scholarly journals Depuration of a Freshwater Clam (Batissa Violacea) from Rewa River in Fiji Using a Bio-Filter Set-Up in Closed and Open Water Circulatory System

2021 ◽  
pp. e824
Author(s):  
Ashneel Ajay Singh ◽  
Ravinesh Ram ◽  
Sheemal Vandhana Kumar ◽  
Sheenal Aashna ◽  
Shipaldika Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Freshwater Bivalve ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Interior Walls

The effectiveness of the freshwater bivalve Batissa violacea depuration was tested in closed and open water circulatory system over a 48 h period. The closed circulatory system included a sand biofilter. Microbial levels were assessed every 4 h using Total Aerobic Plate Count (TPC) for heterotrophs and Most Probable Number (MPN) for coliforms. TPC and coliform loads in bivalve tissue reduced rapidly to low and undetectable levels in a closed circulatory system while open system showed a slower reduction. Both TPC and coliform loads remained above detectable levels throughout the depuration period. Closed system showed similar patterns of logarithmic reduction of TPC and coliforms in all cases with R2>0.95 and p<0.001. Similar results were observed for tank water however, reduction of TPC and coliforms were slower. Biofilm formation was observed in the interior walls of the aquarium tanks over 48 h in all cases. Physicochemical parameters did not show any significant change. The reduction in TPC and coliform load in B. violacea suggests that biofilter in a closed water circulatory system is a simple, cost-effective, water conserving and effective way to significantly reduce the spoilage and coliform bacterial load that is accumulated in the clams.

Microbiological Analysis of Some Raw Fish Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Das ◽  
Fauzia Hafiz ◽  
M Kawser Ahmed ◽  
Sahana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Raw Fish

Total load of bacteria, fungi and pathogenic microorganisms in muscle-and-skin samples of 12 different species of fish were analyzed. Highest standard plate count (5.1 x 106 cfu/g) was observed in Batashi (Clupisoma atherinoides) and lowest (2.3 x 105 cfu/g) in Rui (Labeo rohita). Total bacterial load was almost similar in case of other fishes. Mold count was highest (7.5 x 102 cfu/g) in shrimp (Penaeus indicus) and lowest (8.0 x 101 cfu/g) in Pabda (Ompok pabda). Yeast count varied between 1.0 x 103 cfu/g in Batashi and 7.0 x 101 cfu/g in Rui. Total coliform and faecal coliform were detected in all the fish samples. Coliform count measured by most probable number (MPN) method was found to be 240/g in all fish samples. Faecal coliform count in the fish samples varied from 2.8 to 240/g. Salmonella was detected in at least two-third of the samples analysed. High microbial load in raw fishes indicates that raw fish would decompose very quickly at ambient temperature, and the presence of coliforms and Salmonella indicates the raw fish handling is not safe.Keywords: Fish, Microbiological analysis, Pathogens Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 67-69

scholarly journals ANALISA MIKROBIOLOGI CEMARAN BAKTERI COLIFORM DAN SALMONELLA SP PADA TAHU DI KECAMATAN DELTA PAWAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Nenengsih Verawati ◽  
Nur Aida ◽  
Ridha Aufa
Keyword(s):  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Food Safety Standards ◽  
Positive Results

Tofu is a high-protein soy-based food ingredient that is widely consumed in Indonesia. Tofu producers in Delta Pawan Subdistrict are dominated by small and medium-sized entrepreneurs whose hygiene and sanitation aspects in production activities are very under-taken. This study aims to determine the presence of Coliform and Salmonella Sp bacteria on tofu produced in Delta Pawan sub-district, Ketapang, West Kalimantan and compare with SNI01-3142-1998. The method used to detect the presence of Coliform bacteria in this study uses the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, which consists of estimator and confirmatory tests using Lactosa Broth (LB) media for the Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLB) assay test for confirmation . Whereas to detect the amount of Salmonella Sp using the method of Total Plate Count (TPC) with selective media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA). The results of Coliform analysis in both industries found Coliform MPN values ​​of more than 2400 AMP / g samples, which indicated that they did not meet the standards set by SNI. While the results of the analysis of Salmonella Sp obtained positive results, so the two industries did not meet food safety standards.

Levels and Enterotoxigenicity of Clostridium perfringens in Pozole, Tamales, and Birria

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. NAVARRO-HIDALGO ◽  
E. CABRERA-DÍAZ ◽  
H. ZEPEDA ◽  
L. MOTA DE LA GARZA ◽  
A. CASTILLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Quantitative Survey ◽  
Plate Counts

