin, Ampicillin, Oxytetracycline and Sulfadimethoxine. When molecules of the antibiotics are present in the milk sample, the interaction with the aptamers induces random AuNP aggregation. This phenomenon modifies the initial absorption spectrum of the milk sample without antibiotics, producing spectral features that indicate both the presence of antibiotics and, to some extent, its concentration. Secondly, we designed and constructed an electro-opto-mechanic device that performs automatic high-resolution spectral data acquisition in a wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm. Thirdly, the acquired spectra were processed by a machine-learning algorithm that is embedded into the acquisition hardware to determine the presence and concentration ranges of the antibiotics. Our approach outperformed state-of-the-art standardized techniques (based on the 520/620 nm ratio) for antibiotic detection, both in speed and in sensitivity.

scholarly journals Histological, Genotoxic, and Biochemical Effects onCnesterodon decemmaculatus(Jenyns 1842) (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae): Early Response Bioassays to Assess the Impact of Receiving Waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Alejandra Ossana ◽  
Federico Gastón Baudou ◽  
Patricia Mónica Castañé ◽  
Luis Tripoli ◽  
Sonia Soloneski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Comet Assay ◽  
River Water ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
The Impact

In the present study, the toxicity of receiving waters from a highly polluted urban watercourse, the Reconquista River, Argentina, collected at a dam in the upstream part of the river was evaluated.Cnesterodon decemmaculatus,a widely distributed fish species in Pampasic rivers proposed for use in ecotoxicological evaluations, was used as a test organism. A 96-h acute toxicity bioassay with river water quality which has been characterized as moderately contaminated was performed. The treatment groups were (1) whole surface river water; (2) whole surface river water with 2 mg Cd/L added as a simulated metal contaminant pulse; (3) a negative control using reconstituted moderately hard water (MHW); (4) a metal positive control, MHW + 2 mg Cd/L; and (5) a positive genotoxicity control, MHW + 5 mg Cyclophosphamide/L (CP). The condition factor rate, micronuclei frequency, and comet assay from peripherical blood, structural changes of the gill arrangement by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, histopathological changes in the liver and the glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and protein content from the body midsection (viscera) were evaluated. According to our results, for short term exposure, SEM analyses of gills and liver histopathological analyses could be useful tools for the evaluation of target organ damage as well as comet assays for DNA damage. We propose that the 96-h laboratory bioassay protocol described is useful for monitoring the deterioration of water quality employing the teleostC. decemmaculatusand that the microscope analysis of gills and liver as well as the comet assay methodology could be sensitive endpoint indicators.

scholarly journals Validation of a real-time PCR assay for high-throughput detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chicken respiratory sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin A. Clothier ◽  
Simone Stoute ◽  
Andrea Torain ◽  
Beate Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Single Tube ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora ◽  
Close Relatives

Avibacterium paragallinarum is the causative agent of infectious coryza, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. Given its fastidious nature, this bacterium is difficult to recover and identify, particularly from locations colonized by normal bacterial flora. Standard PCR methods have been utilized for detection but are labor-intensive and not feasible for high-throughput testing. We evaluated a real-time PCR (rtPCR) method targeting the HPG-2 region of A. paragallinarum, and validated a high-throughput extraction for this assay. Using single-tube extraction, the rtPCR detected 4 A. paragallinarum (ATCC 29545T and 3 clinical) isolates with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 cfu/mL and a PCR efficiency of 89–111%. Cross-reaction was not detected with 33 non– A. paragallinarum, all close relatives from the family Pasteurellaceae. Real-time PCR testing on extracts of 66 clinical samples (choana, sinus, or trachea) yielded 98.2% (35 of 36 on positives, 30 of 30 on negatives) agreement with conventional PCR. Duplicate samples tested in a 96-well format extraction in parallel with the single-tube method produced equivalent LOD on all A. paragallinarum isolates, and 96.8% agreement on 93 additional clinical samples extracted with both procedures. This A. paragallinarum rtPCR can be utilized for outbreak investigations and routine monitoring of susceptible flocks.

Activation of NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells by enteropathogenicEscherichia coli

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. C1160-C1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana D. Savkovic ◽  
Athanasia Koutsouris ◽  
Gail Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora ◽  
First Time

The initial response to infection is recruitment of acute inflammatory cells to the involved site. Interleukin (IL)-8 is the prototypical effector molecule for this process. Transcription of the IL-8 gene is primarily governed by the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB. Intestinal epithelial cells produce IL-8 in response to infection by enteric pathogens yet remain quiescent in a milieu where they are literally bathed in normal bacterial flora. We therefore sought to investigate NF-κB activation in response to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), nonpathogenic E. coli, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in an intestinal epithelial cell (T84) model and to determine whether EPEC-induced activation of NF-κB factor is causally linked to IL-8 production. We report herein that NF-κB is activated by EPEC, yet such a response is not extended to nonpathogenic organisms or purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Transcription factor decoys significantly diminished IL-8 production in response to EPEC, demonstrating a causal relationship. Furthermore, deletion of specific EPEC virulence genes abrogates the NF-κB-activating property of this pathogen, suggesting that specific bacterial factors are crucial for inducing this response. These studies show for the first time that infection of intestinal epithelial cells with EPEC activates NF-κB, which in turn initiates IL-8 transcription, and highlight the differential response of these cells to bacterial pathogens vs. nonpathogens.

scholarly journals Study of aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in patients with diabetes mellitus

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Karimsab ◽  
SK Razak
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Conjunctival Flora ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora

Introduction: Normal bacterial flora may be altered by a variety of factors. Objective: To study the aerobic bacterial conjunctival flora in patients with diabetes mellitus and to find its clinical significance by comparing the results to the conjunctival flora of non-diabetic subjects. Materials and methods: A total of 75 diabetic patients were included as cases and 25 nondiabetics as controls to compare the results. Specimens for the study of conjunctival flora were taken by rubbing sterile cotton-tipped swabs to the inferior palbebral conjunctiva. The conjunctival culture report of the patients with diabetic mellitus was compared to that of nondiabetic subjects. Results: Positive conjunctival cultures were seen in a higher percentage of patients with diabetes (unilateral and bilateral positive conjunctival cultures 34.66 % and 58.66 % respectively) compared to that in non-diabetic controls (unilateral and bilateral positive conjunctival cultures 24 % and 16 % respectively). Diabetics showed a higher proportion of coagulase negative staphylococci (45.33 %), compared to the non-diabetic group (16 %). Among the diabetic patients, positive conjunctival cultures were detected more frequently in those with diabetic retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy. A higher proportions of bilateral positive conjunctival cultures were seen in cases with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (38.63 %) in comparison to patients with no retinopathy and different stages of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: The conjunctival floral pattern with increased bacteria in diabetics is a predominant cause of many diabetes-related ocular infections. The presence of diabetic retinopathy is an indicator for increased colonization of conjunctiva, and its severity correlates with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):28-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7818

The effect of copper toxicity on the contents of nitrogen compounds in Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke

1991 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Weber ◽  
H. Schat ◽  
W. M. Ten Bookum-Van Der Maarel
Keyword(s):  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Effect Of Copper
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