A quantitative survey of Clostridium perfringens in typical foods served at local restaurants was conducted for 18 months in Guadalajara, Mexico. A total of 151 samples, including goat's birria (50), pozole (50), and beef tamales (51), were collected from small restaurants in Guadalajara. Samples were tested for C. perfringens by the most probable number (MPN) method and for mesophilic aerobic plate counts (MAPCs) and coliform, yeast, and mold counts by plate count methods. Isolates confirmed as C. perfringens were further sporulated and tested for cytotoxic or cytotonic effect against Vero cells as an indication of enterotoxin production. C. perfringens was detected in 78 (52%) of all samples at concentrations that ranged from 2.3 to 5.4 log MPN/g. Average MAPCs were 1.3 to 2.7 log CFU/g, depending on the type of dish. Coliform counts ranged from less than 1.0 to 1.5 CFU/g, and yeast and mold counts were less than 1.0 log CFU/g in all cases. A total of 118 isolates of C. perfringens were tested for enterotoxic effect on Vero cells; 82 (70%) showed activity against Vero cells. Of them, 31 isolates induced cell lysis, indicating cytotoxic effect; 41 induced cell elongation, indicating cytotonic effect; and 10 produced both cytotoxic and cytotonic effect. Dilution of the bacterial filtrates that were still producing an effect on Vero cells ranged from 1:80 to 1:5,120. These results underscore the importance of determining enterotoxigenicity when testing for C. perfringens in foods.

Potassium Sorbate and Recovery of Pectinolytic Psychrotrophs from Vacuum-Packaged Pork

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. MYERS ◽  
J. E. EDMONDSON ◽  
M. E. ANDERSON ◽  
R. T. MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Pectinolytic Bacteria

Pork loins were divided into small roasts. Thirty roasts were uninoculated and 30 were inoculated by dipping in 1 % peptone water containing 100 Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml of pectinolytic Yersinia enterocolitica. Twenty-four each of the uninoculated and inoculated roasts were sprayed with or dipped in 5 or 10% solutions of potassium sorbate. All roasts were then vacuum-packaged and stored at 5°C. After storage for 1 or 21 d, three roasts from each group were examined for psychrotrophic plate count (PPC) and the 3-tube most probable number of pectionolytic bacteria. Counts of psychrotrophs on lean surfaces of untreated controls increased by nearly 3.4 log10. Numbers on sorbate-treated lean surfaces increased about 2.0 log10. Growth and differences in counts on fatty surfaces were less. Numbers of pectinolytic bacteria on lean surfaces of controls increased by nearly 2.0 log10, but numbers of pectinase producers did not change significantly during storage of sorbate-treated samples. Of 30 pectinolytic isolates identified from roasts stored 21 d at 5°C, 87% were Yersinia spp. and 13% were Klebsiella oxytoca. Since most of the pectinolytic isolates were psychrotrophs of public health significance, inhibition of their growth by sorbate is of particular importance.

Differentiation of Clostridium perfringens from Related Clostridia in Iron Milk Medium

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS ABEYTA ◽  
ANITA MICHALOVSKIS ◽  
MARLEEN M. WEKELL
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Positive Results

The stormy fermentation reaction of Clostridium perfringens in iron milk medium was compared to that of several C. perfringens-like strains. These clostridia, C. barati, C. perenne, C. absonum, and C. paraperfringens are very similar to C. perfringens on the basis of certain biochemical reactions and, consequently, are often difficult to distinguish from C. perfringens. Furthermore, these related clostridia may also be present in foods. Results of this study demonstrate that after 18 h of incubation at 45°C, only C. perfringens gave a positive reaction in iron milk with inocula as low as 22 cells/g. Some of the other strains began to show only gas production at 18 h. After 24 to 42 h some strains gave positive results and after 72 h all were positive. Enumeration of C. perfringens from food samples in iron milk medium by a 3-tube most probable number (MPN) technique gave similar results to enumeration by plate count using Shahidi-Ferguson Perfringens (SFP) agar. Furthermore, a rapid positive response occurred after only 2 and 3 h incubation of iron milk inoculated with 108 and 107 cells/ml, respectively. The high selectivity, ease of identification and rapid growth of C. perfringens in iron milk make the iron milk MPN procedure a valuable assay for accurate enumeration and differentiation of C. perfringens from related Clostridia in food products.

Bacterial Populations of Ground Beef, Textured Soy Protein and Ground Beef Extended With Soy Protein After 3 and 10 Days of Refrigerated Storage1,2

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. FOSTER ◽  
RICHARD C. HUNDERFUND ◽  
JAMES L. FOWLER ◽  
JOHN T. FRUIN ◽  
LINDA S. GUTHERTZ
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Streptococcus ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

A survey of the microbial populations of 31 samples of ground beef (GB), textured soy protein (TSP), and ground beef extended with TSP (SGB) after 3 and 10 days of storage at 4 C was done. Analyses included aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic plate count (PPC), coliform Most Probable Number (CMPN) and plate determinations (CPC), Escherichia coli MPN (EMPN) and plate determinations (EPC), Staphylococcus aureus MPN, and fecal streptococcus plate count. Statistical analyses of data from the enumeration procedures showed significant increases in the total microbial flora after 10 days of storage. PPCs were significantly higher than APCs. CMPNs were significantly higher than CPCs for GB and SGB. The EMPNs were significantly higher than EPCs in SGB only. These products contained a variety of microorganisms many in large numbers; however if properly handled and cooked before consumption, these products should present no public health problems.

Variability and Determinants of Carcass Bacterial Load at a Poultry Abattoir

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHANE A. RENWICK ◽  
W. BRUCE MCNAB ◽  
H. RUFFNER LOWMAN ◽  
ROBERT C. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Truck Load

Roaster chicken carcasses (2,928) were collected from the evisceration line of a poultry abattoir over a 5-month period and identified as to the lot (truck load) and supplier. Bacterial load was determined by mechanically rinsing each eviscerated carcass in sterile water and then using an automated hydrophobic grid membrane interpreter system to obtain the log10 most probable number of aerobic bacteria per gram of carcass. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the between-carcass, between-lots-within-supplier, and between-supplier components of variability in bacterial load represented 73.2, 14.2, and 12.6% of the total variability, respectively. There was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) supplier and lots-within-supplier effect on bacterial load of carcasses. A regression model demonstrated that bacterial load of lots significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased with increasing hours of operation of the evisceration line. Factors in the model which were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with increased bacterial load included longer crating and holding times, higher visible contamination scores, slaughter during winter months, higher outdoor temperatures, and slaughter of lots composed of only pullets. The model explained about 23% of the variability in bacterial load.

Prevalence, Concentration, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Florida Poultry Litter

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 2179-2186
Author(s):  
ALAN GUTIERREZ ◽  
JAYSANKAR DE ◽  
KEITH R. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT For over a decade, Salmonella contamination has increasingly led to outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce. The use of untreated animal manures, or biological soil amendments of animal origin, to amend agricultural soils holds a risk of contamination from foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, concentration, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in poultry litter from Florida farms. Litter pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus (P2O5), total potassium (K2O), moisture content, total solids, total ash, organic matter, and aerobic plate count (APC) were also measured. Litter samples (n = 54) were collected from 18 broiler farms across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Salmonella concentrations were enumerated using a most-probable-number (MPN) method, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. The prevalence of Salmonella in litter samples was 61.1%, with a geometric mean of 0.21 ± 20.7 MPN/g. Across all seasons, Salmonella concentrations were not influenced by the chemical, physical, or microbial properties measured. Recovered Salmonella isolates (n = 290) were grouped into serogroups O:4 (43.1%), O:7 (26.9%), O:8 (11.0%), O:1,3,10,19 (7.9%), and O:9,46 (7.2%). Serotyping Salmonella isolates (n = 47) resulted in 12 serotypes, with the most common being Typhimurium (27.7%), Kentucky (17.0%), Enteritidis (14.9%), and Mbandaka (14.9%). Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline (29.8%), sulfisoxazole (23.4%), and streptomycin (14.9%) was observed. No isolates were resistant to more than two antimicrobial agents. This study provides valuable information for future risk assessments for the use of poultry litter as an untreated biological soil amendment of animal origin. HIGHLIGHTS

A New Medium for Determining the Total Plate Count in Food

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1404-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. SMITH ◽  
D. E. TOWNSEND
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate

SimPlate for Total Plate Count–Color Indicator (TPC-CI, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Me.) is a new medium that incorporates the redox dye resazurin to detect and quantify bacteria in food. Enumeration is achieved by the most probable number method using a SimPlate device. Viable bacteria are detected in each well of the SimPlate device by the biochemical reduction of resazurin, which is blue, to the pink resorufin or the clear dihydroresorufin indicators. Results after 24 h of incubation for TPC-CI are highly correlated with standard plate count agar after 48 h of incubation. Correlation coefficients from studies conducted at five laboratories ranged from 0.94 to 0.98 in side-by-side comparisons against standard plate count agar. Four additional test sites, using alternative methods for determining the aerobic plate count in food, reported similar results in comparison studies (r = 0.91 to 0.97). The slopes from linear regression analysis at all sites ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with y intercepts ranging from 0.11 to 0.84. Samples used for the validation of TPC-CI included raw food products (i.e., liver and grains), which may contain natural enzymes that interfere with enzyme-based detection methods. No interference was seen from the foods tested. These results suggest that TPC-CI is a suitable alternative to existing plate count methods and has reduced incubation time.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Bacterial flora in a Tannery Polluted Environment

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Mahmuda Begum ◽  
Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed ◽  
Fauzia Hafiz ◽  
Sahana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Polluted Environment ◽  
Probable Number

The present study was carried out to assess the total bacterial load, incidence of total coliform, faecal coliform (Escherichia coli) and Salmonella species in water and soil of a tannery polluted environment (river Buriganga) and a selected freshwater fish pond environment. Samples were analyzed for their monthly variation and made a comparative investigation between the two different environments. The highest viable bacterial count was observed in tannery polluted water (2.7 x 105 cfu/ml) in May 2005 and in soil (5.7 x 107 cfu/g) in August, 2005. The total coliform and faecal coliform counts were always very high (>2,400/100 ml) in water and soil (>240/g) of tannery polluted area as measured by the most probable number (MPN) method. Salmonella was always present in tannery polluted samples, and occasionally in fresh water pond samples. It was also observed that tannery polluted environment was heavily polluted due to presence of large number of pathogenic bacteria as a result of tannery wastes discharged into the area. This poses serious threats to aquatic organisms, especially fish, and also for human being living in the Hazaribagh area.Keywords: Bacterial flora, Tannery polluted environment, Freshwater fish pondDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i2.1264

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